Searching For Planets Like Earth around stars like the Sun

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1 Searching For Planets Like Earth around stars like the Sun Derek Buzasi FGCU

2 Roadmap Who am I and how did I get here? Motivation for my research What makes a star like the Sun? How do we find planets? Results so far What next?

3 A Little About Me BA Physics, U. Chicago PhD Astronomy, Penn State Postdoc: HAO/NCAR, Johns Hopkins Visiting Scientist, NASA HQ Visiting Professor, College of Charleston Assistant Professor, Valdosta State Research Scientist, UC Berkeley Associate/Full Professor, US Air Force Academy Affiliate Professor, University of Washington Whitaker Scholar, Florida Gulf Coast University

4 Unconventional Career Path

5 What is Astronomy? The study of physical conditions in (usually faraway parts of) the universe Applies physics, mathematics, computer science, geology, chemistry, etc.

6 Roadmap Who am I and how did I get here? Motivation for my research What makes a star like the Sun? How do we find planets? Results so far What next?

7 Why Astronomy? About 20,000 professional astronomers worldwide Working degree is typically a PhD in Physics/Astrophysics/Astronomy Historically useful for religious purposes, calendars, navigation

8 Why Stars and Exoplanets? We want to know what s out there? The most comprehensible places are those like home We can t understand other planets without understanding other stars

9 Roadmap Who am I and how did I get here? Motivation for my research What makes a star like the Sun? How do we find planets? Results so far What next?

10 What Makes a Star like the Sun? Activity & Cycles Planetary Systems Stellar-Planetary Interactions Activity & Cycles

11 What Makes a Star like the Sun? Mass, radius, temperature, composition, structure Activity level, age, rotation rate, [lack of] companions, presence/absence of planetary system, habitability * How do we measure these parameters? Which parameters are more important? How close to solar is good enough?

12 Parameters of the Sun

13 The Sun as a Star: Context

14 The Sun as a Star: Evolution

15 The Sun as a Star: Structure

16 But The Sun is Variable!

17 Solar Cycles at other Wavelengths

18 Other stars have cycles, too

19 The Solar Wind

20 Visible Manifestations

21 Aurorae on Saturn

22 Tools & Techniques

23 Tools & Techniques

24 Roadmap Who am I and how did I get here? Motivation for my research What makes a star like the Sun? How do we find planets? Results so far What next?

25 How do we find planets? Can we just look for them? Yes, but

26 More Productive Approaches Radial velocity, transits Also gravitational lensing, timing variations, astronometry

27 What methods work best? (so far)

28 Roadmap Who am I and how did I get here? Motivation for my research What makes a star like the Sun? How do we find planets? Results so far What next?

29 Kepler Mission

30 Kepler Mission

31 Orbit & Field

32 Our Solar System

33 The Habitable Zone

34 Solar System Formation (Traditional)

35 Is this what we see elsewhere? Jupiter-like (big & cold) Truly alien! (big and hot) NO! Terrestrial (small and warm)

36

37 Snapshot: Kepler-16 Saturn-sized, 0.7 AU orbit around a binary star!

38 Snapshot: Kepler 11

39 A more promising candidate? HD 40307g: ~ 7.1 M Earth, 0.6 AU

40 In aggregate

41 Lots of terrestrial-mass planets out there! But lots of them are around M dwarfs

42 Planets with Atmospheres But no terrestrial planets yet

43 Giant Planet Migration

44 Not many good candidates yet

45 Quo Vadis? We need to Find solar-like stars Detect potential earth-like planets around them Understand how solar systems form and evolve Search for atmospheres Decide which candidates are the best match

46 Roadmap Who am I and how did I get here? Motivation for my research What makes a star like the Sun? How do we find planets? Results so far What next?

47 Future Missions Kepler-2: ? PLATO: 2024 TESS: 2017 WFIRST: 2024

48 Some open questions How common are planets like the Earth? How do solar systems form? Why is our solar system (apparently) unusual? Does that matter? Does migration affect the presence and habitability of terrestrial planets? Can planets be habitable around active stars? How common are life-sustaining atmospheres around terrestrial planets?

49 THANK YOU!

50 Kepler-2

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