Numerical Modelling in Geosciences. Lecture 1 Introduction and basic mathematics for PDEs
|
|
- Byron Miles
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Numerical Modelling in Geosciences Lecture 1 Introduction and basic mathematics for PDEs
2 Useful information Slides and exercises: download at my homepage: Textbooks: Gerya, T. Introduction to numerical geodynamic modelling. Cambridge University Press, 345 pp. (2010). Turcotte, D.L., Schubert, G. Geodynamics. Cambridge University Press, 456 pp., 2 nd edition (2002). Any trouble?: just ask + Thursday 11:00-13:00 (???) Final exam: oral discussion about: the physics behind geological/geodynamical processes. used numerical techniques. the thermo-mechanical code the student will program through the course.
3 Why numerical modelling in geosciences? 1. Most of the geological processes occur at timescales and depths such that they cannot be observed directly. Max. human timescale Accessible by drilling (max 10 km) Unaccessible
4 Why numerical modelling in geosciences? 2. Direct measurements of, for example, stress, deformation (strain rate), composition, temperature, pressure, etc., are limited to few rock samples. With numerical models we can know their distribution everywhere in our computational domain.
5 Why numerical modelling in geosciences? 3. Numerical modelling is an indispensable tool to understand the evolution of complex geological systems together with laboratory experiments (input) and field and geophysical observations (output). Field and geophysical data Analogue/numerical modeling Understanding geological processes Lab. analysis/experiments and theory
6 What is numerical modelling in geosciences? Fundamental PDEs in this course Discretization: FD,FE,FV Eulerian+Lagrangian meshes v = 0 Conservation of mass for incompressible media σ # P = ρg Conservation of momentum for slowly flowing continuous media ρc P DT Dt = q + H Conservation of energy To close the system we need rock physical properties from lab. experiments: density thermal conductivity, expansivity heat capacity rock mechanical properties melting/metamorphic reactions
7 2D mechanical models Boudinage Buckling/folding
8 3D petrological-thermomechanical models 3D subduction + patterns of deformation
9 Visualization is important! Sibylla von Cleve als Braut, Lukas Cranach d. Ä. ( ) Noble dame, 1959 Succession Picasso / VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 20
10 6.00E E E E E E E E E E+03Numerical 9.00E E+00 modeling 1.10E-09without -1.49E-09 visualization E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+03
11 Numerical modeling with visualization 400 o C 800 o C 1200 o C Temperature Viscosity 200 o C 400 o C 600 o C 800 o C 1000 o C 1200 o C Bulk Strain
12 Computational resources 1D/2D models: computation and visualization can be mostly done on local machines with moderate to high RAM and 1 to 8 CPUs (depending on the numerical resolution = problem size)( ) 3D models: computation on supercomputing clusters (e.g., PLX, EURORA and FERMI at CINECA, Italy) with 100s to s CPUs. If many users, problems may arise due to long queuing times. alternatively, with about it is possible to buy medium size clusters (e.g., CPUs) that could serve the whole department. visualization requires powerful GPUs ( ) and can be done on local machines or remotely using cluster s GPUs. Workstation FERMI at CINECA, Bologna, Italy Programming languages: C/C++, Fortran, MatLab ( à Octave for free!) Visualization softwares: MatLab, Paraview, Amira, etc. This is not a coffee vending machine!
13 end of the introduction and now action
14 Mathematics First of all: it is simple!!! First and second order derivatives. (Very short) review of the mathematical background needed in this course to handle partial differential equations (PDE): differential equations in which an unknown function is a function of multiple (rather than single) independent variables (space coordinates and time). Example: 3D Heat diffusion equation à T t = k " T 2 x + T 2 2 y + T % $ 2 ' # 2 z 2 In this course we will use the finite difference method to operate differentiation and numerically solve for PDEs
15 Finite difference method First derivative of function f(x) (1D case): Example: ( ) f!( x) = f x x lim Δx 0 ( ) f ( x) (x + Δx) ( x) f x + Δx T x ΔT Δx = T T 2 1 x 2 x 1 Analytical vs Numerical T 1 " $ # T x % ' x 1 x 2 T 2 x Δx The same is valid for first derivative in time: T t ΔT Δt = T t+δt T t Δt
16 PDEs in this course and field variables Continuum mechanics PDEs v = 0 Conservation of mass for incompressible media σ # P = ρg Conservation of momentum for slowly flowing continuous media ρc P DT Dt = q + H Conservation of energy The unknown function upon which differentiation is operated describes a given field variable. Field variables describe the physical properties of the medium. Input field variables: viscosity, density, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, initial temperature field, etc. Output field variables: velocity, temperature, pressure, stress, strain rate There are 3 major types of field variables: Scalars Vectors Tensors
17 Scalar It is a number indicating the magnitude of a physical quantity, independent of the coordinate system (invariant) à pressure (P), temperature (T), density (ρ) and many other rock physical properties Gradient (gives a vector): # = x ; y ; % ( $ z' where del= is a vector differential operator Laplacian (gives a scalar): # grad(t ) = T = T x ; T y ; T % ( $ z ' T ΔT = T = 2 T = 2 x + T 2 2 y + T 2 2 z 2 % Δ = = 2 = 2 x y + ( ' 2 * 2 z 2 ) where is the Laplace operator
