Overview of the development of new Pt-based alloys for high temperature application in aggressive environments

Transcription

1 SAIMM_Nv_15-30:ml Jul 11/19/07 1:32 M g 697 Ovvw f h dvlm f w -bd lly f hgh mu l ggv vm by L.A. Ch*, R. Sü*, R. Völkl, M. Wdh, S. Vbg, B. Fh, U. Glzl, A. Dugl*, L.H. Chw*,. Mukum**, J. u, D. Lu, L. Gl*, N.B. Mld, J.H. g, M. Sh, d G. Wllm* Sy -bd lly bg dvld f hgh mu l ggv vm, wh h m l h uly ud kl-bd ully (NBSA) l m f h l wh hgh dy l m. h bd lly hv ml uu h NBSA, d m hmlly d h hgh mlg, h -bd lly lly b ud hgh mu. Rm mu l w fmd d ul w vbl, mly du muul dff. h lly hd w h d f HV wh ulm l gh f ~800 M d lg f l h 10%. h ul mbl h lly ud hgh mu, m l my (EM) w d NIMS, J, vg h hg h muu f -Al d -Al-I lly lvd mu ug u hg u 1100 C. Sg fm mg -Al-C lly, h flu f N dd w vgd. Af gg fly dd bvd. Nb,, d R d h gh wh ddd l ubu f Al. M dd f B d h d uu m mkbly, wg ghg f h g bud. h vlu f h lly dvlm gmm d, wll ld f h mul-m -b lly. Hgh mu h (HHC) w dud 950 C f 540 hu. Aly f h du w dud ug Rm m, g l my (SEM) wh gy dv X-y y (EDS), d X-y dff (XRD). -bd lly dlyd f u md d d ud bhmk N-bd ully. Kywd: lum, ully, hd, l,, kl, Idu S my f qum u hgh mu ggv hml vm, h d f ml h whd xm hml, mhl d hml d f h l. -lly gzd f h hgh mlg, hml bly d hml hk, wll gd d xd. F vl l, h gd ll d hml duvy f ulzd. I m f mhl, -lly f d ub (f) uu d mb hgh duly wh hgh gh. h llw -lly hv l f l h hml, hlgy d gl du1 3. F xml, h f duy -ml ud h h f k g zzl. h fb f hgh-uy l gl d gl fb qu h u f k fu, d fd md f ml whh whd hgh mu, mhl ld d v k; h lum. Gl f udg uy, hmgy d whu bubbl b hvd, ly wh lum bg ud. I m mlg vl, h f g m h lg f m l by, ulg m f h gl ml d hu d f h l, uh m. F h * Advd Ml Dv, Mk, Suh Af. DS/NRF C f Exll Sg Ml, Jhbug, Suh Af. Shl f Chml d Mllugl Egg, Uvy f h Wwd, Jhbug, Suh Af. Uvy Byuh, Byuh, Gmy. FH-J-Uvy f Ald S J, J, Gmy. ** Nl Iu f Ml S, ukub, J. W.C. Hu GmbH, Hu, Gmy. h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy, SA ISSN X/ vd Ju. 2007; vd vd O h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 107 REFEREED AER NOVEMBER

2 SAIMM_Nv_15-30:ml Jul 11/19/07 1:32 M g 698 Ovvw f h dvlm f w -bd lly fb f hgh quly hl gl, -ml ud f my m m mb wh fy mlg fu,.g. fd ym (, ll, lug, lug ll, fd, f), bubbl, d buhg d hmul hmbl. Fuhm, hl gl fb dw hugh buhg, whh md fm -lly1. Whl u h lw mhl gh hgh mu, llyg wh I Rh gly h uu gh4,5. Addlly, h ld lu ghd lly hv gd duly hgh mu d l b wldd. Hwv, du v f xd dug lg bv 1100 C, -I lly hv lvly hgh m l. I, h lly - 10%Rh d -20%Rh hv vy lw v, bu g g f h ld lu ghd lly ld l f d ul mu flu f m. F h, xd d ghd (ODS) -bd lly wh mvd hgh-mu w dvld6 wh mll mu f zum yum xd bg fly dbud h mx. By dug dl mbly d blzg h g bud, h hmlly bl xd ld f uu gh u bu 1600 C. Cvl -ODS lly mufud by mld, xv d y wd mllugl (M) Hwv, h lly hw xv bl d ubly kg, d h lw duly d llw h ml whd h ud by hml x dug fqu d mu hg. Fuhm, dfful fb, ul d gh du gul h xd l f wldg, hv dugd h full l f h ODS lum lly1. W.C. Hu du ODS -lly, h DH lly, mlg wh ubqu l xd, vdg h ddvg md bv. hu, h DH lly hw gd duly, wh xd d mbl ld lu ghd -lly12. Ah w gu f -lly, h -lld -bd ully13 18 v hgh gh h ld lu d d ghd -lly mu u 1300 C. S m hmlly d h hgh mlg (1769 C d 1455 C), -bd lly b ud hgh mu h m f h NBSA19. I h ml, ghg hvd by h ghg mhm, whh ml h N-bd ully. Hll d wk20,21 dud xv m f ym wh mj u bd : hgh h bly, hgh mlg, xd d h, hgh hml duvy, d lw hml x. I wuld hv b fbl l hv ld f lw dy, bu lum w h mj u, h w bl. h lly bd -Al xhbd h hgh l, ly bu f bl ghg f 3 Al, bu l du hgh xd. Hwv, mu b mmbd h h -Al ym, h hgh mu ub L1 2 3 Al h fm gl uu lw mu22,23, lhugh w blvd h h bfl hgh mu h uld b blzd by llyg dd. If h uld b hvd, h ml + ' uu h N-b ully wuld gv ml. h muu f m m bu h NBSA dv h xll fm vy f d f bd N 3 Al N-h mx. h l dd, d fm h dg, h uu d l dm ffvly h m h mx: f d ub (f)24, whh gv vy lw uf gy bw h w h, d hu vy lmd dvg f du h uf, whh blz h g g. Alhugh hgh gh wuld lkly b bd fm hgh mf, h h b mm bw g d gh, bu h l wh hgh mf wuld hv m gy f g, d hu wuld b l bl hgh mu. I uld b gud h wh f l m (.. h mly), hgh mf f hgh gh bu h lf fm g fd, wh f ld-bd ub, h my b dd). hu, h w-h uu vy bl hgh mu, d h k h ubd fm. h bly bfl bu m h h m f f h dl wh, whh lw h dl mvm dw, hby ghg h lly. S h ~N 3 Al h dd f h, L1 2, h m h y dl fm h ddd f mx d d l dl bf hy h. h lg f h mx dl h u y h h lk m bugh gh. Alhugh h lg k gy, ll muh l h h f udd dl h 25. h -bd lly w dgd mm h muu f h NBSA, lly bl. Hwv, h l blm h wh h ly uu f N 3 Al, h l w, d bly h f 3 Al. h hgh mu 3 Al uu ub d h m fvubl22,23; h lw mu uu gl22,23, d y fm bw h uu uld b dlu. hu, f h mj l f llyg lm blz h hgh mu -ub 3 Al h. A fm h blz f ub (L1 2 ) 3 Al, ddl lm w ddd mv h ghg, xd d fmbly f h lly. h -bd lly hv b udd m f muu, xd, d l gh, d hy hv hw g m. vu wk h wk h d Mk, d fm du wh NIMS wk J h I- d Rh-g lly26,27. Wk l gg bd Byuh 698 NOVEMBER 2007 VOLUME 107 REFEREED AER h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy

