Optimization of SiC-based H5 and Conergy-NPC Transformerless PV Inverters

Transcription

1 Thi aile ha bee aepe o publiaio i a uue iue o hi joual bu ha o bee ully eie. oe may hae pio o ial publiaio. iaio iomaio: DO 0.09/JESTE.04.5 EEE Joual o Emei a Selee Topi i owe Eleoi Opimizaio o Si-bae H5 a oey-n Taomele V vee Aba -- The aomele D/A ivee ae iial ompoe i he apily owi make o i-oee hoovolai (V) appliaio. They ae yheize by ombii available oluio i em o he powe-eio opoloy powe-emiouo mauaui eholoy a uue o he oupu ile. Alo he Si-bae powe emiouo ae apable o opeae eliably a hih opeai empeaue a wihi equey level ombie wih a vey hih eiiey. hi pape a ew ei ehique i peee o opimizi he wihi equey a uue o he oupu ile (eihe - o -ype) i aomele H5 a oey-n V ivee whih employ Si-ype powe evie. The ei eul emoae ha he opimize Si-bae H5 a oey-n aomele V ivee ae moe eeive i em o eey pouio ha hei oopimize a Si-bae ouepa. Alo by eui he make pie o Si-ype powe emiouo o he level o Si-bae powe evie eable he evelopme o opimize Si-bae V ivee wih a lowe o o eey ha he oepoi V ivee bae o Si eholoy hu maximizi he eoomi poiabiliy o he V yem. ex Tem -- hoovolai D/A vee Taomele Silio abie Dei Opimizaio Geei Aloihm. b E i E( ) NOMENATUE Bae apaiae Oupu-ile apaio Toal mauaui o o he V ivee Toal eey ijee io he elei i by he V ivee ui a yea Swihi eey oumpio av Aveae value o he ouio ue o eah powe wih o ioe D Seao Saiaki Eihio Kououli * Membe EEE Shool o Eleoi a ompue Eieei Tehial Uiveiy o ee haia G-700 Geee aiaki@i.u. ekou@eleoi.u. ouio ue o Si Shoky ioe * oepoi auho. Thi wok ha bee peee a he 0 EEE Eey oveio oe a Expoiio (EE 0) a he 5 h Euopea oeee o owe Eleoi a Appliaio (EE - EE Euope). iav Aveae value o he ue oue by he i-h powe evie MS value o he ue oue by he i-h im powe evie ( ) o MS value o he ue whih i ijee by he V ivee io he elei i eak evee-eovey ue ( ) MS ipple ue oue by he ivee-ie iuo a hou m MS value o he ouio ue o eah powe wih o ioe S ouio ue o Si JFET powe wihe vee-ie iuo o he oupu-ile Bae iuae b Gi-ie iuo o he oupu-ile Oupu-ile iuo OE evelize o O he Eleiiy eeae OE o o eleiiy o o-opimize V ivee -o OE Opimal value o he o o eleiiy op OE Si o o eleiiy o opimize V ivee ompie o Si-bae powe emiouo o ouio loe o he Si-ype powe emiouo employe i he powe eio Toal powe oumpio o he ool ui u max owe lo o he oupu-ile ampi eio Maximum powe iipae i he -ile ampi eio ui he yea () Toal ouio a wihi powe lo o he i- li h powe evie a hou oe loe o he iuo iopoae i he -ype oupu ile Wii loe o he iuo iopoae i he o pv -ype oupu ile owe ijee io he elei i Maximum owe oi powe poue by he V aay Swihi loe o he Si-ype powe w Fee Blaabje Fellow EEE Depame o Eey Teholoy Aalbo Uiveiy Aalbo DK-90 Demak bl@e.aau.k () 0 EEE. eoal ue i pemie bu epubliaio/eiibuio equie EEE pemiio. See hp:// o moe iomaio.

