Some myths about DC arc furnaces

Transcription

1 Sy Sm myh bu DC fu by R.. J*, Q.G. Ryld*,.R. Cu*, d D. Sg DC fu wdly ud f l mlg wll f duv mlg f f. Idul mlg l lud h mlg f hm du fhmum, h mlg f lm du lg d g, d h vy f bl fm fu ml lg. A umb f myh d m wdly hld, lly gdg: h g f h hlgy, h u f hllw ld, bly d h, d bh d, bw h d ml lg, ll bhvu f d lg, m bw AC d DC fu, DC, h lf f bm ld, d h lbly f DC fu vu mllugl ym. Kywd ymllugy, DC fu, myh, hy, hllw ld, d,, flk, AC. Idu DC fu hv b kw by vu m v h y. I h, DC fu f ymllugl vl h m yldl l hll wh h dmd fl b, d f h ylly l. I ld d wh fy ml d h ml ml bg d. h fu uully h l gh ld (lly m h, bu h h f fu f h ), d d mbddd h hh. I uul h h ml ml h fu ll wh h d. Egy uld h fu by m f lm h mg h u uf f h ml ml. h DC (d u) fu ud hgh-vly hgh-mu j, dv by lmg l (h Mk ff) h d g h h ld uf. h gd by h bw h flud flw, h hml fld, d h lmg fld. h lf-g lmg f k h u u-hd lm j bly h. A DC ud blz h fuh. Fuhm, h uf f h ml bh ( l f h uf h hm z),.. lly uvd by ud fd ml. h - -bh DC fu hv umb f dvgu, d gly bg ld h mllugl duy. Hwv, h m my muddg bu h hlgy. h vw d y f ul blf mgh wll hv xly u, bu ll. I hd h h wll lg u m f h myh bu DC fu. Myh 1: DC fu hlgy w d uv DC fu hv b ud f h bulk mlg f ml l 1878, wh S Wllm Sm1 ud DC fu wh vl gh hd, wh h fd h ml wh wld bm d. I h, h f AC l fu (vd by ul Héul d d 1900) w f d L z, F, El fu hlgy bm lm ly ACbd hf, bu f h u f AC f ff w m fm lg l w (fllwg dvlm by Nkl l d Gg Wghu 1887 d 1888) d h u f ll dw fm uly h hgh u qud h fu. * Mk, Rdbug, Suh Af. ABB Swzld Ld, ug, Swzld. h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy, SA ISSN X/ h w f d h Suh Af ymllugy Cf, 6 9 Mh 2011, My Hll, Mulddf. h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 111 OCOBER

2 Sm myh bu DC fu Sgf mmlz f DC fu hlgy ud h 1990, wh h w hug dmd f DC fu f l mlg, fllwg h dvlm f hgh-w ld- f. Aud h m, bu 80 DC fu w bul h h hmh. A fm xv u h l duy, ly h fw dd h DC fu hv b ud f mlg, wh h fd ml dmly mll d gf hml vlvd. Mk ymllugy Dv h b fu ugh b vlvd h dul-l mmlz f ughly l f h hlgy dd, d h bm wll kw lly f wk DC fu2. h d wh h mlg f hm f du fhmum h 1980, d w fllwd by h mlg f lm du lg d g h I bh f h, h hmy w wll kw d h du w fml (lb wh m m v), v hugh h y f fu w vl h m. A fuh xml w h u f DC fu v ml (lly bl) fm fu mlg lg3,4 ly h I h, w w d u w f qum du mwh ufml md du. h, hf, qud g d dm qu lg l. h uly h w l f DC fu hlgy h d h bk f mmlz mly h mlg f kl l du fkl, d h CR 5, whh b ud f h mlg f bh lum gu ml (GM) d kl ulhd. Myh 2: DC fu d hllw ld d blzg g h f ul DC fu f mlg l6 vgd