3 SAIMM_Nv_15-30:ml Jul 11/19/07 1:32 M g 699 Ovvw f h dvlm f w -bd lly Uvy d Fhhhhul J Gmy, d h l -wk Ld d Oxfd uv h UK. Llly, h wk h b d ud h u f h lum Dvlm Iv (DI). h v w fflly d Al 1997 wh h m f ugg w h lum-bd lly h wuld vully ld d ff-k f lum. Ah h w h fuh h wuld b ug fllwg ubl f h DI h, d h wld wk f h wuld gw. Gwh w l ugd by h g f gdu ud. Alhugh h DI d fug y Ob 2007 du hg fudg d h d, vd w mj mu f gvm fudg f j, S V fudg fm Mk d fudg fm h DS/NRF C f Exll Sg Ml. Cllb w d Fhhhhul J d Byuh Uvy Gmy, d wh Ld, Cmbdg, d Oxfd Uv h UK. I Suh Af, h Uv f h Wwd, C w, Lm, Nl Mdl Ml Uvy, h W C d F S d h CSIR hv l b ludd. Alhugh h wk ll gg, d h hv b 18 gdu ud vlvd (11 hv gdud; l 6 hd d 12 MS), d v 80 jul d f hv b ublhd. Vu h gu ud h wld l wkg hgh mu lm f NBSA d h vw28 l md h f h -bd lly wh h f h m. h dvg f h -bd lly h gd gh d xd, bu h m ddvg d dy. Cm hv gd gh d xll xd, bu bl. Vu Nb-ld dm gd mhl hgh mu d xd, bu h m m29. h f f h wk w h l f h b lly ym, -Al-C-Ru, d h w hvd by udyg h ff f y dd ld l by lly30. ublhd h dgm fm w ud h w-h lly h uld hv ubl uu, d h lly w mufud by -mlg lml u f l 99.9% uy g mh. h lly w vlud f w-h muu, gd mhl d xd 31. h muu w d by hz SEM, ug EDS, d h w d by ml hd d hkg f duly by udyg h k. h b ml w h ubjd m mu d hgh mu m, d h ul w md. h ul f h hgh mu hw Fgu 1, d b h h f d wh g mu, d h w lg d bw 800 C d 1100 C. h b ml w h wh d dd. A f h hz, h dbu f mll mu f dfm w bvd ug ml d f m l my (EM)32. All h hwd df bmdl dbu, d h v mdl dbu. I w fud h, C d d ~ 3 Al, d blzd h ub L1 2 uu, gvg f ubd. h Ru d I dd d h mx, d h fmd h D0 uu, d hd m mlx h, d w f gddlly-dd 33. h w mhlg gv Fgu 2. Fgu 1 Eff f mu h 0.2% f f -Al-X lly d f Fgu 2 () yl EM mgh f h L12 3Al blzd by C, d dd., d S d h dff z g f h. I hw h ld dff (SAD), fmg h L12 uu. (b) yl EM mgh f h D0 bld by Ru d I dd., I d S d h dff z g f h h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 107 REFEREED AER NOVEMBER

4 SAIMM_Nv_15-30:ml Jul 11/19/07 1:32 M g 700 Ovvw f h dvlm f w -bd lly bl I Cmv l mf f ld 86:Al10:X4 lly Ally Rm mu () (m) 3Al (m) Mmh 35 δ :Al 10 : :Al 10 :C :Al 10 :Ru :Al 10 : :Al 10 :I C () (m) 3Al (m) Mmh 35 δ :Al 10 : :Al 10 :C :Al 10 :Ru :Al 10 : :Al 10 : Addlly, h dlv fm dug h D0 gl uu22,23 gv d bd h, d h uld b b w bud hgh mgf34. h mf bw h mx d h w l mud32 m d hgh mu (800 ) by X-y dff (XRD). XRD w dud JEOL JDX 3500 dffm, g 35 kv d 200 ma, wh u. h (220) k w ud dv h () l m, (112) w ud f gl D0 3 Al, d (211) w ud f ub L12 3 Al. I mu b mmbd h h ml h hd h ub f h gl fm f 3 Al, bh. h mum w h ud dv h mf, fly ug mhd ud f glly35: L mf = ( mx ) / mx 100 [1] guly20, A l hhld f l 9.% lumum w fud b y f h fm f bl xd ly38,39. h b m w fud f -Al-, -Al-C d -Al-Ru40. Hwv, h xd f h - d g lly w f, d hu fuh wk -Al- lly w d38. A fu-m lly w ld h b h C dd gv gd mhl, d Ru w wy h vlum f f h, wll mvg h gh f h mx h32. Af wk umb f ml, h m w mzd 84 :Al 11 :C 3 :Ru 2, whh gv h b muu, hw Fgu 3. Ogg h wk Mk Muh wk h b d h l vw30, d h fuu wk wll b m d wh mmlz41. h udlyg h ll vy m d wll ll u, bu h f, whh m m mmlz, l bg udd. Alhugh h m lly 84 :Al 11 :C 3 :Ru 2, h ff f h dd mhl h l b udd. Cbl w fud b bfl f fmbly42, whl d d N w ubud f lum m du h dy d. Hwv, h N d d dd w dg h h w bfl ff dd, h gh dd. Wk d h Uvy f Byuh d h Fhhhhul J Gmy hd m fvubl ul wh N, bu dd u Ru16. mlm h udy f h x llyg lm, h dgm wk w l udk h -N-Ru43, -C-Ru, -C-C d -C-N44 ym. M wk h l b d h -C-Ru45,46 d -Al-C42 ym. d dly, ug h m uul x whh m mmly ld f kl-bd ully36 (bu ully quvl): Mf, δ = 2 (( mx) / ( + mx)) [2] wh h ul gv bl I. h mf w ll gv, d h mll mf w d wh h ubd f ub L12 3 Al, wh h lg mf ld wh h fmd uu, D0 3 Al. h xd w d by udyg h m dff f g f hml 1350 C ud. Sml w mvd fm h fu vl f 1, 10, 25, 100, 500 d hu. h w hyl vd f lld l, d h xd mhlg f h fl ml w xmd f g ug g l my (SEM), h mud dg- d m h hk f h xd l. Fm h l udy, lly wh lumum dd xhbd h b xd d fuh -Al-X (wh X h ml) lly w md d d m Fgu 3 SEM mg bkd l f 84:Al11:C3:Ru2 hwg ~3Al (dk) -bd mx (lgh) 700 NOVEMBER 2007 VOLUME 107 REFEREED AER h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy

5 SAIMM_Nv_15-30:ml Jul 11/19/07 1:32 M g 701 Ovvw f h dvlm f w -bd lly m l my Idu Alhugh -Al w dfd h b f h lly30, y dd w md blz h hgh mu L1 2 ub fm f ~ 3 Al. Whu h dd, m fm ud ~ 3 Al fmg D0 w-lk bd30,47. S h f dl h mx wh h fld f h m-h dm h mhl, gu EM udy w md f 86 :Al 10 :X 4 lly wh X = C, Ru,, I d (.%) ly h dl, d muu f ml md u f bu 3% dff mu (21, 800, 1000 d 1300 C)48. L m f h () mx h -Al-X (X = Ru, C d ) lly w dmd by ug ld l dff (SAED). All w f h <112>-z y. h ul dffd lghly fm h d by Hll l.32, whh uld b bud mlb f h m m48. I dd, uuul dg hm w fud h 3 Al h by -Al lly34. -Al-C h d h h w ubdl, bu hdl u. h dy f mll dd wh g m mu, whl h dl dy h mx d. h uu f h dl ym md h m h l ym w vd hgh mu. -Al-Ru h mhlgy f h dffd mkdly fm h f h -Al-C ml. hy w gddllydd 33 (hw dbd ufm Ml Chd) ml h hw Fgu 3, glly g f gh d lb (fu ). h hwd wd g, hwg h m fm h lw mu D0 fm f ~ 3 Al hd ud, d h Ru dd uld blz h ub L1 2 fm ~ 3 Al. h dg w uvd, hwg hgh uf gy f h bud, bu bm m gul hgh m mu. h w bd l bm b dvld hgh mu, wh dl fud lg w bd. Dl ud, dv f ul dl, whh xd h dd uu f h (ju h h f NBSA). -Al- Cmd 20 C, h hd wll-dfd, gh bd. hy d dl, lhugh h mx hd hgh dy f dl gl. Wh m 800 C, h w ll dl wh h, whl h dl dy h mx w gfly lw. h w l hgh dy f mll h mx, whh uld dd ghg f h mx. Oly wh m w d 1100 C, w dl bvd h. hy hd h m Bug v h dl h h lly: ±1/2<110>. h lw dy f dl h mx d gf vy lvd mu. A 1300 C, h w g dvd f dl, bly du vy h lvd mu. -Al-I h d ml h h -Al-Ru ml. N dl w h hmlv, lhugh m dl h mx xdd h /mx f. h w h dff z, wh h mll uudg h lg, bu d by dld z. SAED vld h h w ly y f, lhugh hy w fud h dff z g. h uu vl h h mll l uudg h lg l w dlvg d h g, whh wuld b fy hgh mu uu. Af m 800 C, h dg ghd (lhugh h w ll ud) d h f dl d h. Ild dl vd h mx. A 1100 C, m f h gddllydd (ufm hd) hd bm hl. w bd w ll vbl, wh dl m. Mull wg ud h. A 1300 C, h w m gul. h dl dy w hgh, d hy hdd hugh ll w bd, ly lg bd, mlyg h d l ym bm v h hgh mu. -Al- h hd gh f wh hgh dy f fl dl, d lw dy wh h. Ild gl f mxd w d dg dl w bvd h mx. A 800 C m, gul w bvd wh dl, whl h mx hd hgh dy f dl d mll ub w l vd. A 1100 C, h mx dl dd, whl h (whh w w m gul) d dl. A 1300 C, h f f h w muh b dfd. Hwv, h h f h dl d h md hv hgd. Fm dl vw, h lly w h g, bu l wk30,37 hd hw h h xd w uff. Hgh mu EM wk Rly, wk h uld b d Suh Af w udk h Nl Iu f Ml S (NIMS), J. O m w vg h hg h muu f by -Al lly d y -Al-I lly lvd mu ug u hg u 1100 C JEOL 4000X EM. h hg ud w 10 C/m, wh 5 C bg ud wh m dld hg w b bvd. I m b bl udy h h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 107 REFEREED AER NOVEMBER

6 SAIMM_Nv_15-30:ml Jul 11/19/07 1:32 M g 702 Ovvw f h dvlm f w -bd lly bly f h dff 3 Al h bu h hgh mu ub fm fd d m dul. Dff llyg dd kw blz h hgh mu fm: C,, 32 d Z, Hf, M, F d C15. h lly udd w by -Al lly wh h xm m 85 :Al 15 h wh h wh g g f h ld lu h () d h 3 Al h ( ). h w flg h dgm f h fm mu f 3 Al. Adg MAl d Kh22, h fm f h hgh mu 3 Al h fm L1 2 gl lw mu v (dgd D0') ~1280 C. Hwv, Oy l.23 hwd ddl fm lw mu. h fm mu gv by Oy l.23 1 ~340 C d C. vu m lv h udum by SEM, XRD d DA hd b uuful, whh md h vg f h fm mu ug u hg f h lly EM. Fgu 4 hw h muu f h by -Al lly bf hg. 3 Al wh h lw mu uu, D0, wll-dfd m-lk w bd30. h hw Fgu 5 d uh h h w vbl h du h lm f h u hg ml hld, whh h ly gl x f. h Fgu 5 w lg y f bd: wh dl (blk w) d h hgh dy f dl (wh w), whh d wh h g f h w bd20. h umb f dl dd wh g mu (d m), whh d h h fm h k l. Alhugh h d dl dy uld b du lx f h f mf du hml x, w ulkly h bu h lg bd u f h dd hgh mu, hu hwg h dlv h fm d, h, yl uu fm, hd k l. h bvd hg ud mu l h uggd by Oy l.23, uggg h fm hd k l, bu d y yhg bu h k fm mu. h fm w l bvd dff md wh h dff f h h w dff, d h fmd h h h dgm f Oy l.23 f h -Al ym m u h h f MAl d Kh22. () (b) Fgu 4 () Dk fld EM mgh f h muu f yl m mu md 86:Al10:I4 lly, wh dg gddlly-dd (: SAED wh fl ud b mg ld). (b) Bgh fld EM mg f 3Al hwg wlldfd w bd () () (b) Fgu 5 Bgh fld EM mg f 3Al wh g mu. () 54 C (b) 477 C 702 NOVEMBER 2007 VOLUME 107 REFEREED AER h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy

7 SAIMM_Nv_15-30:ml Jul 11/19/07 1:32 M g 703 Ovvw f h dvlm f w -bd lly () (b) Fgu 6 Bgh fld EM mgh hwg h dlu f mll g mu, () 580 C (b) 870 C h gh f h lly dd h f mll b dl m. Idlly, h huld hgh mu vd ghg ud xm mu d, bu h d h h -Al by ym ud d. h xml vd hw Fgu 3. h m hw h bgh fld EM mg, Fgu 6 () (b).h hgh dy f mll (wh h x f -f z ud h lg ) h mx uudg h lg 580 C, hw Fgu 6 (). A 810 C, h mll dlv h mx. Bw 810 C d 870 C dlu u dly, m f h mll hv dd 870 C, Fgu 3(b). All h mll hv dd 960 C, mlyg dud ghg hgh mu, lhugh h bu f h dff zd hv y b d. h lg w bly mll 1170 C h 1030 C, d h fl dl wk hd mlly dd. Rul f l N l hd b d y f h lly bf, d d mufu d l f hv kd f l d (lly yld d ulm l ). h f w d Mk. S ul bm dd vy hgh mu, w ddd vlu ly h m mu l f h b y lly, md wh h f h quy lly. C g f h quy lly wll b d hgh mu l g. I h b hw h h hgh mu mv gh f 84 :Al 11 :Ru 2 :C 3 gfly hgh h h f 86 :Al 10 :C 4 49,50. M-l l g w xludd bu f h hgh ml. Smll m h h ub-z m dbd by h ASM dd f g51, w ud. Smll m hlgy h b gl f fu ml dvlm bu f lmd vlbly f ffv d vlum, d h uld m h muzd v f h full-l u52. Fm bl II Nml m f xml lly (w%) Ally.% w% Al C Ru 1 w% % w% % w% % h qud dml f ASM dd51 d h d ublhd ud f m z ff52 55, w ddd h m 46 mm l lgh, 3 mm hk, wh gug wdh d lgh 3 mm d 18 mm vly, wuld u h h l vlu wuld b mbl h bd fm dd m. bl II gv h ml m f h xml ml m d wgh. Eh 50 g g w gd muffl fu 1250 C f 100 hu d quhd w hv hmgu w-h muu whu my ~ 3 Al. Fl m-l m w mhd fm h g by w k. l w fmd wh -hd d f 5 mm/m. Du h f -u f h d mf f m f h m huld, lb f h xm w blm d w u gug lgh f 12.5 mm ly. Ufuly, h uld u ul d lg w md by mug h d bw gug mk bf d f g (fud uf f h m fd gh), whl yld uld b dmd h. Af g, hlf f h ml w d f mllghy d Vk hd (20 kg wgh) w fmd, fllwd by SEM ly bkd l (BSE) md, wll gy dv X-y my (EDX). I gl, h w gf d bw h ml d ul m. Ally 1 w md by gf mu f Ru (qug mg ~0.01 w%), whl Ally 2 w md by ~0.05 w% C. h m w bbly h ul f m m ug h bu- h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 107 REFEREED AER NOVEMBER

8 SAIMM_Nv_15-30:ml Jul 11/19/07 1:32 M g 704 Ovvw f h dvlm f w -bd lly fu dug mlg. Subquly, EM m w l mufud, d xmd hl CM200 EM. X-y dff (XRD) ly w dud h lhd ml ug M Kα d. All ml x f h Ru lly, whh w gl-h () (.. -bd ld lu), md bh () d ~ 3 Al. h fu uf f h h hlf f h ml w l xmd ug SEM dy l (SE) md. I h b hw bf h Ru, f, b ld lu gh h lly h C32, d hf h f h h 86 :Al 10 :C 4 m w g h h f 86 :Al 10 :Ru 4 uld b xld ly by lw vlum f (~5%) f ~ 3 Al h w h Ru lly. h w fmd by bh XRD d EM56, d mld h 86 :Al 10 :Ru 4 hd b ld bv lvu, whh w hugh b bw 1250 C d 1300 C57. hu, h hgh duly f h lly w du ly gl h () u. h f ~ 3 Al h 84 :Al 11 :Ru 2 :C 3 m w fmd by XRD d EM. h vlum f f vd fm m m. Sm f h m fld ud h gug lgh, d ddg h, h vg hd, mxmum US d md lg f h lly gv bl III. 86 :Al 10 :C 4 w hd d l hd hgh US h 86 :Al 10 :Ru 4. Hwv, 84 :Al 11 :Ru 2 :C 3, wh gf vlum f f ~ 3 Al, w h hd, bu hd h lw US f h h lly. h w l h ly lly h fld gully, whl h h fld mly by gul lvg wh m llzd g f dmlg. I lkly h h lw US w ld h gul flu md, whh l lw lg. h d d h ul w dg. I wuld hv b m dl wd g f m, bu wkg wh lwy h xml mx bu f h x. O, hwv, lud h h -bd lly h d f HV wh US f ~800M56,58. m wh h lly, h gfly hgh h h HV f u h f d US f ~140 M59. Cmd h hgh-mu lly, uh h f ODS lly M2000, whh h m mu US f 720 M d lg f 14% m mu60, -Al wh US f 950 M d lg f ~1%61 d CMSX-4 wh US 870 M62 bvu h h -bd lly wh g f h y f lly, whh ugg dg h -y umzd u f h h m d muu. Cmmlz l h ulm g f h -bd lly h ld-bd ub duy. Hwv, h uh dfful mk, mgh b mlhd ly ub g hv b dlly dgd xl h ~200 C l mu. hu, h m, h b ddd lly g h l, hby vdg g f h lly uful dul ml. h ulm m h hgd, d ll bg vly uud, bu ug h lly h l uld hl d u h h ub duy, whl mululy g h vll u f lum. Svl h hv b dfd, ll f whh qu gd gh hgh mu ggv vm. h m d bg gd f l mmlz: g, g d wd mllugy. Cg w ld bu m m lly bf y h fmg, d m dm h lly bly. h h w h f dff fmg mhm. wd mllugy Ah l h wd mllugy, whh gv gd wh mml w. h hqu ud wh h m dfful ( mbl) fb by h mhd, d xll dd. I l b ud h mxu f wd. S h gd l f hgh mu ggv vm, lkly h m f h m uly bg gd, uh vlv d zzl, mgh d b md v wd mhd. My f h y f m ldy bg mufud by wd mhd d g h gd qud bu f h h. Cg A d h ug h lly g h ub, uh l l. Cg mlyd f vy f ludg v, d/ w. Cg b fbl f h m, wh h m dd l lg. hu, m ml h ub wh m xv lly h hv h whl m bg md fm h xv lly. Cg l b dvgu wh lw wgh m. h -bd lly d, ug h lly g wuld vd h bf mbd wh h dud dy f lgh ub. h f h j mlm wd mllugy bu h wd b u f h g. Alhugh g NBSA bg gd lly, h h lud hml l, m vm, d h umv duy. bl III Rm mu mhl f xml lly Ally Ally Hd Mxmum Elg m (HV10) ulm l (%) (.%) gh hvd (M) 1 86 :Al 10 :C ± ~ :Al 10 :Ru ± ~ :Al 11 :Ru 2 :C ± ~1 704 NOVEMBER 2007 VOLUME 107 REFEREED AER h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy

