Impact of silica on hydrometallurgical and mechanical properties of RIP grade resins for uranium recovery

Transcription

1 x:ml Jul 11/3/09 2:16 M g 609 Sy Im f l hydmllugl d mhl f RI gd f uum vy by V. Yhv*, J. Sh*, M.H. Kz*, d D. Auwld R--ul (RI) hlgy h ly f b dd f h d vy f b ml d uum fm d ul. Imlm f RI wll lm h qum f y ld-lqud dwm f lhg d h h l mb h vy d uf, h dug bh l d g. h vy f h vlubl ml xd b hgh wh RI ud, lly wh h lhd ld dfful l fl, d wh. h m bu h u f RI f uum vy fm d ul h m f l h mllugl fm d h g h wuld b d wh l. Alhugh umb f mufu hv b dvlg muh mvd RI-gd, l h h m -ffv b ld. Mk uly dg gf mu f wk l fulg f RI-gd gb d lh lqu d h ff h h fm f h, ludg dubly. h db h ul f h wk d l fulg d m l dg u d. R dubly wk w d ug vu lby hqu, bu dubly w l vlud lvly lg l ug ul um,, d mhl g. Bd h ul gd, lmy ml vlu w d m h m f l h vll m vbly f f l. Kywd: --ul, l fulg, l, qulbum, k, lu, dubly, mhl gh,. h my d wh RI d xhg hlg f uum vy fm ulhu d lhd ul l d l fulg. Sl fulg f g-b d lh lqu wll-kw blm l ug gb f h vy f uum. Sl fulg mly ul mllugl fm wh md fh, bu l fud h l fulg l d h bl f h l lvl w llwd bv mxmum lvl (f gl-y ). Wh h dvlm f mvd f uum vy, h l fulg d h m f l fulg h mllugl d dubly fm bm m h h f h m -ffv. A f gg dvlm wk Mk, wk w dud vlu h fm f vu gl d mu f h ubly v uum fm ulhu d lh lqu v RI. I ml d vy ly vlu l uu l f bl l, d h vu lby-l, ld dubly w ud vlu h lv dubl f l RI. h m mg w h l vlud h MRIX dm l Mk. Idu R--ul (RI) bg dd by umu m f d vy f uum fm lhd lu, lly f lw gd d wh ld-lqud dfful d ly. h u f RI f uum vy vl w qu mmly ud, lly h USA dug h 1970, d xvly ud h fm Sv U. h mlm f h u lm ld-lqud qud f lhg d h h l mmz h vy d uf qud, h dug bh l d g 1,2. RI-gd A umb f hv b k u h l f h m db f y. h * Mk, Suh Af. Bm Egg, Suh Af. h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy, SA ISSN X/ vd Aug. 2009; vd vd Smb h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 109 REFEREED AER OCOBER

2 x:ml Jul 11/3/09 2:16 M g 610 Im f l hydmllugl d mhl m m f h mx, uu, hyl fm d z, fulg d m hk, d hml bly3,4. F h vy f uum d b ml v RI, bly d gh bbly h m m f d, uld hv ufvubl um h g f l. h ff f m hk d hyl g bd du lly d wh h ul uu f h bd. I gl, gl l h m ff, wh mu hw lw wd hyl. I h f gl, h dvdul bd um h fm f gl m h md wh m (<30 Å). h m uu, lhugh g hgh dg f hyl gh, ubl mmd xv wllg d hkg f h bd dug vu hml m d h d hg h fm f h, hby ldg m fug f h h. h mu, h h hd, md u f mulud f mh wh h bd ( z vy bw 50 d Å). A ul f h lvly lg hl wh h bd uu, h bd y m flxbl mmdg hg bd vlum dug hml m, hu dug h dy fu ul f m hk. h d y, hwv, glly du h hyl gh f h bd d du h hyl 3,5. Smll bd uully hv f k h lg bd, h h hugh whh h ml h dffu h. Hwv, f RI l, lg bd qud. A lg dff h z f h ul l d h mk h f h d ul m fbl. Lg bd glly hylly wk h mll bd. Hlly, h b mdm h xv du f RI hlgy uum d b ml l h W