ISACONVERT Continuous converting of nickel/pgm mattes

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1 Sy ISACONVER Cuu vg f kl/gm m by M.L. Bkk*, S. Nkl*, A.S. Buw*, d G.R.F. Alv* h ISASMEL ubmgd l (SL) bh mlg w dvld Mu I, Aul by Mu I M Lmd (w ubdy f X l) dug h By h d f 2011, h l lld y f h ISASMEL hlgy wll xd m y f fd ml d ld ml ud h wld. Cmml l, g Blgum d Gmy, l bh vg ml ISASMEL fu. h SL hlgy qully ffv f uu vg, whh l lld ISACONVER. h h ly d ISACONVER f h uu vg f kl d lum gu ml (GM) g m ug h lum f lg ym. h fu h l l f h ISACONVER hlgy xg kl d GM mlg mlx. Kywd ymllugy, ubmgd l (SL), kl, GM, lum f, lm f. Idu ISASMEL ubmgd l (SL) hlgy wll blhd f h dd hlg f my mlg1. Ov h y, ISASMEL h gd fm 0.25 /h l l l dul fl h u 200 /h fd. h hlgy vy f ml ludg kl2, ld3, d 4 d dy ml, wh h l lld y f ISASMEL l xd xd / by h d f Bh vg h ISASMEL fu h b fmd by w ml Eu, mly Um u Ml Hbk, Blgum5, d Auub AG, Lü, Gmy6, 1997 d 2002 vly. h h l b dd uu vg f m bl 7 9 d lw-gd kl m Bm m2,10, whh l lld h ISACONVER. Dvlm f h Nkl/GM ISACONVER h ISACONVER h my dg fu wh h ISASMEL fu6. I dly b ld mmz m h uudg vm. I u h SL j hlgy vd hghly ff mxg d f ld m d flux, whh b hgd hugh h f f h fu. h u f dvd l ym ul h fu bg lgly umd. Bg vl fu, vy ll fl qud mmd h l d glly b ly fd xg mlg fl h ugm l xg hlgy. h gfly dud ff-g vlum fm h ISACONVER, wh md -Smh hlgy, ul lw l d g f ff-g ll d lg ym6. h hlgy h w b ld by X hlgy (X) f h uu vg f lw-gd kl/gm m hgh-gd Bm m h d Nkl ISACONVER. Algu h ISACONVER f, h Nkl ISACONVER l mly h lum f lg ym. Nkl/GM ISACONVER h fd GM ml ylly f kl- ulfd d fy xd ml11. h du fm GM ml glly hgh- g ml m * X hlgy, Bb, Aul. h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy, SA ISSN X/ h w f d h Suh Af ymllugy Cf, 6 9 Mh 2011, My Hll, Mulddf. h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 111 OCOBER

2 ISACONVER Cuu vg f kl/gm m whh fuh d, lm xluvly ug mull u f -Smh v, du fhd, lw g m, f fd Bm m. h x h Agl lum Wvl ml Suh Af, wh h Agl lum Cvg (AC) mlyd12. Cuu GM m vg w, d h b vgd vuly f mvg duvy d m l md h dl - Smh bh v. A d bv, h AC l h ldy mmlzd h. X h vgd kl/gm m vg wh h ISACONVER hlgy2,8,13,14 d dud m g l h 4 w% ufully h l l. h ISACONVER f g GM m uu vg wh m d /xyg fd uuly h bh. h bh f m d lg h du m ll m. h g d ffvly fx h wh, f - Smh v, h d- f h vg. Fgu 1 hw hw h ISACONVER uld b gd h flwh f xg mlg fly GM m. Guld mlg fu m fd, lm flux, uhd fd, fu du, ful,, d xyg wuld b fd uuly h ISACONVER fu. h du lqud, lw- Bm m wuld b d dlly fm h m hl d, ddg dwm fy qum, h m my b h guld lw-ld. Slg wuld b d hugh hl d ud h my mlg l f vy f h ml vlu. Off-g fm h ISACONVER fu wuld b dd w-h bl f gy vy, d d-dud ug l- bf bg h xg g m fly ddd ulfu d l f ulfu u. All du lld fm h