hllw gh ld fd hu l h fd ml h hgh mu z f h lg uf. I h ly 1980, Mk d wh ASEA Swd d Lug Gmy gdg h ELRED f mkg. h ELRED w bd hllw gh ld d h h ffd muh g l-u l h h d w-ld lm h h m. I 1985, h f mml DC mlg fu g hm f ud h hllw gh ld fdg gm, dd ll ubqu DC mlg fu bul v h x 15 y. I wdly hugh h by fdg hugh h hllw ld, h fd ml wll l hugh h lm mkg u h lum d hby b xd dly h hgh mu yl f h lm.. > K. A h b hw h h h h ld hgh-y (~3.5 ka/m2)7 h mv dly v h lvly lg uf f h gh ld (h hd) wll v h uf f h ml lg uf (h d), m h lw h, bbl h h lum wll mv wy fm h lvly ld d hgh- fd ml. h hgh vly d vy f h g h lum mk dfful f ld l bm d h lum. lm yg d g l uully u w-ld lm h gm whby h ld l jd hugh h h mbly h g l h hm h h Mk8 ff hm h lum. I l f umd h hllw gh ld fd gm l vd lg l f d fly zd fd ml h g m lvg h fu hugh h ff-g. Hwv, w l h wuld b dvgu vd h ddl mufug f hllw ld wll h ddl mlxy f hg h fd hu h f h ld lum, ludg v f g (uully g). h g w qud v h fu g fm g h fd ym d w l hugh mv h bly f h lf. Cquly, 1996, Mk vgd h ff f fdg bg-l du hugh hllw gh ld md wh fdg hugh h f. h w ld l h 500 mm fm h f h 200 mm ld gh ld. I w fud h, v wh h vy fly zd ml (100% < 20 µm), h w gf mllugl dff mlg bhvu, d h g f fd ml g h fu g-lg l d ly fm 4% 7%. Subqu xm wh lg-zd fd ml uh hm (D 50 f 0.5 mm) hwd du l f l h 1% f h fd ml. N gv ff w d h bly f h, d h b f h g g dw h ld. h f mml DC mlg fu ulz ld gh ld d f fd w h 40 MW fu Chmbh Ml3,4 Zmb 2001, bd h Mk l-l wk wh h gm (kw d-fdg). Subquly, m f h DC fu glly lld wh hllw gh ld fd ym hv dd d fdg, d h d xd u. Myh 3: h dy yldl lum f h g A mmly hld vw h h d DC lm fu dy- hm. I lu h ubj, h lum f hw hvg yldl, ymm h d kg h h h bw h d f h ld d h uf f h ml bh bh. My f h mhml d uml mdllg mhd ud udy lm l mulg h m by ddg h m-dd m h gvg qu, d ug yldl d ym whh m ymmy h ym. R wk h 7 h hw h lm mdl dvld ug xl m dd d C d ym bl dly wd g f dym m d ymm bhvu, wh h lum bmg wd d dfmd mld gul h v vy h m l (mlld l). Sm xml f h gv Fgu 1 d 2, whh hw h mu fld (l K) h mdl vu m. h lgh 5 m, d h u 500 A. h m dd f h mu fld h mdl hw Fgu OCOBER 2011 VOLUME 111 h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy

3 Sm myh bu DC fu I h dym mdl, h u f h m-dd bhvu l vy gly wh g m uh lgh d u. A h lgh d lw u, bl d dy glly fmd. A h lgh ( h u) d, gul ll bg u, gg fm d f h j ud h hm h ld uf. h m w h lum dym hll h. Fuh lgh d u du h ml bhvu, fm gul ll h d udbl m f h. Sml hv b bvd xml wk ug hgh-d vd m d m vy h m l9. A lw u, h lum ll, yldl, d dy m. A xml mg hw Fgu 4. A h u d 1000 A, h lum bg xhb m-dd bhvu h fm f gul ll. A qu f uv fm fm hghd