Medieval Times. Illuminated Manuscript

Transcription

1 Medieval Times } Middle Ages } The Dark Ages ARTH 4573 HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN section 2 illuminated manuscripts Illuminated Manuscript } Illustrated handwritten books produced from the Late Roman Empire until printed books replaced manuscripts after typography was developed in Europe around 1450 CE. } ILLUMINATED: } Gold leaf } Religious enlightenment } Illustrated } EASTERN branch in Islamic countries Illuminated Manuscript } Illustrated handwritten books produced from the Late Roman Empire until printed books replaced manuscripts after typography was developed in Europe around 1450 CE. } ILLUMINATED: } Gold leaf } Religious enlightenment } Illustrated } EASTERN branch in Islamic countries } WESTERN branch in Europe Illuminated Manuscript } Illustrated handwritten books* produced from the Late Roman Empire until printed books replaced manuscripts after typography was developed in Europe around 1450 CE. } For whom? } Monasteries libraries } Wealthy individuals Illuminated Manuscript } Use of visual embellishment to expand the word } Communicating in a different way } Especially to those who could not read (or read well } (Remember also that text usually in Latin) } Graphic forms } Page layouts } Illustration styles } Lettering styles } Techniques } Codex 1

2 Papyrus ROLLED Parchment Scriptorium Ink and Gold 1468, Legenda Sanctorum Historical re-enactment of monks transcribing books from scrolls, Nomad Films Inc. Scriptorium } WHO? } Scrittori } Copisti } Illuminator } Colophon Stuttgart Psalter Detail, c , France (see notes in margin) /03/21/monk-complaints-manuscripts/ 2

3 Books: Psalter } Volume containing the Book of Psalms } From Judeo-Christian religious writings } For Christians, in the Old Testament of Holy Bible } Often also contained: Liturgical calendar Litany of Saints } Who used? } Wealthy people as private devotional book Books: Book of Hours } Most contain collection of texts, prayers, psalms } Liturgical Calendar } Excerpt from each of 4 Gospels } 15 Psalms of Degrees } 7 Penitential Psalms } Litany of Saints } Office for the Dead } Hours of the Cross } Various other prayers, devotionals Stuttgart Psalter, c , France Books: Apocalypse } Book of Revelations from Christian Bible s New Testament Gospels } First 4 books of the Christian New Testament } Matthew } Mark } Luke } John spreading the WORD Education value of pictures Ability to create mystical, spiritual overtones Size = portability in saddlebags Slow = regional styles created Who? } Country Tribes of people } +Roman takeover/influence of all } Barbarian } Germanic Germany } Viking Visigoth } France 3

4 Who? } Country Tribes of people } +Roman takeover/influence of all } Barbarian } Germanic tribes Germany } Viking Visigoth } France Who? } Germanic Germany } (Germanic tribes inhabited some of present-day Germany) } Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Goths, Franks (+more) pushed west by Huns + desire for more wealth } vs. Celtic tribes } Gaul and Britain were populated by the Gauls and the Britons, which were Celtic tribes (vs. Germanic). } country } countries, East Germany and West Germany } Soviets controlled East, though still officially its own country } 1989 Berlin Wall falls } 1990 German Reunification Who? } Germanic Germany } (Germanic tribes inhabited some of present-day Germany) } Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Goths, Franks (+more) pushed west by Huns + desire for more wealth } vs. Celtic tribes } Gaul and Britain were populated by the Gauls and the Britons, which were Celtic tribes (vs. Germanic). Who? } Viking Visigoth } Vikings were not Celtic. } From modern Scandinavian countries } Both a Germanic tribe, but would not consider themselves having anything in common. Germanic a term later applied. 4

5 Who? } Country Tribes of people } +Roman takeover/influence of all } Barbarian } Germanic tribes Germany } Viking Visigoth } France Gaul Rome s view of Gaul (green) (term created by the Romans to compartmentalize many groups into one) Vatigan Vergil, The Death of Laocoon, late 4 th, early 5 th century CE 5

6 End of Roman Empire } Collapsed in 476 CE } Dislocation and uncertainty } Cities degenerated and became villages } General population illiterate, impoverished, superstitious } Barbarian and Roman influences combine } 5 th 15 th century } MIDDLE between the fall of Rome and the start of the Renaissance Scriptorium Letter Styles } Uncials } Semi-Uncials Historical re-enactment of monks transcribing books from scrolls, Nomad Films Inc. *approximate spread of the Celtic people, multiple tribes *approximate location of Celtic Britain 6

7 Gaul Celtic Design } Abstract } Extremely Complex } Bright, pure colors used in close juxtaposition Celtic Design } Abstract } Extremely Complex } Bright, pure colors used in close juxtaposition Celtic Design } Abstract } Extremely Complex } Bright, pure colors used in close juxtaposition Celtic Design } Abstract } Extremely Complex } Bright, pure colors used in close juxtaposition } Pagan style added to imported Christianity Book of Durrow 680 CE Lindisfarne Gospels Before 698 CE Book of Kells c. 800 CE Ornament Book of Durrow, 680 CE 7