Wld. Hwv, umb f ul w hv mmlly vlbl h lg d m dubl. Mk uly g mhv db f h fm f h vlbl RI-gd f h fbly b mlyd v uum v RI. w y f g-b lyy dud by w dff ul,.. gl (G) d mu (M), w d dug h u vg. h l z dbu (SD) f h f h h ulh fm (H ud 2) d Fgu 1. h m xhg h vdd by h w ul dmd dug h wk (.. dy, d 50,.) gv bl I. M1 d G1 w bgg z, xhbd w SD (ufmy ff) d h mxmum vbl wllg w lw wh md M2 d G2. h h w dvgu f h dud by Sul 1. Sl fulg Sl fulg, hm bvd dug h vy f uum fm ulhu d lh lqu ug xhg, ul mllugl fm d h ml vy wh md fh. Wh h dvlm d vlu f w f uum vy h l fulg m f h h f mum 6. h Cumulv, % Sz, μm Fgu 1 l z dbu f vu h ulh fm bl I M h f h d (ulh fm) R h Sul 1 Sul 2 Cd m M1 G1 M2 G2 d 50, µm Ufmy ff ρ, g/l (bd dy, >600 µm) 330 (±1%) 380 (±0.2%) 300 (±1%) 420 (±2%) hl y, q/l Mu y,% Mx vbl wllg Cl- OH-,% Mx Mu Gl Mu Gl Cd m w ud f h vu mlfy du 610 OCOBER 2009 VOLUME 109 REFEREED AER h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy

3 x:ml Jul 11/3/09 2:16 M g 611 Im f l hydmllugl d mhl f l fulg dd vu m ludg m f h lh lqu (l d h lm bkgud), H, mu, d d m h ul. D ldg d lu wh fuld wh md fh ul lg d m bg qud bh h d d lu u v h m mu f uum. Fuhm, h lg h d m h d u, h hgh h l ldg d h fulg blm. Dug h u vg w blhd h ly f l ldg by g f f h ldd wh NOH d lyg h lqu lu m u mhd h d ly, d gv b vll ubl. Mv, wuld b fm l ly h l ug h du h v d ly f h. Aly f h NOH-d gv dul l h d lm f duvly uld lm-l m y (IC-OES) f 0.05%. Sl ldg xd f SO 2 gm f fh, f h h dug l h wll hg dy du ldg f vu ml ludg uum d l. R fulg wh l Syh l fulg w d h w gl d w mu bg vgd d b d f h l fulg d vd lg ml f ubqu dubly d hydmllugl wk. A f h ulh fm w d wh fhly-d 3 g/l f SO 2 lu (ug dum l) dug 24 hu llg bl H 1. h lu-- vlum w A h d f h f yl f fulg, h w whd wh dzd w mv d lu d f h w mvd f fuh wk d ly f ldd SO 2. h md f h w ubjd h x yl f fulg ug ml du dbd f h f yl. A l f 4 yl (f G2 3) f fulg w dud h wy. Rul d Fgu 2. SO2, % Sl ldg f h w mu, ud h d ud dug h wk, w vy ml, w h f h gl-y. h mu-y ldd l hgh h h gl-y. h l-fuld w ubmd g l my (SEM), b d hydmllugl fm. SEM f l-fuld Sl-fuld w lyd by SEM blh h l dbu d h h. Fv ml f h (xl. G2) w lyd by SEM, mly fh h ulh fm, d l-fuld f h yl f fulg. A f h f h ml w mud dvdully xy. Af hdg f h, h dk w fully ld hugh h f h h d h lhd. h lhd w b d mk duv f bv h Jl 840A SEM. Bkd-l mgg (BEI) d gydv X-y my (EDS) w mlyd b h qu d fm h. A mg f ubl h w k d l ly fmd h h. I h, 10 d EDS ly w ghd h f 50 vly d vl lg h l, h. h X- y u f l h w dd. Rul f SEM, BEI d EDS ummzd d ghlly d Fgu 3. h fl f l fulg w dff f gl d mu. F G1 h l mly d h m f h, wh h d-ff h l wd h f h bd. G2 d l h f h bd. F h mu, M1 d M2, h l lly l d mly h m f h, bu bd bd f l w bvd d h h l d mwh d h. A gfly hgh l (27 28%) h, h l wd h f h bd l d gfly. h dff bhvu wh md gl-y m bbly xl h f h h hydmllugl fm f gl-y m dvly ffd by h l h 5,6. I h h l fmd flm ud h gl-y bd, whh dd dffu d hugh h m. O h h hd, h l flm l fmd h m f h mu, ug hgh f l fulg du h hgh uf vlbl. Nvhl, h hgh uf ll vdd hgh uf f dffu k l. Im f l fulg hydmllugl fm Cyl f g Fgu 2 R fulg wh l yh fulg Ad Ad qulbum hm w blhd f h ldg f uum fh d l-fuld (vu x f l) h ulh fm, by bh h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 109 REFEREED AER OCOBER