2 Thi aile ha bee aepe o publiaio i a uue iue o hi joual bu ha o bee ully eie. oe may hae pio o ial publiaio. iaio iomaio: DO 0.09/JESTE.04.5 EEE Joual o Emei a Selee Topi i owe Eleoi o a emiouo employe i he powe eio Toal powe lo o he V ivee Hih-equey eiae o he wii o iuo Hih-equey eiae o he wii o a iuo o O-ae eiae o he powe ioe Oupu-ile ampi eio O-ae eiae o he powe wih o F max Maximum limi o he ipple ao F w ipple ao o he ue a he ivee ie S Dioe appie ao SF Ove-izi ao o he -ile ampi T A() T j eio Ambie empeaue o he V ivee a hou Juio empeaue o he powe emiouo T ji () Juio empeaue o eah Si-ype powe emiouo a eah hou T Juio-empeaue limi o ae opeaio V V jmax O-ae volae op ao he Si Shoky ioe Nomial MS oupu volae o he V ivee Vpv ( ) Oupu volae o he V aay a hou V e eeee (e) volae V X h O-ae volae op ao he Si JFET powe wih Veo o he ei vaiable o he opimizaio poe File apaio o pe ui apaiae o o eah powe ioe o o he hea ik o pe ui iuae o he ile iuo a o pe ui iuae o he ile iuo m Mauaui o o he V ivee wihou ilui he o o he hea ik powe emiouo a ile ompoe -ile ampi eio o pe ui eiae a pe ui powe o o eah powe wih Elei i equey e eoae equey V ivee wihi equey Maximum pemiible wihi equey max ( φ m a ) Moulaio uio o he powe emiouo m a Moulaio iex o he SWM volae poue by he powe eio o he V ivee a hou Toal umbe o powe emiouo ompii he V ivee powe eio Numbe o powe ioe Numbe o powe wihe uo wii low-equey eiae pe ui iuae o [ ] uo wii low-equey eiae pe ui iuae o Numbe o hou evee-eovey ime Simulaio ime-ep θ hae ale bewee he V ivee oupu ue a he uameal-equey ompoe o V pwm θ a θ j Themal eiae o he hea ik Juio-o-ae hemal eiae o he i-h powe emiouo. NTODUTON The hoovolai (V) make ha bee omiae ui he la yea by he i-oee V appliaio while aiioally he iallaio o ile-phae V yem expa apily []. ea o D/A powe-oveio uue employi aome o povii alvai iolaio aomele ivee ae mo equely ue o ieae he eey poue by he V oue o he eleial i i uh V iallaio ue o hei lowe o lowe weih a hihe eiiey [-7]. Aoi o he blok iaam illuae i Fi. a i-oee aomele V ivee i yheize by ombii a powe eio wih a oupu ile. The powe Fi.. A blok iaam o a aomele ile-phae V ivee ieoee wih he elei i a aleaive powe-emiouo mauaui eholoie a oupuile opoloie whih may be aope i oe o buil he V ivee () 0 EEE. eoal ue i pemie bu epubliaio/eiibuio equie EEE pemiio. See hp:// o moe iomaio.

3 Thi aile ha bee aepe o publiaio i a uue iue o hi joual bu ha o bee ully eie. oe may hae pio o ial publiaio. iaio iomaio: DO 0.09/JESTE.04.5 EEE Joual o Emei a Selee Topi i owe Eleoi eio i ompie o powe emiouo evie whih ae oolle by a mioeleoi ool ui. Aleaive powe-eio opoloie powe-emiouo mauaui eholoie whih ae bae o eihe Si- o Si-bae maeial a oupu-ile uue ae uely available a may be aope by he eie i oe o buil he V ivee a aalyze ex. Muliple aomele powe-eio opoloie wih iee opeaioal haaeii have bee popoe i he pa. Amo hem he H5 [8] a oey-neual oi lampe (oey-n) [9] uue (Fi. ) have bee iopoae io ommeially available V ivee ie hey have he avaae o low leakae-ou-ue ombie wih a hih eiiey [0-]. Typially GBT-ype powe-wihe a ioe bae o Silio (Si) ae ue o buil he powe eio o he V ivee