g hdlg ym wuld b yld h ISACONVER fu. h ISACONVER d Fgu 1 ff w l dvg md wh dl bh -Smh vg: Fly, h ISACONVER g vlum flw f ff-g, g hgh lvl f SO 2 h dly b d vl ulfu d l. h m bf, dg h g vml gul ffg bh u d fuu l m d -l hyg. Whl fg gh v hd m l u - Smh v ff-g, h h, uld wh h ddl d f dy hdg l fugv m, ylly hgh-. ISACONVER ff -, -fu vg h ulz hgh lvl f xyg hm uld wh mml dlu. Sdly, h ISACONVER ff h u f ld m h fd ml, hu lmg ml m ldl f, d fuh dug h l f fugv m, wh ulg mvm l hyg. h u f ld fd l llw dulg f h mlg d vg, gvg ddd flxbly d mlfyg h m d l f h ml. Cuu vg lg hmy Cu GM m vg lg hmy Bh h bh -Smh v d h uu AC kl m vg u l (fyl)-bd lg ym. -Smh vg fu ylly v ml my mlg fu m fl m du g 1 3 w%. Rd f mg (dmly kl-f) lg -Smh v d f xmly 2 w% m. Sm ldfy h mg lg wh h -Smh v vl bf ug h blwg yl, lw m lvl15. h f ldf dug fl blwg g muh f l d mg-ud lg h hld wh fl du m h b vd ly hugh h f w vg yl15, gg ff. O h ud blw Fgu 1 blk dgm f h Nkl/GM ISACONVER 660 OCOBER 2011 VOLUME 111 h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy

3 ISACONVER Cuu vg f kl/gm m 2 w% m, whu ldf f h lg, ul h xv mg/lg m wh h du m d fu buld-u15. h gl flwh f h AC vlvd w-g bh du f Bm m: f g lw h m ~13 w%, d h d g lw ~3 w% m12. Du dfful d wh dmg g f h d g f vg, lg u ud du vxd f h bh12. h bh u f h uld ml mxg, whh ld qulbum f f h ml wh h fu. Subqu d mxg f h ml ly du bh ub uld xlv fmg f h bh lw --m lvl12. F h, d m hgh-gh SO 2 g m h ff-g g fly, h AC w mdfd uu, wh guld m uuly fd h fu d vg d- f 3 w% m12. lmy l-l wk mg f h ISACONVER ud l- bd lg f g w dff m fd, hw bl I. Fl m dud d bw w% fm M 1 fd14 d w% fm M 2 fd2,8. h ul f h l lg vg wk mg hghlghd h du f m g l h 2 w% qud h mu f h b d ublly m fludy f h l lg. X hf vgd h lbly f lum flux- bd lg ym, ud ufully h ISACONVER. ISACONVER Nkl/GM vg lg hmy h lum f lg ym h b ufully ld uu vg hlg h md h bfl f lum f lg f vg w blhd d uld h 1980 by h h f Yzw17 18 d kd19. h lud h bly f h lqud h hgh f hgh xyg l, lw lg vlum, lw vlubl ml l, d g fludy. h bfl w vgd d fmd by h lby-l h wk f F20 d H21, dg hgh vlubl ml vy (N, Cu, d C whh y GM m) whl l g h dbu f muy lm (A d Sb) bl I my Smlg Nkl/GM M Cm ud ISACONVER l Elm M 1 Avg (w%) M 2 Avg (w%) N Cu C F S h lg. X ud h hmdym mdllg kg FSg22 fm h h bfl f h lum f ym, m f fludy d f y, l ld h f vg kl/gm m. Nkl m vg ug lum f lg h mml l h b ufully ld by Sllw Mg Cmy (SMC) bh blw y v (BRC), dug Bm m g bu 2 w% h BRC SMC glly ud -l bd lg f vg, bu xd udd lg fmg lw --m lvl, fm v-xd, ug l f hg d l h h fy f h qum d h 23. SMC quly ld h lg hmy by ddg lm-bd flux d f l, hby vdg h fm f ubl bh d. Cdg h uful l f lum f lg bh kl m vg SMC, d h v bly f h ISACONVER d h u lum f lg f du5 7,16, h l f h lg ym uu SL f kl/gm m du w vgd by X hugh l-l wk. h