2/24/2014. Early Earth (Hadean) Early Earth. Terms. Chondrule Chondrite Hadean Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Fusion Supernova
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1 Early (Hadean) Early Terms Chondrule Chondrite Hadean Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Fusion Supernova Hadean Time Nucleosynthesis The elements H, He, and traces of Li were formed in the original Big Bang. Latest age estimates are 13.7±1 GY All heavier elements were formed from the primordial H and He by nuclear fusion reactions in stars. The fusion reaction proceeds in steps in stars massive enough to undergo the full sequence. 1
2 Nucleosynthesis Large stars undergo successive fusion reactions until Fe is formed by direct fusion. Heavier elements are formed by neutron capture. The final fusion stage results in a supernova explosion. Our solar system formed from the remnants of a supernova. Nucleosynthesis Condensation and Accretion Each supernova will have a unique distribution of stable isotopes. The solar gas collapsed into a disk that heated and then cooled to condense solid particles of minerals called chondrules. The chondrules accreted to form planetesimals and the planetesimals accreted to form. A flat, rapidly rotating disk forms. The matter concentrated at the center will become the proto-sun. Chondrule Hadean Time 1 mm 2
3 Accretion and Differentiation The accretion process was rapid and the early melted. The elements partitioned according to their fluid-phase chemical affinities. Siderophile - Metallic Chalcophile - Covalent Lithophile - Ionic Atmophile - VanderWaals (Inert) The nebular hypothesis and the evolution of the solar system Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Sun Mercury Mars Asteroid belt Outer Figure 9.3 (page 192) Go to next slide to begin 3
4 Jupiter Saturn Uranus Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Neptune Pluto Sun Mercury Mars Sun Mercury Mars Asteroid belt Outer Asteroid belt Outer The inner are small and rocky. The inner are small and rocky. The giant outer are gaseous, with rocky cores. Hadean Time Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Sun Mercury Mars Asteroid belt Outer The inner are small and rocky. The giant outer are gaseous, with rocky cores. Pluto is a snowball of methane, water, and rock. Computer simulation of the origin of the Moon Figure 9.4 (page 193) Go to next slide to begin 4
5 4.2 min. after impact the. the. 4.2 min. after impact 4.2 min. after impact 8.4 min. the. the. 5
6 the. the. The impact sped up s rotation and tilted s the. the. 4.2 min. after impact 8.4 min. 125 min. re-formed 4.2 as min. a after largely impact molten body 8.4 min. 125 min. The impact sped up s rotation and tilted s The impact sped up s rotation and tilted s the. the. re-formed 4.2 as min. a after largely impact molten body and 8.4 min. the Moon aggregated 125 min. from the debris. re-formed 4.2 as min. a after largely impact molten body and 8.4 min. the Moon aggregated 125 min. from the debris. The impact sped up s rotation and tilted s The impact sped up s rotation and tilted s 6
7 the. The nebular hypothesis and the evolution of the solar system re-formed 4.2 as min. a after largely impact molten body and 8.4 min. the Moon aggregated 125 min. from the debris. The impact sped up s rotation and tilted s Moon rocks 4.47 billion years old support this impact hypothesis. Figure 9.3 (page 192) Go to next slide to begin Planets Mercury Mars Mars Mercury Lithosphere Asthenosphere Olivine Olivine Olivine Olivine Wadsleyite Wadsleyite Ringwoodite Ringwoodite Mass x10 23 Radius km Density Wadsleyite Ringwoodite Perovskite Perovskite Mars Mars 7
8 Moon Jupiter Saturn Extra-solar Planets More than 1000 have been discovered orbiting other stars in our galaxy. Transit Method (Kepler mission) Astrometry Method (Path Wobble) Doppler Method (wavelength shifts) Micro-lensing method Direct observation 8
9 Extra-solar Planets Most exo are gas giants (so far). Search is for a terrestrial planet in the habitable zone (liquid water stable). Water (H 2 O) is an abundant molecule. Water is stored in the in minerals. Oceans are a small component of s water. Chondrule Chondrite Hadean Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Fusion Supernova Terms Nebular Hypothesis Accretion Assignment Read Chapter 10 Evolution of the Continents Chondrule Chondrite Hadean Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Fusion Supernova Terms Nebular Hypothesis Accretion 9
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