Application of an environmental valuation approach that incorporates externality costs in sustainability decision-making of the metallurgical sector

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1 SAIMM_O_61-67:ml Jul 11/5/07 8:21 AM g 663 Sy Al f vml vlu h h xly ubly d-mkg f h mllugl by M. Nyk* d A.C. B* Cd f h m, vml, d l m d wh h lf-yl f hlgy f g m f d-mkg duy. I h b uggd h m m f hlgy dlym j qu h l f d vml ff my vlu. h du h f dfyg d vlug vml dmg my m. h h gu h vml m d wh hlgy lf-yl ym fu m :, w, ld, d md b u. h vlu f h m h u f m bf ly (CBA) du h m fu : h mlg f m vy, my vlu f h vy, dug, d k/uy ly. h my vlu f m u mly bd ublhd xly f Eu d h Ud S, whh dd d vd fl h Suh Af x. Ll uy ulzd f h h u. h dmg fmd Suh Af Rd h dm hw h h my b ld h m f j h mllugl duy. Shmg h h dfd. F xml, ll f h h dd y vml fm mhvly b vlud my m. Al, vlu, flly h g uy, d b dmd -by- b. Fuhm, h u d wh h d bd my gly flu h ubly f h ul f vml fm m,.g. fuu dmg wll hg wh fluu h mk. I ludd h lhugh uh h h m g h uddg f h l fl ml f hlgy vml fm, fuh h qud mv h h dbd f b ud fuh h Suh Af mllugl duy. Dmg m h f Suh Af d b dvld du uy, d h mb f bh quv d qulv h mmdd f mhv ubly d-mkg. v,.. v h -lf yl f h 1. I h fuh b uggd h f d j my u vml hm, h l f dmg d b ludd h m l f h j2. hf, m ly d u h vbly f j h mllugl huld l k u ll h d bf gd by h j, ludg v gv vml m, fm mmg, hugh h l lf yl h, dmmg2. Oh h hv gud h h h vml m f j w dd f m m, mkg j flly m v h hy w. Sm f h f g xly h m m f j ludd lk f mhdlg vlu h h ff3 h vml u vwd bu4. ublhd h lv h Suh Af mllugl duy h dl wh vml my vlu lmd. M ud dlg wh vml vlu u hv b dud dvld u f h,.g. h gy h Eu U5. h udy ummzd h 6 u w h h qu: my vlu h h h b dvld f h mufug 7,8 b ld h mllugl? h bjv w dfy l vml d d d h my vlu Suh Af x. Idu Evml lgl h bm m g mllg mllugl gz k bly f h m f h v h vm. h bly d fm dl--gv * Gdu Shl f hlgy Mgm, Uvy f. Ru Bd Subl Dvlm, CSIR h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy, SA ISSN X/ vd Ju. 2006; vd vd A h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 107 REFEREED AER OCOBER

2 SAIMM_O_61-67:ml Jul 11/7/07 7:43 AM g 664 Al f vml vlu h bl I Evml d df C Df Evml ubly h vml dm gz m h vm du dud hlgy. I h xl fu d dd m, w, ld d md b u. A u A u hlgy bu gl quly ff (.g. vbly, mll d lvl) wll glbl ff uh glbl wmg d h z dl. W u W u h vlbly f l d f w by fug hlgy m h quy d quly f w. Ld u Ld u h m hlgy h h quy d quly f ld u, ludg uh bdvy,, fm d hbl bly. Md b u Md b u hlgy bu h dl f -wbl ml d gy u. bl II Em CBA du S S 1 Ivy S 2 My vlu S 3 Dug S 4 Rk/Uy D C d bf h md by my ( by-du f m vy) hd dfd. C h: C h ul hyhl xdu md dug lmg m. Bf h: Bf h, lyz hw hg vml d l quly