18 Vector It has a magnitude (length) and direction, the physical quantity is split into its components à velocity ( ), heat flux ( ), gravity ( ) Magnitude (invariant): (or Euclidean norm) Divergence (gives a scalar, invariant): where: Divergence of a vector represents the extent to which there is incoming or outgoing flux of a given physical quantity: div(v) < 0 : sink div(v) = 0 : neutral div(v) > 0 : source v $ = x + y + ' ) % z( q v = v x2 + v y2 + v z 2 g v i =! # # # " v x v y v z $ % div( v) = v = v x x + v y y + v z z
19 Vector Gradient of a vector (gives a matrix, called Jacobian): v = v i j = # % % % % % % % $ v x x v y x v z x v x y v y y v z y v x z v y z v z z ( ( ( ( ( ( ( '
20 Vector Curl (gives a vector): its magnitude expresses the amount of rotation, while its direction is normal to the plane of rotation (using the right-hand rule). curl( v) = v = 0 z z y y 0 x 0 x % ' ' ' v x v y v z ( * + * = v z * y v y -, z ) v x / z v z -, x v y / x v x -, y. 0 / Vorticity: ω = 1 2 v Product rule (Leibniz s law): Example: divergence of mass flux à Chain rule: a x = a b b x ( a b) " = a" b + b" a a or t = a x ( ) = ( ρv ) = ρ v + v ρ div ρv x t + a y y t
21 Tensor σ Stress ( ), strain ( ), strain rate ( ) ε Invariants (quantities independent of the coordinate system): - First invariant à trace:! σ xx σ xy σ xz $ # σ ij = # σ yx σ yy σ yz # " σ zx σ zy σ zz % - Second invariant à magnitude: - Third invariant à determinant ε tr( σ ) ij = ( σ xx +σ yy +σ ) zz σ = 1 σ 2 ij2 = 1 σ 2 ( 2 xx +σ 2 xy +σ 2 xz +σ 2 yx +σ 2 yy +σ 2 yz +σ 2 zx +σ 2 2 zy +σ ) zz
22 Tensor Divergence (gives a vector): σ ij = σ ij j $ = % x + σ xy y + σ ' xz ) z ) x + σ yy y + σ ) yz ) z ) x + σ zy y + σ ) zz ) z ( σ xx σ yx σ zx
23 Exercise Write the following equations using partial derivatives in 2D: v = 0 Conservation of mass for incompressible media σ # P = ρg Conservation of momentum for slowly flowing continuous media ρc P DT Dt = q + H # grad( f ) = f = f x ; f y ; f % ( $ z ' div( f ) = f = f x x + f y y + f z z Conservation of energy f ij = f ij j = $ % f xx x + f xy y + f xz z f yx x + f yy y + f yz z f zx x + f zy y + f zz z ' ) ) ) ) ) ) ) (
24 Few other rules Product rule (Leibniz s law): ( f (x) g(x) ) " = f (x)" g(x)+ g(x )" f (x) Example: divergence of mass flux à div( ρv ) = ( ρv ) = ρ v + v ρ Chain rule: df (x) dt = f (x) x dx dt or df (x, y) dt = f (x, y) x dx dt + f (x, y) y dy dt Example: dρ(t, P) dt = ρ dt T dt + ρ P dp dt
25 Numerical Modelling in Geosciences Practice 1 ok, now real action!
26 Useful information Programming language software: MatLab (any version) If not available, use Octave: open source, reads MatLab scripts and uses the same programming language and API (application programming interface). Download Octave at: Download the graphical unit interface GUIOctave at: For problems related to the installation of Octave softwares, ask (only if indispensable!) to PhD candidate Luca Penasa. Access to PCs in this room: Username: faccenda Password: faccenda2013
27 What MatLab is? MATLAB is a high-level language and interactive environment for numerical computation, visualization, and programming. Using MATLAB, you can analyze data, develop algorithms, and create models and applications. It a very useful tool for beginners because many algorithms are already built in, and we can readily analyze and visualize model results. Let s check how the graphical interface is organized
28 Practice with MatLab Exercise by: using help function and manual open a script file, how to run it and debug it. comment and semicolon defining scalar, vector, matrix and perform operations with them (e.g., a+b, a- b, a*b and a.*b, a/b, a\b) (see next slide) exercise with functions exp, log, sin, sind, asin, asind, cos, tg, ctg. produce and plot 1D data (Practice 1) initialize empty arrays and matrices (i.e., a=zeros(2,1,'int8')) programming loops (for,while,end) and conditions (if,else,elseif,end, logical (~,, ) and relational (<,>,==,>=,<=,~=) operators) (Practice 1) produce and plot 2D data (Practice 1b) open,close files (fopen,fclose) (Practice 1b) save,load data in different formats (save, load, fprintf, fread, fwrite, fscanf, hdf5write, hdf5read) (Practice 1b)
29 See also:
30 Practice with MatLab Exercise by: using help function and manual open a script file, how to run it and debug it. comment and semicolon defining scalar, vector, matrix and perform operations with them (e.g., a+b, a- b, a*b and a.*b, a/b, a\b) exercise with functions exp, log, sin, sind, asin, asind, cos, tg, ctg. produce and plot 1D data (Practice 1) initialize empty arrays and matrices (i.e., a=zeros(2,1,'int8')) (see next slide) programming loops (for,while,end) and conditions (if,else,elseif,end, logical (~,, ) and relational (<,>,==,>=,<=,~=) operators) (Practice 1) produce and plot 2D data (Practice 1b) open,close files (fopen,fclose) (Practice 1b) save,load data in different formats (save, load, fprintf, fread, fwrite, fscanf, hdf5write, hdf5read) (Practice 1b)
31 Types of variables in MatLab and their storage Field type Precision Bytes Specifier in MatLab Numeric range Unsigned integers uint8 1 %u uint16 2 %u uint32 4 %u uint64 8 %lu Signed integers int8 1 %d int16 2 %d int32 4 %d int64 8 %ld Floating-point single 4 %f,%e,%g double 8 %f,%e,%g byte = 8 bits = 221 Character string char depends on the length of the string %s,%c - By default MatLab assignes to any number a double precision, i.e., maximum storage capacity. If you want to reduce the storage, you need to specify the variable precision.