bjv f h l-l vg wk w fm d dm h kl/gm m ISACONVER hmy f vg hgh- my mlg m fd lw- Bm m, ulzg lum f-bd lg. h vlvd vg ld m (f M 2 m bl I), wh h dd f lm flux h l fu f kg/h f vd ld m. h dl f h ISACONVER l-l fly hv b ublhd lwh8. h l-l vld h flud lg w dud ud ll d. ISACONVER wk ul h g gd f kl/gm Bm m ylly mhd h qum f h dwm fy h f h mbl lvl f d ulfu wh h m. A m f h m gd (wh h f h m), bw h ISACONVER lum f wk, -Smh v, d SL ug l lg hw Fgu 2. Su f h -Smh vg d SL l lg d ludd: Rul fm SL l lg-m vg l l dud by X2,8 Rul fm mlg mg f -Smh v blw : h X Nkl Flbdg ml24 d h Vl I hm ml25. A fxd --m, h ISACONVER lum f du m gd h v fv m h kl,, d bl md vg wh l lg. h d Bm m gd hvd ug lum f lg qu f lw ulfu h m h, wh md l lg. h dlyd ghlly Fgu 3, wh h h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 111 OCOBER

4 ISACONVER Cuu vg f kl/gm m N+Cu+C (w%) F m (w%) Fgu 2 M gd (N+Cu+C, w%) fu f m 80% 70% 60% Sulfu dfy % 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% F m (w%) Fgu 3 Sulfu dfy h Bm m fu f m ulfu dfy h m (dfd Equ [1] f f26) md h h m. wh: S = ulfu qud fm ulfd h N 3 S 2, Cu 2 S, C 9 S 8, d FS; S Aul = mud ulfu h m h. Fd m kl/gm vg ylly ulfu df; f bl I. Fgu 3 hw h l kl/gm m vg g m h bw 20 30% ulfu-df. Ev f g-dud lw lg, d by Vl I, ulfu dfy mlly mxmzd xmly 35%27. h ISACONVER lum f lg, hwv, llw f h du f fl du m wh v 45% lvl f ulfu dfy. Mlgl ly f -Smh v m h vld h mllzd h wh h Bm m kl-dm d ll f GM28. X [1] hf ul h h d mllz f h ISACONVER, (Fgu 3) wuld l ul d d dm f GM h fl du Bm m, wh md -Smh vg SL l lg. Fuh ll wk wll b qud fm h GM dm. Clu ISASMEL SL hlgy wll blhd f bh my d dy d ld mlg. Bh mlg d vg ug ISASMEL hlgy l wll blhd. h hlgy qully ffv f uu vg, whh l lld ISACONVER. h fu h mk ISACONVER v f kl/gm vg : 1. G f vlum flw f ff-g g hgh lvl f SO 2 h b d vl ulfu d l 662 OCOBER 2011 VOLUME 111 h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy

5 ISACONVER Cuu vg f kl/gm m 2. A -, -fu vg h ulz hgh lvl f xyg hm, uld wh mml dlu d 3. Sld m b ud h fd ml:. Elmg ml m ldl f, fuh dug h l f fugv m d b. Allwg f dulg f h mlg, d vg, g flxbly, d mlfyg m d l f h ml. h u f h ISACONVER f my mlg fu m vg h b ufully dmd h l l. Rul hv hw h, wh md l lg -Smh d SL, h ISACONVER lum f : 1. du hgh-gd m (kl,, d bl) --m lvl dg Bm m du 2. du lw ulfu, hgh mllzd m du. Akwldgm h uh hk X hlgy f m ublh h. 10. BAKKER, M.L. NIKOLIC, S., d MACKEY,.J. ISASMEL SL l f kl, Ml Egg, vl. 24,. 7, WARNER, A.E.M., DIAZ, C.M., DALVI, A.D., MACKEY,.J., ARASOV, A.V., d JONES, R.. JOM wld fu ml uvy. IV: Nkl: Sulfd, JOM, vl. 59,. 