how i Fi. a []. Howeve he Silio abie (Si) eholoy ha emee ui he la ew yea a a aleaive o he ei o powe emiouo employe i uh D/A ivee [-5]. Due o he lowe wihi eey ema o Si aio he V ivee wihi equey a be ieae by a ao o -9 hu aimi o eue he ize a o o he paive ompoe i he oupu ile a well a o ieae he eiiey o he V ivee [6-9]. Aiioally ui Si-ype powe emiouo moe lexibiliy i obaie i em o implemeaio o he powe-ovee ooli ubyem ue o hei apabiliy o opeae a a hihe empeaue ha Siype evie [0-]. The Si JFET a Si Shoky ioe ae oiee moe maue Si eholoy o iopoaio i he poweeio o he V ivee i Fi. a [4]. Si JFET ae available ommeially whih ae apable o opeae eliably i hih empeaue a hih wihi-pee appliaio [5] a Si MOSFET ae evelope wih powe hali apabiliy imila o ha o Si-bae GBT [6]. A aalyi o he powe loe exhibie by a hee-phae ivee oii o Si MOSFET wih a 400 khz wihi equey i peee i [7] while he ei o a 00 khz ile-phae ivee oii o Si-ype MOSFET a Si ee-wheeli ioe i aalyze i [8] howi he ehial eaibiliy o hihly ieai he wihi equey ompae o he oveioal V ivee. The ei o a 40 kva hee-phae ull-bie ivee wih 0 paalleloee Si JFET i eah wih poiio i eibe i [9]. The euli eiiey o he ivee a ae powe exee 99.5 %. A hal-bie eoa ivee o iuio heai appliaio whih i buil ui ommeially available Si JFET i peee i [0]. Expeimeal eul ae peee o a 446 khz wihi equey o he ivee. The ei o a ae ive iui o aii he ommuaio o Si-JFET i bie iui wih hih wihi pee i aalyze i []. A appopiae moel whih eable he opimal ei o ile o he euio o oue eleomaei ieeee i D/A ivee wih Si JFET i peee i []. The wihe o he V ivee powe eio (Fi. ) ae ypially oolle aoi o moulaio heme uh a (a) (b) Fi.. The ile-phae aomele V ivee opoloie ue uy: (a) H5 a (b) oey-n. he Siuoial ule Wih Moulaio (SWM) he Spae Veo ule Wih Moulaio (SVWM) e. hi ae he ue poue by he powe eio oai muliple hihequey hamoi. Thu a low-pa ile i oee a he oupu o he V ivee powe ae i oe o eue he ampliue o he ue hamoi whih ae ijee io he elei i o a aepable level []. ompae o he -ype ile he -ile uue ae apable o ulill he equieme e by i-ieoeio aa (e.. EEE 54) i em o he oupu ue hamoi ioio wih iiialy malle ize a o a imulaeouly hey ehae he yami peomae o he V ivee alhouh hei ei-poe i moe hallei o he eie [4]. Howeve a hih-oe -ype ile ha alo bee ioue i [5 6] aei a a eve bee aeuaio o he wihi equey ue-ipple ompae o he ile hu leai o a uhe euio o he ile ize. The V ivee ae ypially eie wihou oiei he impa o he oiuouly vaiable powe eeaio o he V aay ui he opeaioal lieime o he V iallaio (miio poile) aei o maximize he V ivee maximum eiiey a/o he Euopea Eiiey by ieaively evaluai powe-lo a hamoi-ue alulaio moel [ 0 7 8]. A a example he -ile employe i a i-ieaive volae oue ivee i eie i [9] by peomi a eiiviy aalyi i oe o eive he value o he wihi equey a oal ile iuae whih miimize he oal powe lo o he ile. Howeve hi ei appoah oe o oie he impa o he wihi equey he oiuouly vayi oupu volae/powe o he V powe oue a he ile ompoe value o he powe lo o he powe eio. hi pape he ei opimizaio mehooloy iiially ioue i [7 8] o V ivee employi exluively () 0 EEE. eoal ue i pemie bu epubliaio/eiibuio equie EEE pemiio. See hp:// o moe iomaio.