9 SAIMM_Nv_15-30:ml Jul 11/19/07 1:32 M g 705 Ovvw f h dvlm f w -bd lly Ogg h wk Fhhhhul J d h Uvy f Byuh, Gmy h g f h dvlm gmm f hdd lly h Uvy Byuh d h Fhhhhul J-Uvy f Ald S w h y -Al-X, lly whh hd ldy b vgd by h Suh Af gu Mk40. h ul40 w vy mg, lly f h 86 :Al 10 :C 4 lly, whh hvg lvly hgh -uu gh wll gd duly (Fgu 7) w ld f fuh mz63. Quy -Al-C-N lly S kl h gd ld-lu ghg ff h () mx64, w ddd -Al-C lly vyg mu15. Nml m f h lly vd :Al:C f bu 86:11:3, kg wh dg ul h lly 86 :Al 10 :C :Al 11 :C 3 :N 0 10 lly wh u 10.% N w mld. Allyg h -Al ym wh bh C d N ly blzd h L1 2 hgh mu mdf f 3 Al m mu :Al 11 :C 3 :N 0 10 lly w ll gl h f lu h m 1450 C. Agg 1000 C dud muu ml Nbd ully. lly wh l h 6.% N l hy f gg15. h lly 80 :Al 11 :C 3 :N 6 f gg ly hd h hgh ' vlum f, ~23%, bu l hd wll-lgd ubd wh μm dg lgh d mf f -0.1%, ml N-b ully. Shl l w bvd lly wh m h 6.% N. h hg f ' mhlg w ld dg vlu f h mf wh g N, h v vlu gv ud ~ 3 Al, vlu f ~ gv ubd mhlgy, d vlu f ~ gv gul mhlgy65. Agg 1100 C ld ' l d dud ' vlum f. Hwv, vlum f dd l wh mu lly g N h h whu N. d hv hgh ' vlum f Ally wh u 13.% Al w ufully hmgzd h gl h -g 1500 C, d ll hgh Al ld u w-h dd v f h g 1530 C. Agg lly wh u 13.% Al f 120 h 1000 C ld hmgu dbu f 3 Al l. Ally -Al 14 :C 3 :N 6 hwd ub 3 Al l wh 520 μm vg dg lgh (Fgu 8b), h muu vy l h f N-bd ully. h blu l mf bw d ' dd wh g N. O g, lghly gv mf vlu mud m mu gh wh ub hl l65, vly, gfd hy bw d ' lly wh m h 5.% N (Fgu 8b d ). A lk f hy w h lly wh N blw 5.% d hgh gv mf f bu -0.5 % (Fgu 8). By g h f h mj '-fmg lm Al u 13.% h ' vlum f uld b d 30%16. V f h C ' vlum f h Al -Al-C-N lly lmd bu 12.5.%13. I h, h m g w - Al 12.5 :C 0 6 :N 6 d u hy bw d V f h Al f hgh ' vlum f -Al :C 3 :N 4 8 lly wh Al fm % w h h lubly lm f bu 15.% Fgu 7 S-uu uv f M2000 d 86:Al10:Z4 lly 1300 C (Z = C, Ru I) 40 ) b) ) Fgu 8 Sdy l SEM mgh f h vgd lly, ld f 12 h 1500 C d 120 h 1000 C A. h dk, h bgh h mx h. () -Al14:C3:N4, (b) -Al14:C3:N6, () -Al14:C3:N8 h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 107 REFEREED AER NOVEMBER

10 SAIMM_Nv_15-30:ml Jul 11/19/07 1:33 M g 706 Ovvw f h dvlm f w -bd lly '. Dd - uu f -Al 12.5 :C 3 :N 6, -Al 12 :N 6 d -Al 12 :C 6 :N 6 uld b hmgzd by h m C Fm f 3 Al w lm mlly ud -Al 12.5 :C 3 :N 6 f hmgz f 12 h 1500 C d ubqu w quhg (Fgu 9). A lg ld hmgu dbu f 3 Al l wh 200 μm vg dg lgh d vlum f f bu 30% (Fgu 9b). Fu lg fm 1500 C dud bmdl l dbu wh l f (Fgu 9), wh ' vlum f f 34%. Ig h C 6.% ld vg dg lgh f 500 µm d vlum f f 50% -Al 12 :C 6 :N 6 f hmgz f 6 h 1500 C + 6 h 1510 C A, fllwd by lg. F h -bd ully, lld lg f lu h m uff hv h gd muu ml N-bd ully. Subu f N I l d h, h hgh mlg lm Nb, d w h14-16 ubu N. By XRD ly, h f mx d h L1 2 -dd ' 3 Al h w dfd -Al 7 :C 6 :Nb 5, -Al 7 :C 6 : 5 d -Al 7 :C 6 : 5. h l mf w ~ 3 x 10-3 ll lly. Af hmgz, h lly hwd bmdl z dbu f h ' l (Fgu 10 ). Bd d gully hd l wh vlum f bw 10 d 20%, mll ubd f u 300 μm z w bvd. Af ubqu gg f 264 h 1200 C wh w quhg, mum f h hml m vld Nb d b lm vly dbud wh h mx d ' h, wh w hd h ' h. h ' vlum f f gg w 34% - Al 7 :C 6 :Nb 5, 33% -Al 7 :C 6 : 5 d 35% -Al 7 :C 6 : 5. Cm gh f lyyll -Al 7 :C 6 :Nb 5, - Al 7 :C 6 : 5 d -Al 7 :C 6 : 5 w hgh h h f - Al 12 :C 5 40 (Fgu 11). A 800 C -Al 7 :C 6 : 5 w g, wh hgh mu -Al 7 :C 6 :Nb 5 hwd h hgh gh. Abv 1200 C, -Al 7 :C 6 :Nb 5 d -Al 7 :C 6 : 5 ufmd h gl-yl N-bd ully CMSX-4. h dfmd ml dd uu h ud uf, whh w l bvd h f h Nb- d h -g -bd lly. Du h gg dlu f h hdg -h vy lvd mu, h -bd ully dgd f l u 1300 C. Ug h qum66 llud Fgu 12, h -uu uv 1300 C w dmd f 10%Rh, 10%Rh DH d -Al 12 :C 6 :N 5 (Fgu 13), d h l h h hgh uu gh. h N l w gd by lg mmum g (Fgu 14), ug dubl lghm l, h h d fll gh l. h l qul h N x f h N lw Equ [3]: ) b) ) Fgu 9 Sdy l SEM mgh f -Al12.5:C3:N6 f hmgz f 12 h 1500 C d dff lg gm. () w quhd, (b) ld, () fu ld ) b) ) Fgu 10 SEM dy l mgh f h - ' muu f f h m f 6 h 1500 C d 6 h 1510 C wh lg. () -Al7:C6:Nb5, (b) -Al7:C6:5, () -Al7:C6:5 706 NOVEMBER 2007 VOLUME 107 REFEREED AER h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy

11 SAIMM_Nv_15-30:ml Jul 11/19/07 1:33 M g 707 Ovvw f h dvlm f w -bd lly Ruu gh (M) Fgu 11 Hgh-mu m gh f h lyyll -Al-C-X lly 40 d gl-yl N-b ully CMSX-4 έ m = A σ [3] Wh A = whh fu f mu, ml, f h ml, σ = M = N x. h N x f 10%Rh mu f 1600 C w luld b = 3.3, d A = 34 (f σ M)67. F u, Völkl l.6 gv vlu f = 3.8 d A = C d ml. h N x f -Al 12 :C 6 :N 5 w dmd = 3.6, hw Fgu 14. h lw N x f u, 10%Rh d -Al 12 :C 6 :N 5 yl f h vu-dg lld f gl-h ld lu lly68,69. Hwv, h lw vlu f -Al 12 :C 6 :N 5 uld b l xld by h bvd gul fu md h dfmd ml, dg m bl d wk f h g bud. I xd h udk h m wh b (dbd blw), hgh N x d mvd lf xd. m flu (h) Fgu 13 S-uu gh uv f dff ml 1300 C 66 Mmum (1/) S (M) Fgu 14 N l f 10%Rh DH d -Al12:C6:N C Fgu 12 () C g fly f ld h g mh mu u 3000 C 66. (b) Sh f h fw SuC f mum h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 107 REFEREED AER NOVEMBER

12 SAIMM_Nv_15-30:ml Jul 11/19/07 1:33 M g 708 Ovvw f h dvlm f w -bd lly Mllyg Smll b m f gg g bud d hf flu g budy dh. Rhum vy bfl f h gh f N-bd ully. hf B d R w ddd -Al 12 :C 6 :N 5 vu mu. Cm 1200 C vld h m B dd bh gh d duly dbly (Fgu 15). Add f 0.3.% B gh wh 2.% R fuh d gh (Fgu 15b). C ud h Uvy f h Wwd Alhugh g f lum-bd lly f h gl duy wll dumd70, wk hd b md h u lly. h hgh mu bhvu f Mk -bd ully w udd by fmg ubl 71. h w dud 950 C h k. h mu w ld bu wh h mu g whh h m ffv h ml md fv -bd ully d w bhmk lly. h l w w gl-yl CMSX-4 kl-bd ully (NBSA) f m N- C 5.7 :C 11 :M 0.42 :W 5.2 : 5.6 :Al 5.2 : 0.74 w%. A h lum lumd g [ 2 Al 67 Al 33 (.%)] f xmly 1.25 μm hk w dd f h bhmk lly, whl h h w ud. Sml w vd lyl hydu N 2 SO 4 l, whh d h v lly d 20 ml hgh lum ubl h w ld d fu wh dy vm. h w fmd f 540 hu, wh l 60 yl f 1 hu f hg d 20 mu f lg m mu, fllwd by ubqu lg yl f 72 hu f hg. Sml (whd f f l du) w wghd h d f vy yl d fh l w vdd f vy yl71. h mhlgy d h -l ly f h dd lly w hzd by SEM wh EDS, XRD, d Rm y bg ud fm h h. h m g f h ml fm h ubl f bg mmd N 2 SO C f 168 hu gv Fgu 15. Af dy 3, h h ud CMSX-4 m w dud. I b h h w vy ll hg m f h -bd lly, ul f h fm f h v l. I h f h ud NBSA, l m g w ul f h fm f xd, d fuh d h fm f uv xd uld h, whh ld hg m71. h w dud h ud ml dgdd. XRD ly f h du hwd mxu f mud bd mly dum, d kl. Cvly, f h bd ully, XRD hwd h h uf w mly lum, whh h xd g h fm ully. h w gd d h h -bd ub w ug h lum ly wll. h mhlg f h -bd lly w muh b h h f CMSX :Al 10 :C 4 hd h b, d 84 :Al 11 :C 3 : Ru 2 d 86 :Al 10 :Ru 4 w lghly d, wh h l hwg m. 79 :Al 15 :C 6 d gd l, wh l h l. Hwv, mu b lzd h h mll u, d glgbl wh md wh h dmg h NBSA. Wh h kd y, hg uld b h -bd lly. h d hw Fgu C mhlg w udd SEM d bh d d ud CSMX-4 ml uffd g k h h -bd ully, fmg v u l71. h dd mhlg f 73 :Al 15 :C 12 d 79 :Al 15 :C 6 hwd dgd l ly, dg h h l w v h vm. h l mhlg f 86 :Al 10 :C 4, Cm (%) Cm (%) () m (h) (b) m (h) Fgu 15 Cm uv f u d m llyd -Al12C6N5. ) u lly md lly m llyd wh 0.3 d 0.7.% B 1200 C. b) Ally m llyd wh 0.3, 0.7.% B d wh bh 2.% R d 0.7.% B 1300 C 708 NOVEMBER 2007 VOLUME 107 REFEREED AER h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy

13 SAIMM_Nv_15-30:ml Jul 11/19/07 1:33 M g 709 Ovvw f h dvlm f w -bd lly Fgu 16 Cm f m l f h ubl 950ºC. Ky: RS1= 86:Al10:C4; RS2 = 86:Al10:Ru4; RS3 = 84:Al11:C3:Ru2; 420 = 79:Al15:C6 d 421 = 73:Al15:C12 86 :Al 10 :Ru 4 d 84 :Al 11 :C 3 :Ru 2 w lghly ml. hy w m u d ml, lhugh ly u, d gv m g h h h -bd ully wh bl71. SEM mgh f h - f ml vld h h w vy h xd flm h uf f lly 86 :Al 10 :C 4, 86 :Al 10 :Ru 4 d 84 :Al 11 :C 3 :Ru 2, whh w vbl ug l my71. Alhugh h l dd g hgh mu, h u uu dd llw m l k, bvd dh f ~15μm bh h l71. Clu A Mk, h l h wk h gl -bd lly f hgh mu l ggv vm h gd wll, d m w llyg dd hv b md, f xml N, C d d. Oly h C dd w bfl. h f l f h lly wldwd hv b d mb mu. h ul w vy ugg bu hy w mbl h f h hgh mu lly. EM wk h hw hw h muu f h lly hg hgh mu, d lhugh ugg, h ul ugg h fuh dd blz h mll wuld b bfl bv 1300 C, bu hg h muu w bvd h mu. Wk h Fhhhhul J d h Uvy f Byuh d fm mg -Al-C lly, d vgd h flu f dd f fuh lm mhl gh d muu. Nb, d d gh wh ddd l ubu f Al, lhugh h w hgh ubly l xd. Af gg, fly dd h mx w bvd. M dd f B gly d d uu m, du ghg f h g bud. Rhum w fud lw dw gwh d gh fuh. C wk h Uvy f h Wwd dmd h h fm f h l h uf f h h lly mk h -bd ully m, lhugh fluxg f h l dd hgh mu. h -Al lly wh C d/ Ru hd h b, f ufmg bh h d d ud CMSX-4 NBSA; whh vy ugg f h dvlm f -bd lly f l g ub g. h -bd ully wh C fmd muh b h bh NBSA, bu w l bl h lly wh C d Ru, wg h fm f C xd, whh m vll. Akwldgm Bd Jj hkd f h SEM wk d Ch Flh hkd f udkg l. Fl fm h Suh Af Dm f S d hlgy (DS), h lum Dvlm Iv (DI: Agll, Iml d Lm), NRF/DS C f Exll f Sg Ml, Gm S Fud (DFG) d J Sy f h m f S (JSS) gfully kwldgd. h ublhd wh m f Mk. Rf 1. FISCHER, B. Nw lum Ml f Hgh mu Al. Advd Egg Ml, vl. 3,. 10, WHALEN, M.V. lum Ml Rvw, S S Rj, vl. 32, 1988,. 1, LUON, D.F. Nbl d Rfy Ml f Hgh mu S Al. Advd Ml, 1990, FISCHER, B., FREUND, D. d LUON, D.F. S-Ruu Sgh d C Bhvu f lum Ally. dg 21 Il u Ml Iu, S F, USA, 1997, FISCHER, B., BEHRENDS, A., FREUND, D., LUON, D.F. d MERKER, J. D Hdd lum Ml f xm Cd. dg h Ml, Ml & Ml Sy, S Dg, USA, 1999, h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 107 REFEREED AER NOVEMBER

