Multiplanet Systems as Laboratories for Planet Formation
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1 Multiplanet Systems as Laboratories for Planet Formation Lauren Weiss Parrent Fellow IfA, University of Hawaii Treasure Island
2
3 California-Kepler Survey (CKS) Keck/HIRES Spectra of 1305 Kepler Planet-hosting Stars F,G,K type stars R = 60,000; SNR = 45/pixel Precision stellar properties: Teff, log(g), [Fe/H], vsini, mass, radius K 6001 K Normaliz 5442 K 5236 K CKS-I: Petigura, Howard et al. (2017) 5823 K 5632 K Wavelength [Ang] 4994 K 4814 K Wavelength [Ang]
4 Multi-planet Systems in the California Kepler Survey: 909 transiting planets around 355 stars
5 CKS VI: Which Factors Correlate with the Number of Observed Planets? Host star properties? Planet properties? Weiss+18b?
6 Kepler Multis vs. Singles Multi = system with multiple observed, transiting planets? Single = system with only one observed, transiting planet
7 Host star masses, metallicities, and vsini are indistinguishable for singles vs. multis. Weiss+18b
8 Which Factors Correlate with the Number of Observed Planets? Host star properties? No Planet properties? Weiss+18b?
9 Overview of Planets in Multis vs. Singles Weiss+18b
10 Overview of Planets in Multis vs. Singles hot Jupiters cold Jupiters hot Earths everyone else Weiss+18b
11 The radii of cool (P > 3 days) sub-neptunes are indistinguishable for singles vs. multis Weiss+18b
12 There is an excess of singles with P < 3 days (p=0.001) Weiss+18b
13 What Factors Correlate with the Number of Observed Planets? Host star properties? No Planet properties? Slightly?
14 CKS VI. Kepler Multis and Singles have Similar Planet and Stellar Properties Indicating a Common Origin Weiss+18b arxiv.org/abs/ Multi = system with multiple observed, transiting planets?? Single = likely a former multi in which the planets have been scattered to high mutual inclinations? Other supporting evidence from Xie+16, Van Eylen+18, Dai+18
15 Five Patterns to Reproduce in Population Synthesis: Pj+1/Pj Pj+2/Pj+1 Rj Rj+1 1. Planets in the same system have similar sizes 2. Planets in the same system have regular orbital spacing 3. Underlying relation between period ratio and planet sizes 4. Singles and multis have indistinguishable stellar properties 5. Planet sizes in singles and multis have similar radius distributions with a gap at 1.8 Earth radii Multiplanet systems: Tharrr be treasure! Weiss+18a,b
16 Bonus content
17 CKS V. What are some fundamental properties in multis? Weiss+18
18 Do you see any patterns?
19 Do you see any patterns? Planets in the same system often have similar sizes
20 CKS V. Peas in a Pod Weiss et al. (2018)
21 The sizes of planets in the same system are correlated (504 pairs) Outer planet size Inner planet size Weiss+18
22 Test Null Hypothesis with Bootstrap Trials Observed system: Possible bootstrap system: Star, number of planets, orbital periods are preserved Planet size is drawn at random Only detectable planets are counted
23 One example bootstrap trial: no correlation between planet sizes Outer planet size Inner planet size Weiss+18
24 The sizes of pairs of planets in the same system are correlated. Outer planet size Inner planet size Weiss+18
25 1000 bootstrap trials: the planet size correlation is not reproduced with a null hypothesis + detection biases Weiss+18
26 Do you see any patterns? Planets in the same system have regular spacing
27 The orbital period ratios of planets in the same system are correlated (165 pairs) Outer period ratio Inner period ratio Weiss+18
28 Do you see any patterns? Is there a connection between planet size and spacing?
29 The spacing and size of a pair of planets are correlated Size of Pair Spacing of Pair Weiss+18
30 Planet formation theories were written to describe the solar system. Giant Impacts needed to make big terrestrial planets in situ
31 Giant impacts diversify planet sizes. Inamdar & Schlichting 2015
32 Clues from oligarchic growth Lissauer & Stewart (1993): Kokuba & Ida (1998): Kepler multis = aged oligarchs with few giant impacts?
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