32 Practice with MatLab Exercise by: using help function and manual open a script file, how to run it and debug it. comment and semicolon defining scalar, vector, matrix and perform operations with them (e.g., a+b, a- b, a*b and a.*b, a/b, a\b) exercise with functions exp, log, sin, sind, asin, asind, cos, tg, ctg. produce and plot 1D data (Practice 1) initialize empty arrays and matrices (i.e., a=zeros(2,1,'int8')) programming loops (for,while,end) and conditions (if,else,elseif,end, logical (~,, ) and relational (<,>,==,>=,<=,~=) operators) (Practice 1) produce and plot 2D data (Practice 1b) open,close files (fopen,fclose) (Practice 1b) save,load data in different formats (save, load, fprintf, fread, fwrite, fscanf, hdf5write, hdf5read) (Practice 1b)
33 Numerical Modelling in Geosciences Practice 1b
34 Call external function In a given m-script we call an external function (i.e., here we name it test_function) In a different m-script named as the external function we can perform any operation,
35 Homework To get motivated, read the Introduction chapter of textbook: Gerya, T. Introduction to numerical geodynamic modelling. Cambridge University Press, 345 pp. (2010) Exercise with MatLab/Octave functions we have seen today Study files Practice1.m and Practice1b.m
Getting started: CFD notation
PDE of p-th order Getting started: CFD notation f ( u,x, t, u x 1,..., u x n, u, 2 u x 1 x 2,..., p u p ) = 0 scalar unknowns u = u(x, t), x R n, t R, n = 1,2,3 vector unknowns v = v(x, t), v R m, m =
More informationNumerical Modelling in Geosciences. Lecture 6 Deformation
Numerical Modelling in Geosciences Lecture 6 Deformation Tensor Second-rank tensor stress ), strain ), strain rate ) Invariants quantities independent of the coordinate system): - First invariant trace:!!
More informationChapter 5. The Differential Forms of the Fundamental Laws
Chapter 5 The Differential Forms of the Fundamental Laws 1 5.1 Introduction Two primary methods in deriving the differential forms of fundamental laws: Gauss s Theorem: Allows area integrals of the equations
More informationContinuum mechanism: Stress and strain
Continuum mechanics deals with the relation between forces (stress, σ) and deformation (strain, ε), or deformation rate (strain rate, ε). Solid materials, rigid, usually deform elastically, that is the
More informationMultiple Integrals and Vector Calculus (Oxford Physics) Synopsis and Problem Sets; Hilary 2015
Multiple Integrals and Vector Calculus (Oxford Physics) Ramin Golestanian Synopsis and Problem Sets; Hilary 215 The outline of the material, which will be covered in 14 lectures, is as follows: 1. Introduction
More informationEKC314: TRANSPORT PHENOMENA Core Course for B.Eng.(Chemical Engineering) Semester II (2008/2009)
EKC314: TRANSPORT PHENOMENA Core Course for B.Eng.(Chemical Engineering) Semester II (2008/2009) Dr. Mohamad Hekarl Uzir-chhekarl@eng.usm.my School of Chemical Engineering Engineering Campus, Universiti
More informationChapter 1. Continuum mechanics review. 1.1 Definitions and nomenclature
Chapter 1 Continuum mechanics review We will assume some familiarity with continuum mechanics as discussed in the context of an introductory geodynamics course; a good reference for such problems is Turcotte
More informationA Study on Numerical Solution to the Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equation
A Study on Numerical Solution to the Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equation Zipeng Zhao May 2014 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation One of the most important applications of finite differences lies in the field
More informationIn this section, mathematical description of the motion of fluid elements moving in a flow field is
Jun. 05, 015 Chapter 6. Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow 6.1 Fluid Element Kinematics In this section, mathematical description of the motion of fluid elements moving in a flow field is given. A small
More informationMultiple Integrals and Vector Calculus: Synopsis
Multiple Integrals and Vector Calculus: Synopsis Hilary Term 28: 14 lectures. Steve Rawlings. 1. Vectors - recap of basic principles. Things which are (and are not) vectors. Differentiation and integration
More information12. Stresses and Strains
12. Stresses and Strains Finite Element Method Differential Equation Weak Formulation Approximating Functions Weighted Residuals FEM - Formulation Classification of Problems Scalar Vector 1-D T(x) u(x)
More informationIntroduction to PDEs and Numerical Methods Lecture 1: Introduction
Platzhalter für Bild, Bild auf Titelfolie hinter das Logo einsetzen Introduction to PDEs and Numerical Methods Lecture 1: Introduction Dr. Noemi Friedman, 28.10.2015. Basic information on the course Course
More informationDynamics of Glaciers
Dynamics of Glaciers McCarthy Summer School 01 Andy Aschwanden Arctic Region Supercomputing Center University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA June 01 Note: This script is largely based on the Physics of Glaciers
More informationFMIA. Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications 113 Series Editor: A. Thess. Moukalled Mangani Darwish. F. Moukalled L. Mangani M.