vd f 1000 A d 5 m lgh hw Fgu 5. Flly, h u d 1500 A d byd, h gul m f h bk dw h, gul m. h lum k mlx gml h dug h bhvu. Sm xml fm fm hgh-d vd f 2000 A d 5 m lgh hw Fgu 6 d 7. R wk h fld f bh hl d xml udy f DC lm h hf hw h h g f h-m ff gf d g ml uddg f h ym. Fgu 1 mu fld 7.80 m Fgu 2 mu fld 9.98 m Fgu 4 Cyldl, dy- 500 A, 5 m lgh Fgu 3 ml v f mu ld hm Fgu 6 Ch 2000 A, 5 m lgh Fgu 5 Suv fm fm hgh-d vd f 1000 A d 5 m lgh h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 111 OCOBER

4 Sm myh bu DC fu Fgu 7 Ch 2000 A, 5 m lgh b d my h ff. h ul mbl wh xml mum f h m g ym. F m, h vlum m luld fm Equ [1] f blk bdy d hw Fgu 8, whl h d fm Bul f g lm hw Fgu 9. (N h, h fgu, h dd bbv f h SI u f ld gl, h Sd.) I b h v wh lly h lm ( b, R=0) dd, h m f hml d fm lm b wll v m lw h h mll umb dd by blk bdy mhd. If, dd, h -b dd v d f mm (yl f lm l-l lg l), h hml d m d ff by Smll-l ud, uh h lv wldg lby-l DC fu, f h bg yldlly ymm d dy. Hwv, h d bl h l f h ym l l d byd, h d u d dm f h ul h bmg hghly dym, m-dd hm. A, h lg DC fu f mlg l h 60 MW fhmum fu Mddlbug10. h g ud by h DC lm h b fud b dvgu m f mxg h f fd ml h ml lg bh. A dul u lvl, h vl h h my klm d, d h m gf hu f h uf f h ml lg ml bh bh. I bw h j d h ml bh ul g dl f ubul lhg d mxg, g h bh d hmgzg lg dg. Fgu 8 Vlum d m, umg blk bdy d Myh 4: Rd fm h vwhlmg I fquly umd, bu h d-u lm xmly hgh mu ( K), h h m f hml d mlly dm ll gy f wh h fbd f DC fu. Alhugh hml d fm h h lm dd gf hm, m lfy wh h h mjy f h d ld. g h lm g blk bdy d du mldg ul. h lul ly fmd, d l h vlum gy m h mu d du f h mg vlum, hw Equ [1]. [1] wh: Q/V = Vlum f gy l, W/m3 = Rdu f mg vlum lm, m σ = Sf-Blzm, 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4 = lm mu, K Bul l.11 lul f h ul m f gy fm hml lm by d, bd fudml f lm hy, kg u Fgu 9 Vlum d m fm g lm OCOBER 2011 VOLUME 111 h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy

5 Sm myh bu DC fu fuh w h d f mgud. A ul f h, lg f (>99%) f h d md by h lm h -ud h bdy f h bf h fbd. h j d h gy vy gly dw h ml bh uf, wh b fd dly h bh ml by l-xmy d, v, d du. h hf xmly ff vg ll gy hml gy d dlvg h ml bh dly bh h ld, whu lg muh h fu dwll d f h. Exml vd ug h d fm h h bh uf h my mhm f h f h fbd uf h DC fu h b ublhd vuly12. Fgu 10 hw mud d fm fg l d h fbd f l-l fu. Du h vy hgh hml duvy f, hgg gy flux fm h fu fbd wuld b xd b vy d. A b, h hudw f w 600 ul vully hg h mud gy l h l v gf d f m (25 m). h u h ju h d fm h bh uf, d dly fm h, h h dm ff wh h fbd f DC fu. Myh 5: h uh hl gh hugh h lg I h m wy h j f md dl w, bl x h lm huld b bl dl m