4 Thi aile ha bee aepe o publiaio i a uue iue o hi joual bu ha o bee ully eie. oe may hae pio o ial publiaio. iaio iomaio: DO 0.09/JESTE.04.5 EEE Joual o Emei a Selee Topi i owe Eleoi Si-ype powe emiouo i uhe avae i oe o aommoae he opimal ei o H5 a oey-n aomele V ivee whih ae bae o he Si eholoy. The popoe appoah i bae o he appliaio o: (i) oveioal powe-eleoi-iui mahemaial moeli ehique o alulai he powe loe a mauaui o o he V ivee a (ii) a opimizaio ehique o eivi he opimal oupu-ile uue (eihe - o -ype) a wihi equey o he Si-bae powe emiouo by iveiai he imulaeou impa o he miio poile (whih i iae by he meeooloial oiio o he iallaio ie) opeaioal haaeii o he powe emiouo powe-eio opoloy (i.e. H5 o oey-n) a oupu-ile uue ombie wih a ae-o bewee he V-ivee mauaui o a he powe loe aei he oepoi eey pouio. A emoae i he ei eul hi mixue o ovee mahemaial moelli a opimizaio poee oe o he popoe ei ehique he apabiliy o eivi opimize oiuaio o he Si-bae aomele H5 a oey-n V ivee wih upeio peomae ompae o he oepoi V ivee eie ui he oveioal appoahe. Fuhemoe he evelize o O he Eleiiy eeae (OE) mei i ypially ue o evaluae he eoomi viabiliy o i-oee V yem [40] ie miimizi he o o eey ol o he elei i eable o maximize he e eoomi poi aie by he oepoi iveme. Simulaeouly ue o he vaiabiliy o ola iaiaio a ambie empeaue oiio ui he yea a V ivee oe o opeae a a elaively oa opeai poi a happe i appliaio uh a uieupible powe upplie moo ive e. bu i ipu/oupu powe level hae oiuouly ollowi he oepoi vaiaio o meeooloial oiio whih pevail a he V yem iallaio ie. Aiioally maximizi he V ivee eiiey oe o uaaee ha he euli oiuaio i eoomially aaive. oiei he above haaeii o V yem he OE mei ha bee employe i hi wok a he objeive uio o he V ivee ei opimizaio poe ie i eable o eive he mo eoomially aaive V ivee oiuaio i em o he o o he oal amou o eey eeae by he V yem ui he yea. The ei eul peee i he pape veiy ha ompae o he oopimize V ivee he ivee whih have bee opimally eie ui he popoe mehooloy poue moe oal eey ui he yea a ompie ompoe o lowe o. Thi pape i oaize a ollow: he popoe ei mehooloy i peee i Seio ; he moeli o powe loe a paive oupu-ile i H5 a oey-n aomele V ivee ompii Si powe evie ae eibe i Seio a V epeively; he ei opimizaio eul ae aalyze i Seio V a ially oluio ae iue. 4 Fi.. A low-ha o he popoe ei poeue o opimizi Si-bae V ivee.. THE OOSED DESGN OTMZATON METHODOOGY The popoe ei mehooloy eable o eive he opimal wihi equey o Si-ype powe evie a opimize he oiuaio o he oupu ile (eihe - o -ype). A low-ha illuai he ae o he popoe ei poe i epie i Fi.. iially he eie o he V ivee eie he ollowi paamee: V ivee peiiaio (e.. powe ai omial volae/equey o he elei i e.) powe-eio opoloy (i.e. H5 o oey-n) a oupu-ile uue (i.e. - o -ype) o a opeaioal haaeii o he Si-ype powe emiouo a ile ompoe ue o buil he V ivee (i.e. JFET iuo e.) whih ae available by hei mauaue a ime-eie o he houly-aveae ola iaiaio a ambie empeaue oiio whih pevail ui he yea a he iallaio ie o he V yem () 0 EEE. eoal ue i pemie bu epubliaio/eiibuio equie EEE pemiio. See hp:// o moe iomaio.