4 x:ml Jul 11/3/09 2:16 M g 612 Im f l hydmllugl d mhl D μm D μm Rlv u (S) Rlv u (S) Fgu 3 Rul f SEM, BEI d EDS f l fuld g f h d yh lu (220 mg/l U 3 O 8, 1 g/l F3+ d 20 g/l SO 4 2- H 1.8) dff :lu vlum. h d lu w d mb mu llg bl f d f 24 hu. Rlv l h mxmum uum ldg vu l h hw Fgu 4 (mxmum uum ldg w k 200 mg/l b U 3 O 8 ). D f uum ldg (v 24 hu) w bvd, lly h hgh l lvl. G2, wh h mll bd z, w m uly ffd by l. A 6% SO 2 h m h 50% f uum ldg y w l. Equlbum ldg ul (Fgu 7) fmd h h m f l h ldg fm f gl-y m v h mu. Hwv, h f l ldg h mu hgh du hgh mbly f h bd. hu, vlu dm h m -ffv wuld b h mlx. (hz h qulbum) vu d m hw Fgu 5. h k f h gl y w lly f h h f h mu. 100% uk w hvd wh l h 8 hu f G1, wh M1 vd ly 90% f U 3 O 8. h d f h fl uk f 8 hu f vu l f h (Fgu 8) dd h h m f l h f ldg f h gl y w m v wh md h mu wh h l lvl h gl d bv 10%. h l f fl uk vu l f M1 w l, wh ud 0.8% d h fl uk (v 8 hu) vy Ad k K w dud vlu h f uum ldg fm yh lu h M1 d G1. h w h lm h m f z h f uum ldg (d 50 vlu f G1 d M1 w vy ml, Fgu 1) d d ly h ff f l h f ldg. K w fmd by g f h fh l-fuld bh wh h yh lu bffld, d f l d f 24 hu mb mu. Fl uk f uum Fgu 4 Eff f l h mxmum uum ldg y f h v 24 hu 612 OCOBER 2009 VOLUME 109 REFEREED AER h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy

5 x:ml Jul 11/3/09 2:16 M g 613 Im f l hydmllugl d mhl Rul fmd h h lvl f l fulg h l f mllugl fm d huld b k u dug wk h m l dg m uld b gd. Sl d ly h mxmum uum ldg v bl d m, bu l h umb f g, vy, d flw hv vy f blw 2 mg/l h b. wk qud f g f l dg m huld b d ug h g h l lvl h wuld b gd f h full l. h l lvl wuld b lld h lvl v NOH g. Fgu 5 Fl uk f uum vu m (h qulbum) 8 h, % m, h SO 2 h, % m, h Fgu 6 Im f l k f uum d Uum g hm Sl-fuld (M1 wh 15% d G1 wh 9% f SO 2 fulg) w ldd wh uum fm ul ul g 161 mg/l U 3 O 8, 721 mg/l SO 2, 2 g/l M d 3.6 g/l F H 1.8. Ldg f 30 g/l U 3 O 8 w hvd f bh. ldd w ud f uum g qulbum d k wk. h ml w d dff /lu v d f 10 hu ( bh) wh 80 g/l H 2 SO 4 mb mu. hf h d lu w d d h lu w lyd f uum d d. h d ml w -d uvly wh HNO 3 d NOH ffly h md f h uum d l vly. Elu w lyd f h uum d l. Equlbum g hm gd f mu d gl y ug 80 g/l H 2 SO 4 lu d Fgu 8, d h dul d h lu vu uum hw Fgu 9. Sg hm bd w qu fl l, dg h h g lvly ufvubl. h gl g hm w m fvubl h h f ddl 1% f l g h. A ml l uk % l h w bvd f h G1 u bu 10%, whf h w h d fm. I bvu h l fulg d d h bld m (f u g) l huld b uly dd fm h bgg f uum ulhu d lh l dg. h f l buld-u huld b vlud ly g. Eff f l d fm MCb-hl u w d qulbum d hm gd f gl (G1) d mu (M1) g d f h m h l wuld hv h umb f g qud f ff uum vy fxd /ul. R wh l d l-fuld w udd d ul d Fgu 7. I ll h ll h k w k h u, x ffy w k fm k ul f 8 hu f. Fgu 7 Im f l fulg umb f g h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 109 REFEREED AER OCOBER