f h lg whh mg. Of u, h l qu : hw muh dld? Bwm13 qu h wk f Mk8 h hw h hu f h b l h qu f h u, hw Equ [2]. wh: = hu, N I = u, ka [2] Fgu 11 Dm f h vy fmd by j hu dff dm: dh, h f u f 40 ka (dd l) 80 ka (ld l) d lg dy f 3500 kg/m 3 d hk f 60 m Aumg h h h f h vy bld wh du d hgh dh h, h vlum V f h dld lg my b xd : h hu f h my b qud h buyy f gd by h b f lg fm h vy (.. h vlum mulld by h lg dy d gvl l). [3] [4] wh: ρ = lg dy, kg/m3 g = dd gvl l, 9.81 m/2 h h f h d h hm z (AAZ) dfd by h fmul f h dm d dh Equ [5] d [6] vly, wh ψ h dm dh. [5] [6] Fgu 10 Mud gy l fm fg l 12 Fgu 11 hw h dm f h vy h fmd, ud dff um f h dm dh. A f 6:1 bd u m f yl d hgh f fm h Mk l l, d f 1:1 h bly lm14 f g j mgg lqud uf. h 1:1 xm, d h 6:1 m lkly. F lg f bl dy d md dh (ylly ud 60 m), vy ulkly h ll f h lg blw wy by h, v wh h u vy hgh. Myh 6: A DC fu - dv h ll bhvu f DC fu my b mdlld wh ly f lg. h h ul vy f gv g m d h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 111 OCOBER

6 Sm myh bu DC fu mu. F xml, vlu f Ωm yl f fu mh h b mxd mu ud 1600ºC. Fllwg h h f Bwm13, h vlg h mdlld fu f lgh d u15. h vlg h lg luld by lvg h Ll qu f h umd gmy f h lg (wh h d k u) d umd dbu f u h u uf16. h lg vlg dly l h vy f h lg (whh, u, fu f m d mu). I m h h vlg h d h lg bh l wh u. Fgu 12 hw h lh bw vlg (V ) d u (I ) f hyhl 70 MW fu g wh fxd lg dh d lgh. h -w uv hybl h, ulg fm h lh = V I. C- l, ulg fm h lh V = I R, hw h dgm d wh h luld h f h ul lh bw vlg d u. h lw f h l uv llu h bhvu f h w (.. quvl lg wh z vy), d h h w uv hw h ddl vlg ulg fm lg f dff v (1 d 2 Ωm vly). h dg f h w uly f DC fu d k u bl v lgh, lg dh, d lg vy (whh ffd by lg m d mu). A umb f vlg u lh d b ld, kg u h g f vbl bg dgd f, d ubl g wdw h b fd. h hl mdl dud bv h b ud xvly mv h uddg f h f l-l fu Mk. Fuh fm f h vldy f h mdl b fud by g h gd qulv gm bw h h f h hl uv16 f vlg vu lgh, d h ly ublhd mud uv f vlg vu lgh bd fm dul 60 MW fu dug fhmum10. Of u, h ulm qu f whh DC fu - dv wuld b wd by lg vlg vu u (f fxd f d Fgu 12 h lh bw vlg d u f dul-zd fu g fxd lgh f 50 m d wh lg dh f 60 m (f vy f Ωm) ludg lgh, bh dh, m, d mu) f dul fu ug fm lw hgh u. h ubl f uh d gly wd. O huld l k md h DC fu wd by hy f, whh llw f vy f d um djum h-m v fu d d bl h fu b d f -, f h mhd f l ld. Myh 7: Nw hlgy AC fu mk DC fu dud I u h, f lmkg, AC fu ml jyg gwg uly v h DC fu f m l dvg, bu h hy h hgd17. h AC fu u b k 100% ymml; w f ; w /ff hvd hugh whg f h fu fm; d, whl g, h AC fu lwy g m flk h DC fu. h mgh b muh f u wh ) h fu vy bg d b) wh h ulyg ll gd g (hgh hu y). Nh h l duy h flly