FMIA F. Moukalled L. Mangani M. Darwish An Advanced Introduction with OpenFOAM and Matlab This textbook explores both the theoretical foundation of the Finite Volume Method (FVM) and its applications in
More informationLagrange Multipliers
Optimization with Constraints As long as algebra and geometry have been separated, their progress have been slow and their uses limited; but when these two sciences have been united, they have lent each
More informationNumerical Heat and Mass Transfer
Master Degree in Mechanical Engineering Numerical Heat and Mass Transfer 15-Convective Heat Transfer Fausto Arpino f.arpino@unicas.it Introduction In conduction problems the convection entered the analysis
More informationPEAT SEISMOLOGY Lecture 2: Continuum mechanics
PEAT8002 - SEISMOLOGY Lecture 2: Continuum mechanics Nick Rawlinson Research School of Earth Sciences Australian National University Strain Strain is the formal description of the change in shape of a
More informationUniformity of the Universe
Outline Universe is homogenous and isotropic Spacetime metrics Friedmann-Walker-Robertson metric Number of numbers needed to specify a physical quantity. Energy-momentum tensor Energy-momentum tensor of
More informationChapter 9: Differential Analysis
9-1 Introduction 9-2 Conservation of Mass 9-3 The Stream Function 9-4 Conservation of Linear Momentum 9-5 Navier Stokes Equation 9-6 Differential Analysis Problems Recall 9-1 Introduction (1) Chap 5: Control
More informationRock Rheology GEOL 5700 Physics and Chemistry of the Solid Earth
Rock Rheology GEOL 5700 Physics and Chemistry of the Solid Earth References: Turcotte and Schubert, Geodynamics, Sections 2.1,-2.4, 2.7, 3.1-3.8, 6.1, 6.2, 6.8, 7.1-7.4. Jaeger and Cook, Fundamentals of
More informationAE/ME 339. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) K. M. Isaac. Momentum equation. Computational Fluid Dynamics (AE/ME 339) MAEEM Dept.
AE/ME 339 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 9//005 Topic7_NS_ F0 1 Momentum equation 9//005 Topic7_NS_ F0 1 Consider the moving fluid element model shown in Figure.b Basis is Newton s nd Law which says
More informationChapter 9: Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow
of Fluid Flow Objectives 1. Understand how the differential equations of mass and momentum conservation are derived. 2. Calculate the stream function and pressure field, and plot streamlines for a known
More informationMath background. Physics. Simulation. Related phenomena. Frontiers in graphics. Rigid fluids
Fluid dynamics Math background Physics Simulation Related phenomena Frontiers in graphics Rigid fluids Fields Domain Ω R2 Scalar field f :Ω R Vector field f : Ω R2 Types of derivatives Derivatives measure
More information? D. 3 x 2 2 y. D Pi r ^ 2 h, r. 4 y. D 3 x ^ 3 2 y ^ 2, y, y. D 4 x 3 y 2 z ^5, z, 2, y, x. This means take partial z first then partial x
PartialsandVectorCalclulus.nb? D D f, x gives the partial derivative f x. D f, x, n gives the multiple derivative n f x n. D f, x, y, differentiates f successively with respect to x, y,. D f, x, x 2, for
More informationChain Rule. MATH 311, Calculus III. J. Robert Buchanan. Spring Department of Mathematics
3.33pt Chain Rule MATH 311, Calculus III J. Robert Buchanan Department of Mathematics Spring 2019 Single Variable Chain Rule Suppose y = g(x) and z = f (y) then dz dx = d (f (g(x))) dx = f (g(x))g (x)
More information2.20 Fall 2018 Math Review
2.20 Fall 2018 Math Review September 10, 2018 These notes are to help you through the math used in this class. This is just a refresher, so if you never learned one of these topics you should look more
More informationNumerical Implementation of Transformation Optics
ECE 5322 21 st Century Electromagnetics Instructor: Office: Phone: E Mail: Dr. Raymond C. Rumpf A 337 (915) 747 6958 rcrumpf@utep.edu Lecture #16b Numerical Implementation of Transformation Optics Lecture
More informationM E 320 Professor John M. Cimbala Lecture 10
M E 320 Professor John M. Cimbala Lecture 10 Today, we will: Finish our example problem rates of motion and deformation of fluid particles Discuss the Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT) Show how the RTT
More informationSections minutes. 5 to 10 problems, similar to homework problems. No calculators, no notes, no books, no phones. No green book needed.