6 x:ml Jul 11/3/09 2:16 M g 614 Im f l hydmllugl d mhl U3O8 lu, mg/l Fgu 8 Uum g hm Rdul H 2 SO, g/l U 3 O 8, mg/l U 3O 8 h lu, mg/l Fgu 9 Rdul d : uum g hm h mu. Hgh d huld b ud mk h g mwh m fvubl, bu h ul lly d h g f uum fm g-b uld b qulbum d f lw lu flw d l vlum ld. h l d h d du lvly hgh uum h lu, uu uu lu wuld b h m ff h. Rdul b H 2 SO 4, f qulb wh h uum ldd, w lw f h mu h h gl. h w ug h h hd ml uum ldg, d h gl h hgh hl y. I mgh b h h ulh/bulh bhvu d h w dff dug h wk. h ff f d d lly h lu g ffy uly ud vg. K f g K g w dud vlu h f uum g fm h ug 110 g/l H 2 SO 4 lu mb mu. M1 d G1 fuld wh l 15 d 9% f SO 2 vly d ldd wh 30 g/l f uum w d wh 110 g/l f H 2 SO 4 lu/ f 60 ud vgu g mb mu bffld. Fl g f uum fm M1 d G1 d Fgu 10. h f g f h gl w lghly lw md h f h mu. Uum d w mld l h fu hu. h lvly f k f uum g dd h f h l vlum f lu, d lu m, uld b h g f f ff uum g f uum fm g-b xhg. Im f l b d dubly Glly, h fd f RI l wuld b h du h hv h hgh uum ldg ly, bu wuld b h du h b fm h vu qum f h RI. l z d hyl gh dubly f h w f h m m d h gd. h huld b g ugh whd dgd ul f m hk h vyg hml vm dug ldg d lu yl, wll h hh hyl vm f wll-mxd, d luy d hdlg (, um,.). A ml vlu l uu l f bl l, ld dubly w dvld vlu h lv b d dubly f vu. R b w d h lby ug d d d ul mdum. h bkdw l f yl d h g vlum d dug yl (.. bd h vlum f h bgg f h f yl). Vlum mum w k h ulh fm. Dv fl ll f l d h flu f l d NOH m h b f gl d mu w d. h my bjv f h w blh h lv bkdw f RI-gd by ubjg hm lvly dd ld dubly du. h h ly vd fm bu h lv b f, d d vd y fm bu dd l f full-l. Oly fh (whu l) w ud dm h flu f NOH m (lg H wg) h b d dubly f h. d wh Fl g, % m, h Fgu 10 K f uum g 614 OCOBER 2009 VOLUME 109 REFEREED AER h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy

7 x:ml Jul 11/3/09 2:16 M g 615 Im f l hydmllugl d mhl 200 ml f h ulh fm, d w d lm bd mll h 600 μm. Ex w w mvd. h w fd h Dv fl ll (2000 L m) wh 1400 ml dzd w. h g mbly d f mll hug (Ø = 11 m, h 12 8 mm) d mll (Ø = 10 m, bld 30 7 mm). Gdd d ( μm; 725 g) w ddd. h d d w gd h fl ll f 60 mu 1500 m. h d w whd wy wh dzd w, d h w-ld f > 300 μm w d d mud, d h SD dmd. h f g h 300 μm dm w mxd d fd l x lum f m hk m ug h d ld bl II. h hyl/hml m w d 5 m (5 yl). Fh d l-fuld w ubjd h du, bu h NOH/w m f h l-fuld w xludd fm h hml m NOH wuld l ff h. hu ly h d m w ud m hk f h l-fuld. h d-w mxu w d ug H 2 w lm l g fm h. h l yl w luld kg u f bgg h 600 μm. h l yl f hyl/hml m hd l h d vg l yl f ggv g vu l h hw Fgu 11. bl II Om hk du Rg C Du Flw Vlum g/l m ml/m ml NOH H 2 O H 2 SO H 2 O H 2 Avg l/yl, % NOH m ud