duy ylly ld l mj ml hub wh 20 GW f ll w g ju by. N, h duy f f wy fm lg w g l. hugh h lg m l qud uly h ll w h l, h h-u y f h gd d v d, d h h gd m d m dub by flk gd h fu. A ll uly m d dlv l ll w h by w h dul l, hy f f g qum f w quly ll h um. h m h ll flk d hm u h g fm h l- d b ld u h l. h m bl h, h l flk d hm u dud. Addlly, v w ld wg uld u vlg fluu wh mgud f ± 10% hgh vlg lvl. h fu w f l h gv m w quly. All h hm h m blm h wk h w gd ulg h l. hy uld l mgud wh bm mbl lg (m h 50 MW) fu. Hwv, h umb f v m h h w quly d bl fu v wk gd (S fu < 25 x S _HV). h h S V Cm (SVC), whh llw f vlg l h fu MV-bu wh h hl f hylld whl kg h w f h qud lm d llg h hm u h m m18. Shuld w quly g ll b hvd, v m ffv l, h vlg u v (VSC), hd; h ( ml m) u dvd w l, Iuld g bl (IGB) k, f kg h MV vlg (flk mg) d hg h w quly. 670 OCOBER 2011 VOLUME 111 h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy

7 Sm myh bu DC fu 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% AC fu vl 100% AC fu wh 75% DC fu 50% DC fu wh SVC 25% DC fu wh VSC d hf-l 7% Fgu 13 Cm f w gd dub fm l fu (flk lvl, bd mlg) Svy f dub Fgu 14 h m DIN EN f hw mu flk Bu, ll, g mvm w quly h wk gd hvd hugh hg DC hlgy d f AC. h DC fu b w f; whg fm gzg h fu fm b mlly lmd, d h flk h MV-bu xmly hlf v. Oly fbl wh DC fu hlgy lld hf-l, l kw l-lh md. By llg h fg gl f fu-f DC w uly dg l lghm, flk h HV-bu b fuh dud by f f 1.5 whl, h m m, l dug h v w d hm u gd. Wh flk? Flk -dl vlg fluu vbl h hum y. I dfd d qufd hugh h fquy udl vlg fluu f ld flm g-flld lm (60 W, 230/120 V) mbd wh h hum vul ym. h fu bd h bly hhld fud h fquy by 50% f h d, whh ul wghg uv wh 8.8 Hz fud b m dm. h u f h flk h fllwg: _95 (ub Sh m) If f dug 10 m wh 95% f h mud ml yg wh h lm. l _98 (ub Lg m) If f dug 2 hu wh 98% f h mud ml yg wh h lm. Flk mlly mud h CC ( f Cmm Culg) Hgh Vlg. A yl lm qud by h uly _95 = 1.0 Aud A fuh dvg f DC fu wh ud f mlg h du ud lv AC fu. Myh 8: h DC h w u u flhv/y g N! h DC blly gy g dv. Sm yl vlu f flly DC fu wuld b h vy muh gy, bu mlly ugh k h bly bl. By m uld uddly u ; h hlly wuld ul fly hgh vlg fm h DC. Whh v- ld bkg, h lwy ugh m gdully dhg h gy f h DC hugh h whh blhd ldy, [7] h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 111 OCOBER