ff m wlh g y. O hqu h ud lul h uy f vg,.g. lg dul l u lglly v. Evml dmg wll u my y fm w. h hgh h du, h lw h vlu h wll b hd h dmg. h du f xl gly dbd, d ddd h udy f h. C bbl b gd h lklhd h v (dul d) wll u, ll kw bu fuu m. Dfg vml d d A umb f gd fmwk d d h ubly f dlyd hlgy hv b vwd h lu9. h vml m d wh hlgy lf-yl ym hv b gud h fu m f, w, ld, d md b -wbl u7,8,9,10 ( bl I). A mhd h ubquly b dvld f h mufug 7,8, d flly f hlgy mgm u10, lul h m my m quv d. h my vlu mhd, bd h m bf ly (CBA) du11,12, ummzd bl II d dbd h blw. Mhd dm my vlu f m f Suh Af ublhd xly my vlu f Eu d h Ud S w dd d vd fl h Suh Af x3,7,8,10. I h f vml m glbl l,.g. h l f g h bu lm hg, djum ublhd vlu qud f Suh Af. F ll d gl m, h fllwg um w md: Dmg hlh vy d m13; Dmg vy wh mk 3; d Dmg buldg fld 10. O h b f h um, lh f dmg f w uggd13,14, d mdfd f f m ug um d (CI) vdd by S Suh Af, dg Equ [1]15: Wh: C SA = U Suh Af. C EU/US = U Eu U / Ud S. = uhg w y Idx. = GD/ Lvl Idx. CI = Cum Idx. = Im ly. A m ly ( ) f bw 0.3 d 1.1 h b d f gd h uld du k lf16. I d u vv bf m f Suh Af, m ly f 1.0 w umd f h m u. Im f llu bl III ummz h mh llu dmg m h w dfd14,17. h w fmd Suh Af u f ZAR/kg llu [1] 664 OCOBER 2007 VOLUME 107 REFEREED AER h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy

3 SAIMM_O_61-67:ml Jul 11/5/07 8:21 AM g 665 Al f vml vlu h bl III Amh dmg m f Suh Af 2005 (dd fm Sd d Rbl 17 ) Dm llu Im C, ( /kgll) Cvd, (ZAR/kgll) b Glbl CO2-q Glbl wmg Ll d gl M10 (my) Mly, mbdy (Hlh) SO2 (my) C, ml, mly SOx (v ulh) Mly, mbdy NOx (my) Mly, mbdy mll Smll NOx (v ) Mly, mbdy NOx (v O3) C, mly, mbdy VOC (v O3) C, mly, mbdy CO (my) Mbdy Ll d gl SO2 Buldg b (Buldg d ) NO2 C VOC C h dmg um vg ul dy f 80 /km2, h dmg vd Suh Af um, bl IV Dmg h f ld ld u y (dd fm Cz l. 20 ) y f Ld Vlu h Vlu h (US$/h/y), 1997 (ZAR/h/y), 2005 F G/gld Wldb Lk/vb Cld h vlu f h f ld y xmly glly bud. b h hgh dmg f h ffd ld y du h y f h ul h f g wh h udy w dud. Ld hbl: h Dm f Ml d Egy f Suh Af h dfd gudl22 f lulg lu d hbl f m d g l; d h dd d ud lulg lu d hbl. Im md b u Mg d B23 hv gud h h m f h ml x md b u dly d wh h duvy f h. A du h m -wbl u wuld hf u dud m bu fm h. I d xlud h vml f h bud f h ml x duy, whh hghly dd uv mg v, m f wbl u dl. Im w u h Dm f W Aff d Fy18 gul fflu gly. I w umd h dy- l w u f m m m f vml. h ly xly dd wh w u w h quy f w ud h vlud ym. h xd h dff bw h d h u uy f w,.. h f dvg h x b u f h u f h w3. h xly f w f ll ld g f Suh Af w md 20026,19 b R2.67/m3. Im ld u h qu f ld u hg bdvy; ; fm; d hbl bly9. h dmg d wh h u u f ld w dd fm Cz l. ( bl IV)20. Em f h m f bdvy l f Suh Af w bd by mkg djum h dd vlu f gl dff lgl vy: Ld llu: I umd h ld w