Foundations of Astrophysics
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1 Foundations of Astrophysics Barbara Ryden The Ohio State University Bradley M. Peterson The Ohio State University
2 Preface xi 1 Early Astronomy The Celestial Sphere Coordinate Systems on a Sphere Celestial Motions Basic Timekeeping Solar and Sidereal Time Calendars 25 2 Emergence of Modern Astronomy Early Greek Astronomy Ptolemaic Astronomy Copemican Astronomy Galileo: The First Modern Scientist Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion Proof of the Earth's Motion Rotation of the Earth Revolution of the Earth 57 3 Orbital Mechanics Deriving Kepler's Laws Kepler's Second Law Kepler's First Law Kepler's Third Law Orbital Energetics Orbital Speed 75 ' 3.4 The Virial Theorem 78.
3 4 The Earth-Moon System Precession Tides Limits on the Size of Orbits Minimum Orbit Size: Roche Limit Maximum Orbit Size: Hill Radius Phases of the Moon Rotation of the Moon Eclipses 102 ~ 5 Interaction of Radiation and Matter Atomic Structure Atomic Processes 118 / 53 Emission and Absorption Spectra 121 / 5.4 The Equation of Radiative Transfer The Curve of Growth Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium Blackbody Radiation Astronomical Detection of Light The Telescope as a Camera Refracting and Reflecting Telescopes Quality of Images Astronomical Instruments and Detectors Observations and Photon Counting Observations at Other Wavelengths Modern Telescopes The Sun Observable Layers of the Sun Solar Activity Angular Momentum of the Sun Overview of the Solar System Two Types of Planets Physical Properties of Planets Formation of the Solar System 203
4 vii 9 Earth and Moon The Earth's Interior The Earth's Atmosphere The Earth's Magnetosphere The Moon's Interior and Surface The Origin of the Moon 227 Appendix: Radioactive Dating The Planets Terrestrial Planets Mercury Venus Mars Jovian Planets Jupiter and Saturn Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn Uranus and Neptune Planetary Rings Small Bodies in the Solar System Asteroids Trans-Neptunian Objects Comets Meteoroids and Dust The Solar System in Perspective Comparative Planetology Within the Solar System Origin of the Solar System Detecting Exoplanets Properties of Exoplanets Properties of Stars How Far Is a Star? How Bright Is a Star? How Hot Is a Star? How Big Is a Star? 318
5 13.5 How Massive Is a Star? Visual Binaries Spectroscopic Binaries Eclipsing Binaries How Are Mass, Radius, and Luminosity Related? 330 Appendix: Determination of Bolometric Corrections Stellar Atmospheres _ Hydrostatic Equilibrium Spectral Classification Luminosity Classes Hertzsprung-Russell Diagrams 345 / ' 15 Stellar Interiors Equations of Stellar Structure Energy Transport in Stars Radiative Transport Convective Transport Energy Generation in Stars Nuclear Fusion Reactions Modeling Stellar Interiors 369 Appendix: Random Walk Processes The Interstellar Medium Interstellar Dust Evidence for Interstellar Dust Observable Effects of Dust on Starlight Interstellar Gas The Physics of Non-LTE Gases Ionization Balance Thermal Balance Formation and Evolution of Stars Star Formation Evolution of Sun-like Stars Pulsating Variable Stars 402
6 ix 18 Stellar Remnants White Dwarfs Degeneracy Pressure Mass-Radius Relationship Neutron Stars and Pulsars Black Holes Novae and Supernovae Our Galaxy " Overview: Morphology of Our Galaxy Overview: Kinematics and Dynamics of our Galaxy Local Stellar Motions The Local Standard of Rest Differential Rotation of our Galaxy Determining the Rotation Curve The Nucleus of our Galaxy 461 ' 20 Galaxies Galaxy Classification Galaxy Spectra Supermassive Black Holes in Galaxies Distances to Galaxies The Hubble Law Active Galaxies Types of Active Galaxies Seyfert Galaxies Quasars Radio Galaxies Accretion by Supermassive Black Holes Energetics The Eddington Limit Accretion Disks The Structure of AGNs and Unified Models Quasars over Cosmic History Probing the Intergalactic Medium 505 Appendix: Superluminal Radio Sources 506
7 22 Clusters and Superclusters Clusters of Galaxies When Galaxies Collide! Superclusters and Voids Cosmology Basic Cosmological Observations Cosmology a la Newton 533 ' ^ 23.3 Cosmology a la Einstein Metrics of Spacetime The Friedmann Equation History of the Universe / The Consensus Model The Accelerating Universe The Early Universe The Very Early Universe 568 A Astronomical Data 575 Bibliography 583 Credits 585 Index 589
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