MTH 34 Review for Exam 4 ections 16.1-16.8. 5 minutes. 5 to 1 problems, similar to homework problems. No calculators, no notes, no books, no phones. No green book needed. Review for Exam 4 (16.1) Line
More informationMATH 19520/51 Class 5
MATH 19520/51 Class 5 Minh-Tam Trinh University of Chicago 2017-10-04 1 Definition of partial derivatives. 2 Geometry of partial derivatives. 3 Higher derivatives. 4 Definition of a partial differential
More informationLecture: Wave-induced Momentum Fluxes: Radiation Stresses
Chapter 4 Lecture: Wave-induced Momentum Fluxes: Radiation Stresses Here we derive the wave-induced depth-integrated momentum fluxes, otherwise known as the radiation stress tensor S. These are the 2nd-order
More informationCHAPTER 7 DIV, GRAD, AND CURL
CHAPTER 7 DIV, GRAD, AND CURL 1 The operator and the gradient: Recall that the gradient of a differentiable scalar field ϕ on an open set D in R n is given by the formula: (1 ϕ = ( ϕ, ϕ,, ϕ x 1 x 2 x n
More informationIntroduction to Fluid Dynamics
Introduction to Fluid Dynamics Roger K. Smith Skript - auf englisch! Umsonst im Internet http://www.meteo.physik.uni-muenchen.de Wählen: Lehre Manuskripte Download User Name: meteo Password: download Aim
More informationV (r,t) = i ˆ u( x, y,z,t) + ˆ j v( x, y,z,t) + k ˆ w( x, y, z,t)
IV. DIFFERENTIAL RELATIONS FOR A FLUID PARTICLE This chapter presents the development and application of the basic differential equations of fluid motion. Simplifications in the general equations and common
More informationBasic Equations of Elasticity
A Basic Equations of Elasticity A.1 STRESS The state of stress at any point in a loaded bo is defined completely in terms of the nine components of stress: σ xx,σ yy,σ zz,σ xy,σ yx,σ yz,σ zy,σ zx,andσ
More informationLecture 8: Tissue Mechanics
Computational Biology Group (CoBi), D-BSSE, ETHZ Lecture 8: Tissue Mechanics Prof Dagmar Iber, PhD DPhil MSc Computational Biology 2015/16 7. Mai 2016 2 / 57 Contents 1 Introduction to Elastic Materials
More informationComputer Applications in Engineering and Construction Programming Assignment #9 Principle Stresses and Flow Nets in Geotechnical Design
CVEN 302-501 Computer Applications in Engineering and Construction Programming Assignment #9 Principle Stresses and Flow Nets in Geotechnical Design Date distributed : 12/2/2015 Date due : 12/9/2015 at
More informationChapter 1 Fluid Characteristics
Chapter 1 Fluid Characteristics 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Phases Solid increasing increasing spacing and intermolecular liquid latitude of cohesive Fluid gas (vapor) molecular force plasma motion 1.1.2 Fluidity
More informationAE/ME 339. K. M. Isaac Professor of Aerospace Engineering. 12/21/01 topic7_ns_equations 1
AE/ME 339 Professor of Aerospace Engineering 12/21/01 topic7_ns_equations 1 Continuity equation Governing equation summary Non-conservation form D Dt. V 0.(2.29) Conservation form ( V ) 0...(2.33) t 12/21/01
More information3D Elasticity Theory
3D lasticity Theory Many structural analysis problems are analysed using the theory of elasticity in which Hooke s law is used to enforce proportionality between stress and strain at any deformation level.
More informationL3: Review of linear algebra and MATLAB
L3: Review of linear algebra and MATLAB Vector and matrix notation Vectors Matrices Vector spaces Linear transformations Eigenvalues and eigenvectors MATLAB primer CSCE 666 Pattern Analysis Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna
More informationMechanics of materials Lecture 4 Strain and deformation
Mechanics of materials Lecture 4 Strain and deformation Reijo Kouhia Tampere University of Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Design Wednesday 3 rd February, 206 of a continuum
More informationMacroscopic theory Rock as 'elastic continuum'
Elasticity and Seismic Waves Macroscopic theory Rock as 'elastic continuum' Elastic body is deformed in response to stress Two types of deformation: Change in volume and shape Equations of motion Wave
More informationCreated by T. Madas VECTOR OPERATORS. Created by T. Madas
VECTOR OPERATORS GRADIENT gradϕ ϕ Question 1 A surface S is given by the Cartesian equation x 2 2 + y = 25. a) Draw a sketch of S, and describe it geometrically. b) Determine an equation of the tangent
More informationA DARK GREY P O N T, with a Switch Tail, and a small Star on the Forehead. Any
Y Y Y X X «/ YY Y Y ««Y x ) & \ & & } # Y \#$& / Y Y X» \\ / X X X x & Y Y X «q «z \x» = q Y # % \ & [ & Z \ & { + % ) / / «q zy» / & / / / & x x X / % % ) Y x X Y $ Z % Y Y x x } / % «] «] # z» & Y X»
More informationThe Generalized Interpolation Material Point Method
Compaction of a foam microstructure The Generalized Interpolation Material Point Method Tungsten Particle Impacting sandstone The Material Point Method (MPM) 1. Lagrangian material points carry all state
More informationChapter 4: Fluid Kinematics
Overview Fluid kinematics deals with the motion of fluids without considering the forces and moments which create the motion. Items discussed in this Chapter. Material derivative and its relationship to