5 Thi aile ha bee aepe o publiaio i a uue iue o hi joual bu ha o bee ully eie. oe may hae pio o ial publiaio. iaio iomaio: DO 0.09/JESTE.04.5 EEE Joual o Emei a Selee Topi i owe Eleoi The a opimizaio poe bae o Geei Aloihm (GA) i employe i oe o eive he opimal (i.e. miimum) value o he V ivee evelize o O he Eleiiy eeae OE ( /Wh) whih ompie he objeive-uio o he popoe opimizaio poe a i eie a [4]: ( X ) miimize { OE ( X )} = miimize X X Ei ( X ) () ubje o : ei peiiaio & oai ae me whee ( ) i he oal mauaui o o he V ivee E i (Wh) i he oal eey ijee io he elei i by he V ivee ui a yea a X i he veo o he ei vaiable o he opimizaio poe (i.e. X =[ ] o a -ype ile a X =[ o a -ype oupu ile i Fi. ). ] The value o a E i i () ae alulae ui a mahemaial moel o he Si-bae V ivee whih i peee i he ollowi. he popoe ei meho GA ae ue o eive he opimal value o he V ivee wihi equey (Hz) a oupu ile ompoe ompii veo X i () ie hey ae apable o ueully olve omplex opimizaio poblem. Dui he GA-bae opimizaio poe muliple aleaive e o value o he eiio vaiable (i.e. veo X ) ae poue a he oepoi value o OE ae alulae ui (). Amo hem he oveall opimum oluio i he veo X whih: (i) exhibi he miimum OE a (ii) aiie he oai o he opimizaio poblem whih ae eibe i he ollowi. Thi poe i peome o eah ype o powe-eio opoloy (i.e. H5 o oey-n) a oupu ile (eihe - o -ype) peiie by he V ivee eie. Depei o he ype o ile employe i he H5 a oey-n V ivee he value o he oal ouio o i () i alulae a he um o he pie o he iiviual ompoe ompii eah V ivee uue a ollow: ( X ) ( ) = m h + + SF max whee m ( ) i he mauaui o o he V ivee wihou ilui he o o he hea ik powe emiouo a ile ompoe h ( ) i he o o he hea ik i he umbe o powe wihe a ioe epeively ( ) i he o o eah powe wih a ioe epeively iuae o he ile iuo [ () [ / H ] i he o pe ui ] a epeively ( / F ) i he ile apaio o pe ui apaiae [ / ( Ω W) ] i he -ile ampi eio o pe ui eiae a pe ui powe SF (%) i he oveizi ao o he -ile ampi eio a (W) max 5 i he maximum powe iipae o he -ile ampi eio ui he yea. Fo -ype ile i hol ha = 0 i () while i he ae ha a -ile i employe i he V ivee oupu ae he = 0. The value o m h a ae obaie by he eie om he pie o he oepoi ompoe whih ae oee i he make a hey ae ipu i he popoe ei poe a how i he low-ha o Fi.. The oal eey ijee io he eleial i by he V E X i () i alulae ui a ivee ui he yea ( ) powe-balae equaio o eah hou ( 8760 ) a ollow: whee pv o ( ) i i o pv o = = o he yea E X = () = ()- () () (W) i he powe ijee io he eleial i (W) i he Maximum owe oi (M) powe poue by he V aay whih i oee a he D ipu emial o he V ivee (W) i he oal powe lo o he V ivee a o = hou i he imulaio ime-ep. () he e o value o pv a well a he oepoi value o he oupu volae o he V aay V pv ui he yea oiue he V ivee miio poile a hey ae alulae aoi o he moel eibe i [4] ui he ime-eie o he meeooloial oiio ui he yea whih ae povie by he V ivee eie a he i ep o he popoe poe a aalyze above. The oal powe lo o he V ivee o i alulae o eah e o value ompii veo X i () by ummi he powe loe o he ompoe ompii he powe eio oupu ile a ool ui: = (4) o o w u whee o w (W) ae he ouio a wihi loe epeively o he Si-ype powe emiouo employe i he powe eio (W) i he powe lo o he oupuile ampi eio (o a -ile = 0 ) (W) ae he oe a wii loe epeively o he iuo iopoae i he -ype oupu ile a u (W) i he oal powe oumpio o he ool ui whih i povie i he popoe opimizaio poe by he V ivee eie. The value o a ae alulae a aalyze i [8]. The oppe loe o he iuo i (4) ae alulae ui he ollowi equaio: = ( ) ( + ) + ( ) ( + ) + a a o V + [ o ( ) π ] + π + ( ) π (5) () 0 EEE. eoal ue i pemie bu epubliaio/eiibuio equie EEE pemiio. See hp:// o moe iomaio.