h wk, lly h f gl-y. h fm f M1 hwd vy ll hg wh d wh u. H, h m f NOH m h full-l l dug g f h xd b lmd. Sl fulg f h h lvl d uld m mvm f h md h fh. I h f mu xhg h g d by ud 2 3%. Alhugh ul dd h h xhbd d h l lvl d, h d xd v hgh lvl f l h. Sd ug d ul mdum I h glly ly gl-y w dd f uum vy, h f l fulg f mu w gfly hgh. Hwv, h m wk d by Rhm d H dd h lhugh mu fuld f, h m f l h mllugl fm w l7. H, ly mu-y w d h lby f h g ug ulhd uum ul. R M1 d M2, fuld wh l dff x, w ubjd 5 yl f hyl d hml (m) hk m d h g f l yl w dmd. hyl m f h d f ggv g 1140 m v 4 hu 50% (m/m) ld luy d f 10% (v/v). ul w d by mxg uum-g mlld (< 150 μm) wh dlld w v uum lhg, uum lhg d ldg wuld hv mld h wy whh h wk uld b d du lglv gul. R h ulh fm, d > 600 μm, w ud. Af hyl m hk, h w d lum wh 110 g/l H 2 SO 4 4 bd vlum hu (BV/h) v 1 hu, fllwd by wh yl wh dlld w bu H 2. l z dbu (SD) f h f h w dmd f 5 yl f b. Vlum mum w d h ulh fm d h vg l yl f g d h d 50 vu l h hw Fgu 12. V bvd dug h ld dubly f h M1, fuld wh l dff x, w lvly mll. h vg l yl, v f l ldg, w 10 11% d h l l f 5 yl f w vg 54%. A ml bhvu f h M2 d g wk w bvd. Sl ud m mvm f. D f d 50 f dubly d h b f h by h f l f h ul/d ud. MRIX dm dubly l SO 2 h, % SO 2 h, % Fgu 11 Iflu f dff l lvl d NOH m f ggv g Mk d Bm dgd d ud MRIX (Ml Rvy hugh I-Xhg) RI mdul, dm l ud llb gm. h l w bul d mmd Mk. h l ud dm h l f RI d h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 109 REFEREED AER OCOBER

8 x:ml Jul 11/3/09 2:16 M g 616 Im f l hydmllugl d mhl Avg l/yl, % h fd h lu lum wh w fludzd d ubjd 100 g/l H 2 SO 4 d m (g lu). h ud yl d 6 8 yl w fmd wk. A h d f h wk h w fd gdud lum, whh w fludzd dm h f w ld vlum. Sm l w d fm h f 2 wk f d ddl fulg hd b d. h m gf ul gd dug h MRIX dubly mg d bl IV d Fgu 14. d50, μm SO 2 h, % Fgu 13 Dubly wk MRIX dm l Fgu 12 Iflu f dff l lvl f wh ul bl v l f h hlgy mv h l g f wk. h mdul kd-mud MRIX dm l f fu d g f 2 m3 h d lu u. Dubly f w RI-gd mu d gl fuld wh l u 12 15% d 7% vly (ug ml du dbd l) w vlud ug h MRIX hlgy. h w d hugh h m yl f d d lu dug h dubly l. A flw dgm hw Fgu 13. bl III vd h g m f h l. h d g vlvd g f h h k, whl h w umd v h v bd h md qud flw. h vflw () d udflw (ul) w llwd u d g dug h d. h d g ld f h hu. Af h hu h f g d. h vflw () fm h w hfd g k f 2 hu, whh mvd xmly 55% f h fm h d g. h md f h d ul w umd u mhlly v h x 2 3 hu, d h w d u. h udflw fm h (ul) w umd h fd k, whh d hldg k ul h x d g d. h h g k w bl III Og d f MRIX RI dubly l ul ul dy 1.46 kg/l Rd m 0.50 h Flw 4.60 m3/h M flw ul 6.72 /h M flw ld (50% m/m ld) 3.36 /h Slu flw (dy f 1 kg/l) 3.36 m3/h R R flw 86 L/h R d m/g* 1.3 h C 4.8 % R vlum 110 L *Lm f um. Shuld b 1 h bl IV Rul f dubly l m R M1 M2 G1 Du f u, wk Chg vlum (l fl, L) Numb f yl Dy f Aumg 36-hu yl g l d 90% l vlbly 616 OCOBER 2009 VOLUME 109 REFEREED AER h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy

9 x:ml Jul 11/3/09 2:16 M g 617 Im f l hydmllugl d mhl Rmg g Cyl R Fgu 14 R l d d50 dug MRIX l d50, μm M1 G1 Fgu 15 Bk bd μm f h hgh l w bvd h f wk f d h lvlld u f M2 d G1. I h f M1 l w bvd f 5 wk f. l z dbu md dug h l, whh dd h l h RI l ud du uv (umg, g, hdlg,.) d vy ll b. h l mgg f h bk bd f M1 d G1 hw Fgu 15. Alhugh l w mud f h M1, mll quy f bk bd w l vd fm h ul dug vlu f h. h bk bd, hwv, w ll lg h 600 μm d h d h. Cl vg dd h m f h w bk d vy ll lg w bvd. h d bd wh h MRIX dm l b mwh dff fm h bd dug h lby. h lby ul dd h G1 d M2 w mwh m g h M1, wh h MRIX ul uggd h lw g l uld b xd f h M1. Bd h fm w ddd h fuh mhd l gh d mhl m (bll mll ) wll b ddd h lby mhd f vlu. R l m m gld RI g d Ol l f h Mx d Dul A161 RI w vuly d <5 g/ f h jm8 d <10 g/ f h Gld Jubl9 RI l vly. h bh g-b, d lhugh h Mx gld lv h dff uu d m fm h u g-b dd f uum, h Dul A161 RI vy ml. h w w hf ludd h ld dgd wk dbd blw (b wh d fllwd by NOH- H 2 SO 4 m). Cumulv l yl f h hyl/hml m d Fgu 16. h Mx w by f h m bu. h l Mx w G1. h bhvu f h A161 RI w qu ml h f h mu h. Alhugh h gld l ul mgh gv u fl f l l uum RI l, bbly bl d f wh h full l l wuld b dg h ul bd h MRIX. Eff f bkg OEX Bd h MRIX dubly ul d h kw g l f w gld, g l f M1, M2 d G1 w md. h d hw bl V w h vlu h bu f bkg g f f l. D ud h m dvd fm mdl dvld by Bm d Mk, whh m h g f h h flwh bd vu uld m. h mdl w u ug m yl f Wwd gld -bd lu, ug g f vlu f RI bkg. h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 109 REFEREED AER OCOBER

10 x:ml Jul 11/3/09 2:16 M g 618 Im f l hydmllugl d mhl Cumulv l, % Cyl Fgu 16 Cm f bw w RIgd z, Mx d Dul A161 RI bl V Cd f OEX vlu Uum du: 100 kg/h U 3 O 8 Lhd luy : 200 mg/l U 3 O 8 RI flw h: MRIX bd RI fllwd by SX ug Bm uld lum Rf flw h: CCD fllwd by SX ug Bm uld lum A h f bkg mud, h bu f lm h g f h l md b bw 0.08 USD d 0.38 USD ud f uum dud f h d. l h vlu v, h l g f yl Suh Af uum l, g h y f, wuld b h g f USD/lb. h lm luld bv f ml d f mgud h md xdu g f vl uum l uh fl g SX l g. llu h, h f ul RI lm ld vu bkg Fgu 17. h f h w mj g h CCD-SX flwh, flul ug d lg g l f h quvl l, ld h m gh. I b h h ul ly mh h f mj g vl l f bkg f hgh h h mud MRIX wk gmm. Alhugh h hgh w hvd dug wk h MRIX l, huld b d h hgh l ldg h h h d dug h wk gmm my ul mblm d quly hgh bkg. Mv, u m qud g l-fuld w xludd dug h dubly l. R dgd ulkly flu h m vbly f uum j gfly (f SO 2 fulg hdld ly). Hwv, mj vg b hvd by lg h f h l d hvg mum l dg, uh h MRIX hlgy, h mmz h m f hdlg. Eff mgm f h l l mmz l. Clu A wk gmm dm hydmllugl d mhl h f RI-gd uly vlbl h Suh Af mk w d Mk. Ivg w d vlu h ff f l fulg h fm f uly mmlly vlbl RI-gd g-b. w y f, mly, gl d mu, vdd by w dff ul w d. h m gf ul f h wk vlu h m f dff l-fulg lvl h hml (hydmllugl) d hyl fm f h w fllw: SEM f h dd h l h gl mly h dg f h bd d h w qu hllw, whl f mu h l