More informationChapter 2: Basic Governing Equations
-1 Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT) - Continuity Equation -3 The Linear Momentum Equation -4 The First Law of Thermodynamics -5 General Equation in Conservative Form -6 General Equation in Non-Conservative
More informationMathematical Concepts & Notation
Mathematical Concepts & Notation Appendix A: Notation x, δx: a small change in x t : the partial derivative with respect to t holding the other variables fixed d : the time derivative of a quantity that
More informationNotes 19 Gradient and Laplacian
ECE 3318 Applied Electricity and Magnetism Spring 218 Prof. David R. Jackson Dept. of ECE Notes 19 Gradient and Laplacian 1 Gradient Φ ( x, y, z) =scalar function Φ Φ Φ grad Φ xˆ + yˆ + zˆ x y z We can
More informationElectromagnetism HW 1 math review
Electromagnetism HW math review Problems -5 due Mon 7th Sep, 6- due Mon 4th Sep Exercise. The Levi-Civita symbol, ɛ ijk, also known as the completely antisymmetric rank-3 tensor, has the following properties:
More information100 CHAPTER 4. SYSTEMS AND ADAPTIVE STEP SIZE METHODS APPENDIX
100 CHAPTER 4. SYSTEMS AND ADAPTIVE STEP SIZE METHODS APPENDIX.1 Norms If we have an approximate solution at a given point and we want to calculate the absolute error, then we simply take the magnitude
More informationIntroduction to Environment System Modeling
Introduction to Environment System Modeling (3 rd week:modeling with differential equation) Department of Environment Systems, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo Masaatsu AICHI
More informationLecture 8 Analyzing the diffusion weighted signal. Room CSB 272 this week! Please install AFNI
Lecture 8 Analyzing the diffusion weighted signal Room CSB 272 this week! Please install AFNI http://afni.nimh.nih.gov/afni/ Next lecture, DTI For this lecture, think in terms of a single voxel We re still
More informationENGI Gradient, Divergence, Curl Page 5.01
ENGI 94 5. - Gradient, Divergence, Curl Page 5. 5. The Gradient Operator A brief review is provided here for the gradient operator in both Cartesian and orthogonal non-cartesian coordinate systems. Sections
More informationDynamics of the Mantle and Lithosphere ETH Zürich Continuum Mechanics in Geodynamics: Equation cheat sheet
Dynamics of the Mantle and Lithosphere ETH Zürich Continuum Mechanics in Geodynamics: Equation cheat sheet or all equations you will probably ever need Definitions 1. Coordinate system. x,y,z or x 1,x
More informationModule 2: Governing Equations and Hypersonic Relations
Module 2: Governing Equations and Hypersonic Relations Lecture -2: Mass Conservation Equation 2.1 The Differential Equation for mass conservation: Let consider an infinitely small elemental control volume
More informationJim Lambers MAT 280 Summer Semester Practice Final Exam Solution. dy + xz dz = x(t)y(t) dt. t 3 (4t 3 ) + e t2 (2t) + t 7 (3t 2 ) dt
Jim Lambers MAT 28 ummer emester 212-1 Practice Final Exam olution 1. Evaluate the line integral xy dx + e y dy + xz dz, where is given by r(t) t 4, t 2, t, t 1. olution From r (t) 4t, 2t, t 2, we obtain
More informationRheology of Soft Materials. Rheology
Τ Thomas G. Mason Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Department of Physics and Astronomy California NanoSystems Institute Τ γ 26 by Thomas G. Mason All rights reserved. γ (t) τ (t) γ τ Δt 2π t γ
More informationStress, Strain, Mohr s Circle
Stress, Strain, Mohr s Circle The fundamental quantities in solid mechanics are stresses and strains. In accordance with the continuum mechanics assumption, the molecular structure of materials is neglected
More informationMAT 419 Lecture Notes Transcribed by Eowyn Cenek 6/1/2012
(Homework 1: Chapter 1: Exercises 1-7, 9, 11, 19, due Monday June 11th See also the course website for lectures, assignments, etc) Note: today s lecture is primarily about definitions Lots of definitions
More informationContinuum Mechanics. Continuum Mechanics and Constitutive Equations
Continuum Mechanics Continuum Mechanics and Constitutive Equations Continuum mechanics pertains to the description of mechanical behavior of materials under the assumption that the material is a uniform
More informationMechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting
Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting www.geosc.psu.edu/courses/geosc508 Overview Milestones in continuum mechanics Concepts of modulus and stiffness. Stress-strain relations Elasticity Surface and body
More informationLecture 10. (2) Functions of two variables. Partial derivatives. Dan Nichols February 27, 2018
Lecture 10 Partial derivatives Dan Nichols nichols@math.umass.edu MATH 233, Spring 2018 University of Massachusetts February 27, 2018 Last time: functions of two variables f(x, y) x and y are the independent
More informationGG303 Lecture 6 8/27/09 1 SCALARS, VECTORS, AND TENSORS
GG303 Lecture 6 8/27/09 1 SCALARS, VECTORS, AND TENSORS I Main Topics A Why deal with tensors? B Order of scalars, vectors, and tensors C Linear transformation of scalars and vectors (and tensors) II Why