8 Sm myh bu DC fu hugh w f ld bkg, uh h lly DC vlg b. Alhugh d mgh u y, llly kg h l f m, g yl, whh l ym k bu 500 v. I y, h DC w uly huld l b qud wh v-vlg h h hgh-vlg (.g. fm fm gzg) gud mmdly f g h hy. h h l b muh bu flhv (l kw y g) h fu hll, ully h fu f. h mwh l wh h lg vy duv, f xml O 2 lg, bu l m h f h hghly v lg uh h fud fkl mlg bl vy fm lg. Wh dg f h fu, l f h f hl fm h ld, d mzd fdg ym, flhv d u. K md h, ud ml um, h lqud bh h fu h lw ( h h ) h f 0 V l hugh h d h fu bm, d h h h mv k lg u v h fu f. Ad huld ll h, f whv, by hgh-d l mg f h fu f d/ hll, h f l uld d flhv wh 20 m d mmdly k v d v y dmg h fu. Hwv, y g l wll-kw hm AC fu, wh h lqud bh d b k ld fm gud, bu wh h dff h k vy f v whu g h fu bk. Myh 9: h bm ld h h lf d ly m S h v f DC fu hlgy, h bm d f h fu h b dd f h m l. Dff qum mufu m u wh vy f dff d dg. A h bgg, qum mufu d mly mlg l, lwy wh fu h m d h mlluglly qud lfm. h h m dg flly d h mk w h f-y ld fm VAI Fuh, h -y ld fm h SMS Gu, d h duv bm ld fm ABB (whh, f ABB dvd fu bu C, w l lmd by h SMS Gu). h f w ld y, whu dub, h b lu f lmlg fu, kg u h qud lfm d f m. F mll mlg fu, h mul- y d h vd b lbl lu. F dul DC mlg, b d h h duv bm ld vd umb f dvg h d fu, d lg h hdh f DC hlgy my l gdd wh mg DC wh AC hlgy. Bu fu qu vy xv fy ml, h lfm f h fu f f mu m. A h mlg ly uu, d h glly d bw lg d hh, h y f bm ld vd h lg lfm f h DC mlg. Ddg h u f h fu, dy bm ld hv lfm f 5 10 y, whu qug y m. Ul ly, h duv bm hh w d by, bu w vlbl f ubl u. h duv bm ld f ld l l vd by mllzd bk. h u duvy v f ll vd by duv ml, d u bk whd h mllugl m. Ah dvg f ug bk h h ml f h bm ld qu ly lg. Cmd h w-ld ym, h m fy dvg. Myh 10: h DC fu lu ll mllugl blm DC fu hv m wdful fu. hy vy gd mmdg fly zd fd ml (bu f h bh), d hy d qu h u f k h. hy llw f h m f fd ml wh wd vy f m (bu f h x dg f fdm mg fm h lv dd f h w uld by h lm ). hy gmlly ml d lg, whh du d wh mlx f dg d uv w dwll. Hwv, m k g f h ff f h h ff-g hml ffy, d f h b f bud h uld hw ug vll h mgh fum ff h ml bh. DC fu hv b fud b wll ud duv mlg, uh h ud f g hm, lm, d kl l, xdzd, d lg. O h h hd, l h DC Fgu 15 l f h duv bm ld 672 OCOBER 2011 VOLUME 111 h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy

9 Sm myh bu DC fu fu wll ud ymllugl qug xdzg d, h h vlv gu md uh SO, h h mgh bg lw-mlg du wh bm d. h m f my y f fu, d f w h b md wh gd h m hlgy f ul. Clu DC fu hlgy h xd 1878, d h b wll v f umb f l. Ely DC mlg fu w fd hugh hllw gh ld, bu h b fud h l fdg ud h h lly h m ul whl vg h f ld. h lm hghly dym hm, wh h mvg xmly dly, f hll h, xhbg h gul m. hml d fm d x, bu f dmd by h hml d fm h u uf f h ml lg bh. h hu xd by h h lqud lg l h qu f h u, d h d h lg; hwv, h lg uully d h h d mlg fu. h ll bhvu f DC fu my b mdlld wh ly f lg; h vlg vy l wh h u, d h bhvu ly vy dff fm h f dv. DC fu hv umb f ll dvg v AC fu, lly h f wk ll gd. h m bl DC du l flk d hm u. h DC blz h by m f gy