8 Ornament Ornament Ornament Ornate Initials Ornate Initials Ornate Initials Carpet Pages Carpet Pages Interlace Lindisfarne Gospels, 698 CE Lindisfarne Gospels, 698 CE Book of Durrow,, 680 CE Ornament Ornate Initials Carpet Pages Interlace Chi-Rho page XPI autem generatio... Christ s name in Greek Dimuendo Book of Durrow,, 680 CE Lindisfarne Gospels, Chi Rho page, 698 CE Book of Kells, c. 800 AD, Chi-Rho page Book of Kells, c. 800 CE, Chi Rho page Book of Kells, Chi Rho page detail, c. 800 CE Book of Kells, Chi Rho page detail, c. 800 CE 8

9 4 Evangelists (The Gospels) } MATTHEW } Man } MARK } Lion } LUKE } Ox } JOHN } Eagle 4 Evangelists (The Gospels) } MATTHEW } Man } MARK } Lion } LUKE } Ox } JOHN } Eagle Book of Kells, Chi Rho page detail, c. 800 CE Book of Durrow,, 680 CE 4 Evangelists (The Gospels) } MATTHEW } Man } MARK } Lion } LUKE } Ox } JOHN } Eagle 4 Evangelists (The Gospels) } MATTHEW } Man } MARK } Lion } LUKE } Ox } JOHN } Eagle Design Innovations from Celts } Leaving space between words to enable reader to separate string of letters into words more quickly } Insular Script Book of Durrow,, 680 CE Letter Styles } Insular Script Book of Kells, c. 800 CE 9

10 } Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the Romans on Christmas Day 800 CE } Charles the Great = Carolus (or Karolus) Magnus } >> Carolingian, Caroline } Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the Romans on Christmas Day 800 CE } All of central Europe under one ruler } Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the Romans on Christmas Day 800 CE } All of central Europe under one ruler } Attempted to recapture grandeur and unity of the Roman Empire in a Germanic and Christian fellowship } Introduced Feudal System } Landowning noblemen held dictatorial power over peasants who worked in their fields } An effort to bring order to chaotic medieval society } Fostered revival of learning and the arts } Aachen REFORM } Page Layout } Decoration } Paragraph Structure } Punctuation Letter Styles } Semi-Uncials } Writing Style Caroline Miniscule } Caroline Miniscule Coronation Gospels, late 8 th century CE 10

11 Coronation Gospels, late 8 th century CE + Celtic tribes that existed in present-day Spain After the Visigoths sacked Rome (378), they began settling down, first in southern Gaul and eventually in Spain and Portugal, where they founded the Kingdom of the Visigoths. mid-1400s invention of printing press, also Protestant Reformation northern Europe mid-1400s Ottomans take Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey, former capital of Eastern Roman Empire) The interior side view of the main dome of Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, Turkey. 11

12 Moorish Influences Flat shapes of intense color Moorish Influences Flat shapes of intense color Intricate geometry Moorish Influences Flat shapes of intense color Intricate geometry Ghastly creatures from pagan tradition of totem-like animals Beatus of Fernando and Sancha, 1047 CE Beatus of Fernando and Sancha, 1047 CE Beatus of Fernando and Sancha, 1047 CE Romanesque Period } CE } CRUSADES Romanesque Period } CE } CRUSADES Meanwhile, in Christian Europe.. } Stronger Feudalism } Economic prosperity } Relatively stable political conditions } Monasticism reached its peak } Monasteries established throughout Europe } Great increase in church-building } Rise of priests and monks } Growing crowds of pilgrims Romanesque Period } CE } Pilgrimage routes = exchange of ideas/styles } Universal design characteristics seemed possible 12

13 Gothic Period } 1150 to Renaissance of 14 th century } Feudalism controlled } Towns and villages into cities } Agriculture began to be replaced by international trade } Money replaced land as primary measure of wealth } Monarchies of France and England each developed } MORE STABILITY } Rise of universities } Need for books } Literacy on the rise Carolingian Influences Linear drawing Willingness to distort figure to meld with overall design Carolingian Influences Linear drawing Willingness to distort figure to meld with overall design Representation of deep space less important Figures placed against gold leaf or textured backgrounds Douce Apocalypse, c CE Ormesby Psalter, early 1300s } Textura = Blackletter } As a font, this can also be called Old-Fashioned, Old English, Gothic, etc. } Textura Douce Apocalypse, c Gutenberg Bible, 1450s, printing press imitating Textura/Blackletter of illuminated manuscripts THE BLACK DEATH Calligraphy today Ormesby Psalter, early 1300s, 13

14 The Black Death } Bubonic Plague } 25 million people died (1/3 of Europe s population) in just under 5 years between 1347 and } Helped to remove Feudalism } Something resembling a middle class emerged Book of Hours Visual Organization Abstraction to Realism Illustrations dominated Plague Doctor Book of Hours, Duc de Berry (Limbourg Brothers),