l d mly h m, bu d d h. A lvly hgh l lvl h mu (>10%), h l lvl d wd h f h wll. h y f h l gl h dg f h mu d gl y wh lm h m 18 d 9% f SO 2 lvl vly. Sl fulg f h mu d gl y 25 28% d 5 11% vly (ddg mufu) ud m h 40% d mxmum uum ldg v d f 24 hu. R f uum ldg f mu dd lly wh l. R f ldg by gl y f ml z l dd lly h bgg f l buld-u d f ~10% SO 2 h d w bvd. Dug l dg, h m f l qulbum d k f d h b k u d ud dg h l; h umb f g d /ul gfly wh l buld-u. K f uum lu w ml f bh d, d uum d w mld l h 4 hu. Sg hm bd f gl d mu y w qu fl lm l. h lvly ufvubl g hm d h h lu ym d ful dg v qulbum dug g f g-b ug ulhu d lu. Fgu 17 C f lm 618 OCOBER 2009 VOLUME 109 REFEREED AER h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy

11 NNhk x:ml Jul 11/3/09 2:16 M g 619 Im f l hydmllugl d mhl h g hm f h gl-y w m fvubl h h f h mu, whl h dul d w lw f h mu. Sdum hydxd m uld wkg f mly gl-y. Wkg f h u du wllg/hkg f h dug qul hml m, whh h bgg m gl. h mu w l ubl wkg dug NOH m, lly h M1. Sl fulg f h h lvl d uld lgh mvm h md h fh d. Ald g ul dd h h w gl, G1 (bg z, d 50 = 780 μm), fmd wll h wll h MRIX dm l. Lby ul bd wh h mu w mwh dff fm h dmd ug h MRIX dm l, umbly dg dff bu f bv d uv f ld h bd dug h dud. Mdllg f h m f l h OEX f uum RI l dd h h ul l ly mh h f mj g vl l dgd f hgh h h dd fm h MRIX dm l. Rf 1. LUN, D., BOSHOFF,., BOYLE, M., d EL-ANSARY, Z. Uum x: h ky dv. h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy, vl. 107, AYLOR, A. Rvw f CIX d RI ym f uum x, Uum Cf, ALA, My HULARE,., VOS,., HIRI, C., d VAN HEGE, B. Dvlm -ul (RI) f uum vy. ALA Uum Cf, 3 hl dg VAN DEVENER, J. d MIKHAYLENKO,M. N f l l f xhg uum xv mllugy. Uum Cf, ALA, My VAN HEGE, B., VAN ONDER, D., BELL, R., WYEHE, J., d KOZE, M. Rvy f b ml ug MRIX, ALA Nkl/Cbl dg, ZAGANIARIS, E.J. Eff f hyl d hml uu f xhg l fulg d lh lqu uum hydmllugy, Hydmllugy, vl. 81, Mh, Egld, 30 Ju 3 July, CABLE,. d ZAGANIARIS, E.J. f uum vy, Eu Al A GREEN, B.R., KOZE, M.H., d WYEHE, J.. Dvlm xhg: h Mk v, JOM, vl. 54,. 10, FLEMING, C.A. Rvy f Gld by R--ul h Gld Jubl M, u Ml 89, M.C. Jh d S.D. Hll (d.), Wdl, A: MS, 1989, NNxNN h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy Fudd 1894 Sub h SAIMM Jul f h y Juy Dmb 2010 R ll d US$ v um ub. L 15% du g ly. RE-AYMEN qud. Sub whh mu b lld huld l b dd. h Jul d mhly. Idx ublhd ully. Suf ml g ludd. ISSN X. Add ll d : h Jul Sub Dm bgl@mm..z jul@mm..z h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy O Bx 61127, MARSHALLOWN, 2107, Suh Af SUBSCRIBE NOW!! h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy Fudd 1894 h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy d h u f h Shlh u Fud wuld lk hk h fllwg bu f h d md Smb d Ob 2009 BH Bll Egy Cl SA A..W. Bgg C.F. Hvy C. Hy S. Lmb B. M R..H. Wll h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 109 REFEREED AER OCOBER