g, bu h b d uh wy vd flhv. Rbu hh dg x h vd lg lv f d. DC fu vd umb f vy gf mllugl dvg, lly bg bl f fd ml, d qug h u f mllugl k. DC fu f ll mllugl blm, bu vy wll ud umb f duv mlg. hy hv b ld ufully umb f dul x, d my fuh l xd. Akwldgm h ublhd by m f Mk d ABB, wh h u f h Nl Rh Fud. h bu d hlful mm f u llgu gfully kwldgd. Rf 1. Eglh, N f 1878 d N f JONES, R.., BARCZA, N.A., d CURR,.R. lm dvlm Af. Sd Il lm Symum: Wld g lm l. Ogzd by h El w Rh Iu, C f Ml du, l Al, Clf, 9 11 Fbuy h:// 3. JONES, R.., DENON, G.M., REYNOLDS, Q.G., ARKER, J.A.L., d VAN ONDER, G.J.J. Rvy f bl fm lg DC fu Chmbh, Zmb. Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy, vl. 102,. 1, Juy/Fbuy h:// 4. NELSON, L.R., SULLIVAN, R., JACOBS,., MUNNIK, E., LEWARNE,., ROOS, E., UYS, M.J.N., SAL, B., DE VRIES, M., MCKENNA, K., VOERMANN, N., d WASMUND, B.O. Al f hgh-y lg ym DC- fu du f fbl Chmbh. Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy, vl. 104,. 9, Ob h:// 5. JONES, R.. wd mml f Mk CR f lum mlg, Nkl d Cbl 2009: Adv h g f Nkl. Cbl d GM ug ymllugl hqu, 48h Aul Cf f Mllug, Sudbuy, O, Cd, Augu h:// CR-CIM.df 6. SENKVIS, S.-E. h d l l f h hgh-w gh hd d.. lm, dg f Mk 50, Jhbug, Suh Af, Mh REYNOLDS, Q.G., JONES, R.., d REDDY, B.D. Mhml d mul mdllg f h dym bhvu f d u lm. (If 12, Hlk, 6-9 Ju 2010). Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy, vl. 110,. 12, Dmb h:// h:// 8. MAECKER, H. lmömug Lhbög flg Egmgh Km. Zhf fü hyk, vl. 141, REYNOLDS, Q.G. d JONES, R.. Hgh d hghy d mdllg f d u lm. 29h Il Cg Hgh-Sd Imgg d h, Mk, J, Smb h:// 10. SAGER, D. GRAN, D., SADLER, R., d SCHREIER,. Lw flly x DC- fu Mddlbug Fhm. (If 12, Hlk, 6-9 Ju 2010). Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy, vl. 110,. 12, Dmb h:// h:// 11. BOULOS, M.I., FAUCHAIS,., d FENDER, E. hml lm: Fudml d Al, vl. 1. lum, Nw Yk, REYNOLDS, Q.G. hml d mdllg f DC mlg fu fbd. Ml Egg, vl. 15,. 11S1, Nvmb h:// 13. BOWMAN, B. f DC fu. dg f h 52d El Fu Cf, Nhvll, USA, Nvmb Wdl, I d Sl Sy, CHESLAK, F.R., NICHOLLS, J.A., d SICHEL, M. Cv fmd lqud uf by mgg gu j. Jul f Flud Mh, vl. 36, 1, JONES, R.., REYNOLDS, Q.G., d ALOR, M.J. DC hghy d mdllg. Ml Egg, vl. 15, vl. 11S1, h:// 16. REYNOLDS, Q.G. d JONES, R.. Sm-ml mdllg f h ll bhvu f DC- mlg fu. Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy, vl. 104,. 7, July h:// 17. SAGER, D., AI, R., SADLER, R., d AMBE, S. Cuu u f DC EAF w ul. AIS f, Idl, USA, 7 10 My SAGER, D. d HERBS, W. Advd l f mg ml f DC fu. SI mgz, My h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 111 OCOBER