6 Thi aile ha bee aepe o publiaio i a uue iue o hi joual bu ha o bee ully eie. oe may hae pio o ial publiaio. iaio iomaio: DO 0.09/JESTE.04.5 EEE Joual o Emei a Selee Topi i owe Eleoi whee = 0 o a -ile ( ) (A) i he MS ipple ue oue by he ivee-ie iuo (i.e. i Fi. ) a hou o he yea ( 8760 ) o ( ) (A) i he MS value o he uameal-equey (i.e. 50 Hz) ue whih i upplie by he V ivee io he elei i (Fi. ) V (V) i he omial MS oupu volae o he V ivee (Hz) i he elei i equey a a (Ω) ae he hih-equey eiae o he wii o iuo a epeively a ( Ω / H ) i he iuo wii low-equey eiae pe ui iuae o [ ] a epeively. The value o a i (5) i alulae oiei he ki a poximiy ee a ollow [4]: ' ' γ be( γ) bei (γ) bei( γ) be (γ) a = [ ' ' [ be (γ)] + [ bei (γ)] (6) ' ' be (γ) be (γ) + bei (γ) bei (γ) λ ] [ be(γ)] + [ bei(γ)] whee γ a λ ae oa whih epe o he wihi equey a well a he ouio haaeii o he iuo (e.. ouo iamee umbe o laye e.) a be bei be a bei ae he eal a imaiay pa o he Beel uio. The ame appoah i alo applie i oe o alulae he value o a i (5). The value o V γ λ i (5)-(6) ae ipu i he popoe ei poe by he V ivee eie. The oal ouio a wihi loe o a w i (4) ae alulae ui he powe-lo moel o Si-bae H5 a oey-n V ivee whih ae peee i he ex paaaph.. OWE OSS MODENG OF S-BASED H5 AND ONEGY-N V NVETES The popoe mehooloy i oue o H5 a oey-n aomele V ivee whih oi o Si-bae JFET powe wihe a Shoky ioe. The oae volae o hee powe evie ae alulae ui he ollowi equaio [9]: V = (7) S o V = V o + D o (8) whee V V (V) i he o-ae volae op ao he Si JFET powe wih a Shoky ioe epeively S D (A) i he oepoi ouio ue V o (V) i he o-ae volae op o he Shoky ioe whe = 0 a o o (Ω) i he o-ae eiae o he powe wih a ioe epeively. The o-ae eiae o Si-bae powe JFET a Shoky ioe epe o he juio empeaue o he powe emiouo T j ( o ) [9 4]: D 6 = T + T + (9) p o j j whee p o = o o p o = o o Si-ype JFET a Shoky ioe i (7) a (8) epeively a ae oa eive aoi o he oepoi iomaio povie i he evie aahee. The aveae a MS value o he ouio ue o eah powe wih o ioe av a m (A) ae alulae a ollow: π av = o ( ) i( φ θ ) ( φ m a) φ π (0) 0 m φ φ φ π π ( o ( ) i( θ )) ( ma) 0 = () whee ( φ m a ) i he moulaio uio o he oepoi powe emiouo [7] m a i he moulaio iex o he SWM volae poue by he powe eio o he V ivee a hou (i.e. V pwm i Fi. a ) [8] a θ (a) i he phae ale bewee he V ivee oupu ue a he uameal-equey ompoe o V. pwm The value o he moulaio uio ( φ m a ) i e equal o zeo o he ime ieval ha he oepoi Si-ype JFET o Shoky ioe oe o ou ue. The phae ale θ i (0) a () i alulae a ollow: ( ) o θ = V V + o ( )π + () The value o he oal ouio a wihi loe o a w i (4) ae ive by he um o he oepoi powe loe evelope i eah o he Si-ype powe wihe a ioe o he H5 a oey-n V ivee whih ae ubje o he popoe opimizaio poeue a aalyze ex. A. H5 V ivee The oal ouio lo o he H5 V ivee a hou o he yea ( 8760 ) o ( ) (W) i equal o he um o he ouio loe o he Si-ype JFET a Shoky ioe ompii i powe eio a i i alulae ui (7)-() aoi o he ollowi equaio: ( ) = whee o S m o S 4 m o S5 m o + ( V + ) +V + o Dav Dm o o D5av + ( V + ) + o D4av D4m o D5m o () iav im (A) ae he aveae a MS value epeively o he ue oue by he i-h powe evie (ee Fi. ). The value o Dav D4av D5av Dm D4m D5m S m S 4 m a S 5 m i () ae alulae by applyi he moulaio uio o he H5 V ivee i (0) a () epeively a peee i [7]. The wihi lo o eah Si-ype JFET employe i he () 0 EEE. eoal ue i pemie bu epubliaio/eiibuio equie EEE pemiio. See hp:// o moe iomaio.