More informationKINEMATICS OF CONTINUA
KINEMATICS OF CONTINUA Introduction Deformation of a continuum Configurations of a continuum Deformation mapping Descriptions of motion Material time derivative Velocity and acceleration Transformation
More informationMATERIAL REDUCTION & SYMMETRY PLANES
MATERIAL REDUCTION & SYMMETRY PLANES ISSUES IN SIMULATING A CONNECTING ROD LIMITATIONS ON THE ANALYSES Recall from previous lectures that, in static stress analysis that we are subjecting the component
More informationPhysics 584 Computational Methods
Physics 584 Computational Methods Introduction to Matlab and Numerical Solutions to Ordinary Differential Equations Ryan Ogliore April 18 th, 2016 Lecture Outline Introduction to Matlab Numerical Solutions
More information7a3 2. (c) πa 3 (d) πa 3 (e) πa3
1.(6pts) Find the integral x, y, z d S where H is the part of the upper hemisphere of H x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2 above the plane z = a and the normal points up. ( 2 π ) Useful Facts: cos = 1 and ds = ±a sin
More informationDO NOT BEGIN THIS TEST UNTIL INSTRUCTED TO START
Math 265 Student name: KEY Final Exam Fall 23 Instructor & Section: This test is closed book and closed notes. A (graphing) calculator is allowed for this test but cannot also be a communication device
More informationIntroduction to Fluid Mechanics
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics Tien-Tsan Shieh April 16, 2009 What is a Fluid? The key distinction between a fluid and a solid lies in the mode of resistance to change of shape. The fluid, unlike the
More informationStress/Strain. Outline. Lecture 1. Stress. Strain. Plane Stress and Plane Strain. Materials. ME EN 372 Andrew Ning
Stress/Strain Lecture 1 ME EN 372 Andrew Ning aning@byu.edu Outline Stress Strain Plane Stress and Plane Strain Materials otes and News [I had leftover time and so was also able to go through Section 3.1
More informationMathematical Theory of Non-Newtonian Fluid
Mathematical Theory of Non-Newtonian Fluid 1. Derivation of the Incompressible Fluid Dynamics 2. Existence of Non-Newtonian Flow and its Dynamics 3. Existence in the Domain with Boundary Hyeong Ohk Bae
More informationIntroduction and Vectors Lecture 1
1 Introduction Introduction and Vectors Lecture 1 This is a course on classical Electromagnetism. It is the foundation for more advanced courses in modern physics. All physics of the modern era, from quantum
More informationINTEGRALSATSER VEKTORANALYS. (indexräkning) Kursvecka 4. and CARTESIAN TENSORS. Kapitel 8 9. Sidor NABLA OPERATOR,
VEKTORANALYS Kursvecka 4 NABLA OPERATOR, INTEGRALSATSER and CARTESIAN TENSORS (indexräkning) Kapitel 8 9 Sidor 83 98 TARGET PROBLEM In the plasma there are many particles (10 19, 10 20 per m 3 ), strong
More informationCourse no. 4. The Theory of Electromagnetic Field
Cose no. 4 The Theory of Electromagnetic Field Technical University of Cluj-Napoca http://www.et.utcluj.ro/cs_electromagnetics2006_ac.htm http://www.et.utcluj.ro/~lcret March 19-2009 Chapter 3 Magnetostatics
More informationOCN/ATM/ESS 587. The wind-driven ocean circulation. Friction and stress. The Ekman layer, top and bottom. Ekman pumping, Ekman suction
OCN/ATM/ESS 587 The wind-driven ocean circulation. Friction and stress The Ekman layer, top and bottom Ekman pumping, Ekman suction Westward intensification The wind-driven ocean. The major ocean gyres
More informationFast Multipole Methods: Fundamentals & Applications. Ramani Duraiswami Nail A. Gumerov
Fast Multipole Methods: Fundamentals & Applications Ramani Duraiswami Nail A. Gumerov Week 1. Introduction. What are multipole methods and what is this course about. Problems from physics, mathematics,
More informationq v = - K h = kg/ν units of velocity Darcy's Law: K = kρg/µ HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY, K Proportionality constant in Darcy's Law
Darcy's Law: q v - K h HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY, K m/s K kρg/µ kg/ν units of velocity Proportionality constant in Darcy's Law Property of both fluid and medium see D&S, p. 62 HYDRAULIC POTENTIAL (Φ): Φ g
More informationVector Calculus. A primer
Vector Calculus A primer Functions of Several Variables A single function of several variables: f: R $ R, f x (, x ),, x $ = y. Partial derivative vector, or gradient, is a vector: f = y,, y x ( x $ Multi-Valued
More informationUnit IV State of stress in Three Dimensions
Unit IV State of stress in Three Dimensions State of stress in Three Dimensions References Punmia B.C.,"Theory of Structures" (SMTS) Vol II, Laxmi Publishing Pvt Ltd, New Delhi 2004. Rattan.S.S., "Strength
More informationContinuum Mechanics Lecture 5 Ideal fluids
Continuum Mechanics Lecture 5 Ideal fluids Prof. http://www.itp.uzh.ch/~teyssier Outline - Helmholtz decomposition - Divergence and curl theorem - Kelvin s circulation theorem - The vorticity equation
More informationDivergence Theorem and Its Application in Characterizing
Divergence Theorem and Its Application in Characterizing Fluid Flow Let v be the velocity of flow of a fluid element and ρ(x, y, z, t) be the mass density of fluid at a point (x, y, z) at time t. Thus,