4, VIVIERS,. d HINES, K. h w Agl lum vg j, F Exv Mllugy O Cf. AuIMM, Bb, BARSCH,., ANSELMI, B., d FOUNAIN, C.R. h Rd Hll j, ym WA. E.J. Gmy d N.D. Sk, (d.), h, Mudh Uvy, GM m vg, X hlgy, Il R, BEZUIDENHOU, G.A., EKSEEN, J.J., WEND, W., d ERSSON, W. Imlm f Smh l my ym Lm f v F d- l, Nkl g Ml Egg Il, Flmuh, UK, DAVENOR, W.G.L. l., Exv Mllugy f C. 4h d., gm, Oxfd, Ud Kgdm, YAZAWA, A., AKEDA, Y., d WASEDA, Y. hmdym d uu f f lg d h ml, Cd Mllugl Quly, vl. 20, YAZAWA, A. d AKEDA, Y. Equlbum l bw lqud d lum-f lg. f h J. Iu f Ml, vl. 23, Rf 1. DIAZ, C. C ulfd mlg: hvm d u hllg, dg f C 2010, Hmbug, Gmy, Ju GDMB, Cluhl-Zllfld, vl. 7, BAKKER, M.L., ALVEAR, G.R., d KREUH, F.M. ISASMELM LS mkg lh f kl. ymllugy f Nkl d Cbl2009. dg f h Il Symum: h 48h Aul Cf f Mllug, Sudbuy, O, Augu J. Lu, J. y, M. B, S. Kh-Njd, d B. Dv, (d.). Cd Iu f Mg, Mllugy d lum, ERRINGON, B., ARHUR,., WANG, J., d DONG, Y. h ISA-YMG ld mlg. dg f h Il Symum Ld d Z g, Ky, J,. Fujw l., (d.), h Mg d Ml g Iu f J, ARHUR,.S. d HUN, S.. ISASMEL 25 Y f uu vlu. Flyd Il Symum Subl Dvlm Ml g, M. Nlm d W.J. Rk, (d.), NCS A, Aul, VANBELLEN, F. d CHININNE, M. h u f ml ylg. Advd g f Ml d Ml. F. Kgl d R.G. Rddy, (d.). MS, Wdl, ylv, vl. 1, SCHMID, S. Auub AG-Hüwk Ky. uublhd h, Mh EDWARDS, J.S. d JAHANSHAHI, S. C Cvg, US, N. 5,888,270, 30 Mh EDWARDS, J.S. d ALVEAR, G.R.F. Cvg ug ISASMELM hlgy. C 07, h 6h C/Cb Cf. Vlum 3 h Cl Dz Symum ymllugy, Bk 2. A.E.M. W, C.J. Nwm, A. Vhd, D.B. Gg,.J. Mky, d A. Wzk, (d). h Mllugl Sy f CIM,, NIKOLIC, S., EDWARDS, J.S., BURROWS, A.S., d ALVEAR, G.R.F. ISACONVER SL Cuu C Cvg Ud. Il -Smh Cvg Cl: MS 2009 Aul Mg d Exhb, J. Ku d. W, (d.), h Ml, Ml & Ml Sy, Wdl, USA, AKEDA, Y., NAKAZAWA, S., d YAZAWA, A. hmdym f lumf lg 1200 d 1300ºC, Cd Mllugl Quly, vl. 19, FON, J.M. h qulbum d m lm dbu bw lg d m h kl mlg. hd h, hku Uvy, d HENAO, H.M.Z. h qulbum bw N-S N-F ml d lg kl mlg. hd h, hku Uvy, d BALE, C.W. ELON, A.D., d HOMSON, W.. Fly f h ly f Chml hmdym (FSg v 6.1). El lyhqu d Ml, ROSE, G.K., MAOUSEK, J.W., d MARCANONIO,.J. Cvg h Sllw u Ml Sml. JOM, Al BUSOS, A.A., I, S.W., O CONNELL, G., KAIURA, G.H., d OGURI, J.M. Cvg Smul Flbdg Lmd, Exv Mllugy f Nkl d Cbl. G.. yl d C.A. Ldl, (d.). h Mllugl Sy, I, AIME, USA, DIAKOW, J.S., MAK, Y.F., d ORR, R.G. Mllugy f h vg h hm Sml. 14h Aul Cf f Mllug, Edm, Alb, Augu 1975, Ml, Qub. Cd Iu f Mg, Mllugy d lum, KELLOGG, H.H. hmhmy f kl-m vg. Nkl Mllugy, vl. I: Ex d Rfg f Nkl, 25h Aul Cf f Mllug. E. Ozbk d S.W. Mu, (d.). Cd Iu f Mg, Mllugy d lum, Ml, Cd, WARNER, A.E.M. d DIAZ, C.M. A vvw f h mllugy f kl m vg. Mllugl d Ml g: l d hlg (Yzw Il Symum), vl. 2, Hgh-mu Ml du. H.Y. Sh, K. Igk, C. Ymuh, d F. Kgl, (d.). Wdl, h Ml, Ml & Ml Sy, HYSE, E., AKDOGAN, G., d EKSEEN, J.J. h ff f hg d dug -Smh vg GE-g kl v m mlz, Nkl g 2010 Ml Egg Il, Flmuh, UK, h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 111 OCOBER