mgd dg h Dm f W Aff d Fy gudl21. h m f ld llu bubl h y f dd glgbl. Igg h d xl hlgy m F h u f m vlu h fmd h mllugl, h flw ly d d vlu (NV) mlly luld. A xd j lf f 20 y f ld. Culy h u h du f xl3,11,12, d d xl m vlu vy ly h du ubquly uggd ( du blw). h l l xl h ddud fm h jd h flw. Fgu 1 llu hw dmg gd h m vlu, whh B l.7,8 hv dbd dl. h l f h h f g xl j fl ly dmd by h udy blw. C udy h ml bf duy h udy bd h du f l h Suh Af mllugl duy6. D du f l fm h vml m ll ul u. h udy dd mv h uddg f bl l bl h vml vlu h. h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 107 REFEREED AER OCOBER

4 SAIMM_O_61-67:ml Jul 11/5/07 8:21 AM g 666 Al f vml vlu h Rvu f l v l Ex Exl C A llu W Ld Ab f bf x x N f l Exl C j NV mu Exl C NV Aul j NV Fgu 1 Shm mdl f g xl m ly f j (fm B l. 7 ) /hlgy lf yl du lf yl Fgu 2 Lf yl h f dlyd hlgy (fm B l. 8 ) h ful u A ful u mv f vml lf yl m (LCA) ud23. I vd h f m f ll m ld. F h udy6, h ful u 1.0 f l dud w h. Sym bud h vml m ulg fm dlyd hlgy b bud w d lf-yl24: Lf-yl f h hlgy h hyl ; d Lf -yl f h du ( v) h fm h mlmd hlgy hyl. Fgu 2 llu h g f h w lf-yl hlgy f h duy. F h u f h udy, ly h vml m d wh hlgy lfyl h w dd. mlfy h udkg, h m ulg fm u vg, du ug, h-u d dl w d. (h y f LCA fd g--g ly)23. D ghg D u ludd fm l d m bl fw lul h l duy, l du wh du l d h x, h fdg ublhd h lu d j-f f ml6. Ovvw f my d f h udy h my m d f h h u gu (f bl I) dd lbl h udy ummzd bl V6. Evml ug By lyg h my d (bl V) h flu f h xl h u j NV w dmd (bl VI) f dff du f xl (bl II). Du h dm f gv m h vm, f ud f my m, h dbl 666 OCOBER 2007 VOLUME 107 REFEREED AER h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy

5 SAIMM_O_61-67:ml Jul 11/7/07 7:45 AM g 667 Al f vml vlu h bl V Dmg f ld vml d 6 M Sub- Id C (ZAR2005/ l) A Ll d Rgl llu Im hum hlh du : SO 2 R4.60 NO x Nglgbl M 10 R hhml z R86.02 Im buldg du : SO 2 R24.93 Im ( R 2005 /kgll) du : hhml z R Glbl llu Im ( R 2005 /kgll) du Ghu G (quvl CO 2 ) R94.81 W W u Dff bw uy d w R1.60 W llu Rmdy Nglgbl Ld Ld u Ouy f h l ffd R4.03 Ld llu Rmdy Nglgbl S hbl Rmdy R1.34b b h du l u 3 h f ld. A l lf f 20 y um h b umd. bl VI Evml ug ul dud vu f h udy S Y 2005 (ZAR) 2005 (ZAR) 2005 (ZAR) 2005 (ZAR) 1 j NV 105,483, ,483, ,483, ,483,405 2 Exl C 4% 8% 12% 15% du 3 Amh llu (103,826,505) (77,892,279) (61,454,160) (53,150,245) 4 W U (226,426) (169,870) (134,020) (115,910) 5 Ld U (216,320) (162,288) (128,038) (110,737) 6 S Rhbl (367,640) (172,828) (83,508) (50,170) 7 = l Evm (104,636,891) (78,397,965) (61,799,726) (53,427,063) 8 = 1-7 Aul j NV 846,514 27,085,440 43,683,678 52,056,542 Y wh v h Y 2016 Y 2022 OK OK flw xd flu h m vbly f h j. h my vlu h df mh llu h g vml m