14 SAIMM_Nv_15-30:ml Jul 11/19/07 1:33 M g 710 Ovvw f h dvlm f w -bd lly 6. Völkl, R., FREUND, D., FISCHER, B. d GOHLKE, D. Cm f h d fu bhvu f -hdd d xd d hdd lum b lly mu bw 1200 C d 1700 C. dg 8h Il Cf C d Fu f Egg Ml d Suu, vl , 1999, f , (1973), Jh Mhy, GB. 8. f WO 81 / 00977, (1981), Ow-Cg Fbgl C USA. 9. f DE A1, (1982), Dgu AG, Gmy. 10. f DE C2, (1988), Jh Mhy, GB. 11. f DE C1, (1995), SCHO GLAS, Gmy. 12. MERKER, J., FISCHER, B., Völkl, R. d LUON, D.F. Ivg f Nw Oxd D Hdd lum Ml Lby d Idul Al. Ml S Fum, vl , 2003, VORBERG, S., WENDEROH, M., GLAZEL, U., FISCHER, B. d VÖLKL R. -Al- C-N Sully: H m d Muu, Jul f Ml. Ml & Ml Sy, vl. 56, 2004,. 9, VORBERG, S., WENDEROH, M., GLAZEL, U., FISCHER, B. d VÖLKL R. A EM Ivg f h / ' h Budy -Bd Sully. Jul f Ml, Ml & Ml Sy, vl. 57, 2005,. 3, HÜLLER, M., WENDEROH, M., VORBERG, S., FISCHER, B., GLAZEL, U. d VÖLKL, R. Omz f Cm d H m f Ag- Hdd -Al-C-N Ally. Mllugl d Ml A. vl. 36, 2005, WENDEROH, M., CORNISH, L.A., SÜSS, R., VORBERG, S., FISCHER, B., GLAZEL, U. d VÖLKL, R. O h Dvlm d Ivg f Quy - Bd Sully wh N Add. Mllugl d Ml, A, vl. 36, 2005, VÖLKL, R., YAMABE-MIARAI, Y., HUANG, C d HARADA, H. Sblzg h L1 2 uu f 3 Al() h -Al-S ym. Mllugl d Ml A, vl. 36, 2005, WENDEROH, M., VÖLKL, R., YOKOKAWA,., YAMABE-MIARAI, Y. d HARADA, H. Hgh mu gh f -b ully wh dff ' vlum f. S Ml, vl. 54, 2006, WOLFF, I.M. d HILL,.J. lum ml-bd mll f hgh mu v, l. Ml Rv., vl. 44, HILL,.J., ADAMS, N., BIGGS,., ELLIS,., HOHLS,., AYLOR, S.S., d WOLFF, I.M. lum lly bd 3Al f ul-hgh mu u, M. S. Eg. A, vl , HILL,.J., BIGGS,., ELLIS,., HOHLS,., AYLOR, S.S., d WOLFF, I.M. A m f y -ghd lly f ulhgh mu l, M. S. Eg. A, vl. 301A, MCALISER, A.J. d KAHAN, D.J. h Al- (Alumum-lum) Sym, Bull f Ally h Dgm, 1986, vl. 7, OYA, Y., MISHIMA, U., d SUZUKI,. L1 2 D0 M fm 3 Al d 3 G, Z. Mllkd, 1987, vl. 78,. 7, SIMS, C.., SOLOFF, N.S. d HAGEL W.C. Sully II, Wly I, USA, OE, D.. d EZZ, S.S., Mhl f N 3 Al d kl-b lly wh hgh vlum f f, I. M. Rv., vl. 29, 1984, YAMABE-MIARAI, Y., KOIZUMI, Y., MURAKAMI, R, Y., MARUKO,., d HARADA, H., Dvlm f I-b fy ully, S Ml, 1996, vl. 35,. 2, YAMABE-MIARAI, Y., KOIZUMI, Y., MURAKAMI, R, Y., MARUKO,., d HARADA, H., Rh-b fy ully f ul-hgh mu u, S Ml, 1997, vl. 36,.. 4, CORNISH, L.A., FISCHER, B., d VÖLKL, Dvlm f lum-guml f hgh mu u, Ulhgh-mu Ml f J Eg, MRS Bull, 2004, vl. 28,. 9, ZHAO, J.-C., d WESBROOK, J.H. Ul hgh mu ml f j g, MRS Bull, 2003, vl. 28,. 9, CORNISH, L.A., SÜSS, R., CHOWN, L.H., AYLOR, S., GLANER, L., DOUGLAS, A. d RINS, S.N. lum-bd lly f hgh mu d l l, Il lum Cf lum Addg Vlu, Su Cy, Suh Af, 3 7 Ob 2004, Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy Symum S S38, HILL,.J., CORNISH, L.A., d WICOMB, M.J. h xd bhvu f - Al-X lly mu bw 1473 d 1623 K. Hgh mu C d 2000, S, J, HILL,.J., YAMABE-MIARAI, Y., MURAKAMI, H., CORNISH, L.A., WICOMB, M.J., WOLFF, I.M., d HARADA, H. h mhlgy d l mmh f y ()/ 3 Al lly. Suul Imll Hmk, K.J. (d.) MS, WESBROOK, J.H. f N 3 Al fm kl ld lu gddlly dd ub, Z. Kllg., vl. 110, 1958, DOUGLAS, A., NEEHLING, J.H, SANAMARA, R., SCHRYVERS D. d CORNISH, L.A. Uxd dg bhvu f 3 Al mll, J. Ally d Cmud,, vl. 432, 2007, ORER, D.A. d EASERLING, K.E., h fm Ml d Ally, V Nd Rhld Cmy, Nw Yk, SIMS, C.., SOLOF, N.S., d HAGEL, W.C., Sully II: Hgh mu Ml f A d Idul w, Jh Wly d S, Nw Yk, SÜSS, R., HILL,.J., ELLIS,., d WOLFF I.M. h xd f b / lgu N-b ully,. 7h Eu Cf Advd Ml d, Rm, Ily, WOOD, G.C., d SO, F.H. Oxd f lly. M. S. hl., vl. 3, SÜSS, R., HILL,.J., ELLIS,. d CORNISH, L.A. h xd f -B ully 80 :Al 14 :C 3 :Ru 3 md h f 86 :Al 10 :C 4. M. S. uh. Af., Jhbug, vl. 31, SÜSS, R., FREUND, D., VÖLKL, R., FISCHER, B., HILL,.J., ELLIS,., d WOLFF, I.M. h f -b / lgu N-b ully. M. S. Eg. A, vl. 338, CORNISH, L.A., SÜSS, R., CHOWN, L.H., DOUGLAS, A,. MAEMA, M., GLANER, L. d WILLIAMS, G., Nw -bd lly f hgh mu l 710 NOVEMBER 2007 VOLUME 107 REFEREED AER h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy

15 SAIMM_Nv_15-30:ml Jul 11/19/07 1:33 M g 711 Ovvw f h dvlm f w -bd lly ggv vm: h x g, Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy f lum Sug Ahd, Symum S45, Su Cy, 8 12 Ob SÜSS, R., CORNISH, L.A., CHOWN, L.H., d GLANER, L. l f -bd Sully, d Byd N-bd Sully, MS d Aul Mg d Exhb, 269, Chl, Nh Cl, USA, Mh (Ab) 42. CHOWN, L.H., CORNISH, L.A. d JOJA, B. Suu d f -Al- C lly,. M. S. uh. Af.,, vl. 34, Jh-Mhy I URL: h:// GLANER, L., CORNISH, L.A. d JOJA, B. Ivg f h N--Ru h dgm,. M. S. uh. Af.,, vl. 34, D-ghd hgh-mu ml, Bhu, l. 61. AHER, R., MIEN, W.A., HOLDWAY,., UBHI, H.S., d WISBEY, W.A. Eff 44. NZULA, M. d CORNISH, L.A. Sldf d hd ud ld C-N- lly,. M. S. uh. Af., mzbug, vl. 35,. 8. f Hgh mu Evm Hgh Sgh um Alumd Ally,. Advd Ml d f G ub, MS, 2003, SÜSS, R., CORNISH, L.A. d WICOMBE, M.J. Ivg f - lly h -C-Ru ym, J. Ally d Cmud, 2006, vl. 416 (. 1 2), MACLACHLAN D.W. d KNOWLES, D.M. Mdllg d d f h uu bhvu f gl yl ully, M. S. d Eg. A, 2001, vl. 302, SÜSS, R., CORNISH, L.A. d WICOMBE, M.J. Ivg f hml 1000 C d 600 C h -C-Ru ym, ubmd J. Ally d Cmud. 63. VÖLKL, R., WENDEROH, M., REUSSNER, J., VORBERG, S., FISCHER, B., d GLAZEL, U. A vw h g wd -b ully f ul hgh mu l, Suh Af Iu f Mg d 47. BIGGS,., CORIE, M.B., WICOMBE, M.J. d CORNISH, L.A., lum Ally f Sh Mmy Al, l. M. Rv., vl. 47,. 4, 2003, Mllugy f lum Sug Ahd, Symum S45, Su Cy, 8 12 Ob ZHAO, J.-C., LACKSON, M.R., ELUSO, L.A., d BREWER, L., N. A Dffu 48. DOUGLAS, A., NEEHLING. J.H. d CORNISH, L.A., Dl dbu -bd lgu f N-Bd ully,. M. S. Suh. Af.,, vl. 34,. 12. Mull Ah f h Ald Dg f Suul Ml, MRS Bull VORBERG, S., hd h, Uvä Byuh, KERAAN,. d LANG, C.I. Hgh mu Ivg lumb Sully,. M. S. Suh. Af., C w, 2003, vl. 32, VÖLKL, R. d FISCHER, B. Mhl g f Ul-Hgh mu Ally. Exml Mh, vl. 44, 2004,. 2, KERAAN,. d LANG, C.I. Hgh mu Mhl d Bhvu f lumb Sully f Ul- hgh mu u, Af Ml Rh Sy Cf, Jhbug, 2003, ASM Sdd, Sdd Mhd f g f Mll Ml, Dg E8-93, 1993, ASM, LUCAS, G.E., ODEE, G.R., SOKOLOV, M., SÄIG,., YAMAMOO,., d JUNG,. R g mll m hlgy, J.Nul. M., 2002, vl , ANAYOOU, N.F. h u f mhd dm h ghg d muul l f 14 MV u dd ml, J. Nul. M., 1982, vl. 108 d 109, KOHYAMA, A., ASANO, K. d IGAA, N., Iflu f d ml : 15h Il ymum ( II), ASM-S 956, 1987, KOHNO, Y., KOHYAMA, A., HAMILON, M.L., HIROSI.., KAOH, Y. d GARNER, F.A. Sm z ff h l f JCA d JFMS, J. Nul. M., 2000, vl , SÜSS, R., DOUGLAS, A., CORNISH, L.A., d JOJA, B. A El M Ivg f l Sml f -Bd Sully,. M. S. uh. Af.,, 2004, vl. 34, SÜSS, R., CHOWN, L.H., DOUGLAS, A., d CORNISH, L.A. Exml d hm-clm wk h dvlm f -bd ully, uublhd h, Mk, Rdbug, Suh Af, Ob VORBERG, S., FISCHER, B., LUON, D., WENDEROH, M., GLAZEL, U., d VÖLKL, R. Ovvw f h hgh-mu mhl f lly, Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy f lum Sug Ahd, Symum S45, Su Cy, 8 12 Ob WEERMAN, J.. AIME, vl. 216, 1969,. 207 (d by EVANS, R.W. d WILSHIRE, B., Idu C, Iu f Ml, 1993). 69. WEERMAN, J.. A Mll., vl. 25, 1977, (d by EVANS, R.W. d WILSHIRE, B., Idu C, Iu f Ml, 1993). 70. FISCHER, B. Rdu f lum C Ml Gl, l. M. Rv., 1992, vl. 36,. 1, MALEDI, N.B., OGIEER, J.H., SEHON, M., CORNISH, L. A,. CHOWN, L., d SÜSS, R. H, C Bhvu f -lly f Al h Nx G f G ub, Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy SAIMM f lum Sug Ahd, Symum S45, Su Cy, 8 12 Ob ELLIO,., l Gud Hgh mu Ally. Nkl Dvlm Iu RAKASH, G.S. d SINGH, S. Eff f MgO d CO h f F b ully uf 800H N 2 SO 4-60%V 2 O 5 vm, Bh C Jul, 2002, vl. 37,. 1, YOSHIBA, M. Eff f h h mhl fm f ully d g ym, C S, vl. 35, h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 107 REFEREED AER NOVEMBER