More informationExercises for Multivariable Differential Calculus XM521
This document lists all the exercises for XM521. The Type I (True/False) exercises will be given, and should be answered, online immediately following each lecture. The Type III exercises are to be done
More informationComputational Seismology: An Introduction
Computational Seismology: An Introduction Aim of lecture: Understand why we need numerical methods to understand our world Learn about various numerical methods (finite differences, pseudospectal methods,
More informationGeoPDEs. An Octave/Matlab software for research on IGA. R. Vázquez. IMATI Enrico Magenes, Pavia Consiglio Nazionale della Ricerca
GeoPDEs An Octave/Matlab software for research on IGA R. Vázquez IMATI Enrico Magenes, Pavia Consiglio Nazionale della Ricerca Joint work with C. de Falco and A. Reali Supported by the ERC Starting Grant:
More informationMath 4263 Homework Set 1
Homework Set 1 1. Solve the following PDE/BVP 2. Solve the following PDE/BVP 2u t + 3u x = 0 u (x, 0) = sin (x) u x + e x u y = 0 u (0, y) = y 2 3. (a) Find the curves γ : t (x (t), y (t)) such that that
More informationMECH 5312 Solid Mechanics II. Dr. Calvin M. Stewart Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Texas at El Paso
MECH 5312 Solid Mechanics II Dr. Calvin M. Stewart Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Texas at El Paso Table of Contents Preliminary Math Concept of Stress Stress Components Equilibrium
More informationUNIVERSITY of LIMERICK OLLSCOIL LUIMNIGH
UNIVERSITY of LIMERICK OLLSCOIL LUIMNIGH College of Informatics and Electronics END OF SEMESTER ASSESSMENT PAPER MODULE CODE: MS4613 SEMESTER: Autumn 2002/03 MODULE TITLE: Vector Analysis DURATION OF EXAMINATION:
More informationLecture Administration. 7.2 Continuity equation. 7.3 Boussinesq approximation
Lecture 7 7.1 Administration Hand back Q3, PS3. No class next Tuesday (October 7th). Class a week from Thursday (October 9th) will be a guest lecturer. Last question in PS4: Only take body force to τ stage.
More informationIntroduction to Seismology Spring 2008
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 12.510 Introduction to Seismology Spring 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. Stress and Strain
More information1 2D Stokes equations on a staggered grid using primitive variables
Figure 1: Staggered grid definition. Properties such as viscosity and density inside a control volume (gray) are assumed to be constant. Moreover, a constant grid spacing in x and -direction is assumed.
More informationTHREE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION OF THERMAL OXIDATION AND THE INFLUENCE OF STRESS
THREE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION OF THERMAL OXIDATION AND THE INFLUENCE OF STRESS Christian Hollauer, Hajdin Ceric, and Siegfried Selberherr Institute for Microelectronics, Technical University Vienna Gußhausstraße
More informationLecture 3: 1. Lecture 3.
Lecture 3: 1 Lecture 3. Lecture 3: 2 Plan for today Summary of the key points of the last lecture. Review of vector and tensor products : the dot product (or inner product ) and the cross product (or vector
More informationEULERIAN DERIVATIONS OF NON-INERTIAL NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS
EULERIAN DERIVATIONS OF NON-INERTIAL NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS ML Combrinck, LN Dala Flamengro, a div of Armscor SOC Ltd & University of Pretoria, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research & University
More informationVector Calculus - GATE Study Material in PDF
Vector Calculus - GATE Study Material in PDF In previous articles, we have already seen the basics of Calculus Differentiation and Integration and applications. In GATE 2018 Study Notes, we will be introduced
More informationCHAPTER 7 SEVERAL FORMS OF THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION
CHAPTER 7 SEVERAL FORMS OF THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION 7.1 THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS Under the assumption of a Newtonian stress-rate-of-strain constitutive equation and a linear, thermally conductive medium,
More informationThe Divergence Theorem Stokes Theorem Applications of Vector Calculus. Calculus. Vector Calculus (III)
Calculus Vector Calculus (III) Outline 1 The Divergence Theorem 2 Stokes Theorem 3 Applications of Vector Calculus The Divergence Theorem (I) Recall that at the end of section 12.5, we had rewritten Green
More informationpyoptfem Documentation
pyoptfem Documentation Release V0.0.6 F. Cuvelier November 09, 2013 CONTENTS 1 Presentation 3 1.1 Classical assembly algorithm (base version).............................. 6 1.2 Sparse matrix requirement........................................
More informationMath 207 Honors Calculus III Final Exam Solutions
Math 207 Honors Calculus III Final Exam Solutions PART I. Problem 1. A particle moves in the 3-dimensional space so that its velocity v(t) and acceleration a(t) satisfy v(0) = 3j and v(t) a(t) = t 3 for
More information