d wh h udy. S hbl ud, Dm f Ml d Egy guly qum. gh wh ld u dug h l lf yl h, h u f h d hgh xly. Addlly, w u Suh Af25; h h xly f w ug l f gf. Exly vy v h du ud f mg h vlu f fuu dmg lyg lg-m v. h h f du muh dbd h lu3. Cwy-Shmf26 gu h hgh du,.g. mhg h f l, f mg ubl dvlm. h Dm f Evml Aff d um27 mmd bw 6% 10%28 f Suh Af. Hwv, h b d3,8,10 h f uy lk u whh h mxu f F d hd Wld d, du f 4% huld b dd. A l mmd x h vml du f Suh Af, vl, gg fm 1% 16%, w d f vy ( Fgu 3). h ml f lw du h hgh dmg bd, wg h g wghg f h vlu f lg-m m, d v v. Fgu 4 hw h flu f h du h m vbly f j: f 4% h j NV ju bv bk-v, wh 8% h j NV bv R27 mll. h udl h m f h h f du f d-mk, bu flu h lg-m m vbly f dlyd hlgy dbly. h my vlu du vl h lm. Fly, bl x h f vml ubly my m mhv m bu ll f h h h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 107 REFEREED AER 0COBER

6 SAIMM_O_61-67:ml Jul 11/5/07 8:21 AM g 668 Al f vml vlu h V f Dmg C (ZAR) Du 1% Du 4% Du 8% Du 12% Du 16% m (Y) Fgu 3 Eff f du vlu f dmg d wh h udy j NV (ZAR) j NV 0 1% 3% 5% 7% 9% 11% 13% 15% Dmg du, Fgu 4 Eff f du h vlu f dmg d wh h udy bl VII Dmg fd vl f h udy (dd fm ExE 5 ) 68% Cfd Ivl R Id Mmum Mxmum Gm F U ZAR 2005/ l ZAR 2005/ l Hum Hlh SO l gm dd NO x dv, f 2.7 M CO VOC Buldg SO F 3.4 C VOC F 3.4 C NO F 3.4 Glbl CO F 2.5b W u W u F 3.4 Ld u Ld u F 3.4 b Em vlu gm dd dv. Glbl wmg gm dd dv. dd lv vml fm b mud quvly. Sdly, vlu ud by h dff d, flly h g uy, hv b vlud -by- b. hdly, h u d wh h d bd my gly flu h ubly f h ul f vml fm m,.g. fuu dmg wll hg wh fluu h mk. h Eu U ExE j5 md hdl uy h b f gm dd dv5. h j yldd wd d f vlu h huld b k u wh lyg h vml d ( bl VII). Clu h du mdfd vml vlu h f h v f l xl m my vlu f h l f hlgy dlym j h mllugl. F h h m vml d f whh vml d dfd,.. m d (SO x, NO x, M 10, CO d CO 2, d VOC) d uy d (ld d w u ug). My vlu ld h ld d by lg h Suh Af x dmg whh hv b d h u. A udy h mllugl ud dm h l f h du. C lm d hugh h udy. I ludd h lhugh uh h h m g h uddg f h l fl ml f hlgy vml fm, fuh h qud mv h h f b ud h Suh Af mllugl duy. h fllwg mmd uggd: Fuh dmg m f Suh Af d b dvld. A dud, h uy f d dd h m blm f ug h um f h my vlu du d-mkg. A mbd quv d qulv vlu f vml d d. Dmg f m ld vml d,.g. dmg ld u, fully fld by my vlu. Fuh qulv ly my b y, bly by gg my vlu um wh mul- d-ly hqu. 668 OCOBER 2007 VOLUME 107 REFEREED AER h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy

7 SAIMM_O_61-67:ml Jul 11/5/07 8:21 AM g 669 Al f vml vlu h Rf 1. SWAR, E. A guly fmwk f mg vml mgm wh Suh Af. Dm f Ml d Egy, wb: h:// d 17 My SILVA,. d AGIOLA, S. A vw f h vlu f vml d bf Wld Bk j. Evml Em S, 2003, 94, wb: h://w.wul.du:80//h//0502/ df, d 17 My VAN ERCK, R..G. My vlu f bu ubly, C Sudy: GL ful du Suh Af. M h, hl Uvy f Edhv, d Dm f Egg d hlgy Mgm, Uvy f, WINGARD, C.H. Fl fm f vmlly bl Suh Af ld m. Dl h, Uvy f, ExE C j. M, Imvm, Ex Al f h ExE Aug Fmwk. Eu U C N. JOS3-C , 1997, wb: h://x.j./mh2.df, d 17 My ARK, S.. Fudml f gg m. Hll, U Sdl Rv, NJ, EARCE, D.W. d HOWARH, A. hl mhdlgy: C Bf Aly d ly. RIVM mmd by h Evm D-Gl f h Eu Cmm, Bul, 2000, wb: h://u.u./mm/vm/v/y_udy/mhdl gy.df, d 17 My SADARO, J.V. d RABL, A. A llu dmg m: h klgm f llu. Il Jul f Rk Am d Mgm, 2002, vl. 3,. 1, Dm f W Aff d Fy (DWAF). W Quly Mgm Suh Af. 2001, wb: h:// d 17 My NIEUWOUD, W. W Mk Iu I Suh Af, L Fm Cld. Dm Of Agulul Em, Uvy Of Nl, mzbug, CONSANZA, R., D ARGE, R., DE GROO, R., FARBER, S., GRASSO, M., HANNON, B., LIMBURG, K., NAEEM, S., O NEILL, R.V., ARUELO, J., RASKIN, R.G., SUON,., d VAN DER BEL, M. h Vlu f h Wld Eym Sv d Nul Cl. Nu, 1997, vl. 387,. 15, NYOKA, M. Ilg vml : A udy f h ml x duy Suh Af. M j, Dm f Egg d hlgy Mgm, Uvy f, Dm f W Aff d Fy (DWAF). Mmum qum f h hdlg, lf d dl f hzdu w. Sd d, C Bk, C w, BREN, A.C., VAN ERCK, R..G., d LABUSCHAGNE, C. Subly C Aug: 1 A my du vlu h ubly f hlg h Suh Af duy. Suh Af Jul f Idul Egg, 2006, vl. 17,. 2, BREN, A.C., VAN ERCK, R..G., d LABUSCHAGNE, C. Subly C Aug: 2 A udy dm d h dud my du vlu h ubly f hlg h Suh Af duy. Suh Af Jul f Idul Egg, vl. 18,. 1, LABUSCHAGNE, C., BREN, A.C., d VAN ERCK, R..G. Ag h ubly fm f du. Jul f Cl du, 2005, vl. 13,. 4, BREN, A.C., VAN ERCK, R..G., d LABUSCHAGNE, C. A ubly ug mhdlgy f hlgy mgm h duy. 14h Cf f h Il A f Mgm f hlgy (IAMO), V, Au, BLIGNAU, J.N. Evml Aug Suh Af. Dl h, Uvy f, VAN EL, M.J.F. Elglly ubl dvlm d j l dvlg u. Elgl Em, 1993, vl. 7, MARKANDYA, A. d BOYD, R. Em vlu f vml m d xl. Mm Cul, Ld, Bh, UK, SADARO, J.V. My vlu. Rkll (V 1.04), 2005, wb: h:// d 17 My Dm f Ml d Egy (DME). Gudl dum f h vlu f h quum f lu-ld fl v vdd by m. Offl gudl mld Rgul 54(1) h Ml d lum Ru Dvlm A, 2002 (A 28 f 2002). Rv 1.6, 2004, Avlbl fm: h:// 23. MANGENA, S.J. d BREN, A.C. Al f Lf Cyl Im Am fmwk vlu d m vml fm wh m vlu f uld l du. Jul f Cl du, 2006, vl. 14, , LABUSCHAGNE, C. d BREN, A. C. Subl j Lf Cyl Mgm: h d g lf yl h mufug. Il Jul f j Mgm, 2005, vl. 23,. 2, LEIMAN, A. d SANDISH, B. v h w duy f Suh Af: Idfyg lv u. d d Iduy M, 2001, vl. 17,. 3, CONWAY-SCHEMF, N. Full C Aug: A u mdul g vml d l dl bu ug ym. Cg Mll Uvy, bugh, 1998, wb: h:// d 17 My Dm f Evml Aff d um (DEA). C Bf Aly. Ifm S, 2004, wb:h:// gv.z/dum/ubl/2005j7/bk3.df, d 17 My Cgh Em. A mul f bf ly Suh Af wh l f w u dvlm. WRC R G177/02, W Rh Cmm,, h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 107 REFEREED AER 0COBER