7 Thi aile ha bee aepe o publiaio i a uue iue o hi joual bu ha o bee ully eie. oe may hae pio o ial publiaio. iaio iomaio: DO 0.09/JESTE.04.5 EEE Joual o Emei a Selee Topi i owe Eleoi H5 V ivee equaio [9]: J (W) i alulae ui he ollowi π Vpv ( ) J = E( λ) λ V e π (4) 0 whee V ( ) (V) i he oupu volae o he V aay a hou pv o he yea ( 8760 ) V e (V) i he eeee (e) volae a E( ) i he wihi eey oumpio whih i alulae a a hi-oe polyomial uio o he ue oue by he Si-ype JFET [44]. The H5 V ivee opoloy opeae ymmeially ui a peio o he uameal-equey ompoe o he SWM ial V i Fi. a. Thu he oal wihi pwm eey o powe wihe S S 4 a S 5 ui he ime ieval [θ π+θ] i equal o he oal wihi eey o S S a S 5 a [π+θ π+θ]. Applyi (4) i eul i ha he oal wihi powe lo ui [0 π] o all JFET i he H5 V ivee a hou o he yea ( ) (W) i ive by: w V pv() w ( ) w V = E (5) whee he wihi eey E w (Joule) i alulae ui he ollowi equaio: o θ o θ Ew = α o ( ) θ i θ + α o ( ) π + + (6) 4 + α ( ) + o θ o ( ) a he value o oeiie α -α ae eive a eibe i [44] ui he wihi-eey/ouio-ue haaeii whih i povie i he aahee o he oiee Si evie. The wihi powe lo o eah Si-ype Shoky ioe o he H5 V ivee D (W) i alulae aoi o [9] ui he ollowi equaio: V pv() V pv() S D = S V S + (7) whee S i he ioe appie ao (A) i he peak evee-eovey ue a (e) i he evee-eovey ime epeively. The value o S a ae eive om he aahee o he Shoky ioe employe i he H5 ivee powe eio. Due o ymmeial opeaio he oal wihi powe lo o D D a D 5 ui [θ π+θ] i equal o ha evelope i D D 4 a D 5 ui he ime ieval [π+θ π+θ]. Thu he oal wihi loe o all Shoky ioe ilue i he H5 V ivee a hou o he yea ( ) (W) ae alulae ui (7) aoi o he ollowi w 7 equaio: θ V pv() V pv() S w ( ) = + π S V S + (8) B. oey-n V ivee Similaly o he appoah applie o he H5 V ivee he oal ouio lo a hou o he yea ( 8760 ) o ( ) (W) o he Si-ype powe emiouo ompii he oey-n V ivee ae alulae ui (7)-() by ummi he ouio loe evelope a he iiviual Si JFET a Shoky ioe a ollow: o ( ) = S mo + ( Vo Dav + Dm o ) + (9) + + ( V + ) S + m o o D+av D+m o oiei he ymmeial opeaio o he oey-n V ivee i i olue ha he wihi eey o S + a S a [θ π+θ] i equal o ha o S a S ui [π+θ π+θ]. The he oal wihi lo ui [0 π] o all Si-ype JFET powe wihe iopoae i he oey-n ivee ( ) (W) i eive ui (4) a ollow: w V pv() w ( ) w V Ew = E + (0) whee he wihi eeie E w a E w (Joule) ae ive by he ollowi equaio: o θ o θ Ew = α o ( ) π θ i θ + α o ( ) + + () 4 + α ( ) + o θ o ( ) E = α ( ) + α ( ) + α ( ) () w 4 o 5 o 6 o a he value o α4 -α 6 ae eive aoi o [44] a eibe above. Alo ue o ymmeial opeaio he wihi loe o he Si-ype Shoky ioe D + a D ui [θ π+θ] ae equal o he wihi loe o D a D a [π+θ π+θ]. Ui (7) i eul i ha he oal wihi lo o all Shoky ioe ilue i he powe eio o he oey- N ivee ( ) (W) i ive by: w θ V pv() V pv() S w ( ) = + π S V S + () he popoe opimizaio mehooloy i i aume ha he powe wihe a ioe o boh he H5 a oey-n ivee ae moue o a ommo hea ik. Thu he juio empeaue o eah Si-ype powe emiouo iopoae o he powe eio o he H5 a oey-n V ivee a eah hou o he yea ( 8760 ) T ji () ( o ) i ive by he ollowi equaio: () 0 EEE. eoal ue i pemie bu epubliaio/eiibuio equie EEE pemiio. See hp:// o moe iomaio.

8 Thi aile ha bee aepe o publiaio i a uue iue o hi joual bu ha o bee ully eie. oe may hae pio o ial publiaio. iaio iomaio: DO 0.09/JESTE.04.5 EEE Joual o Emei a Selee Topi i owe Eleoi T ()= T ()+ θ ()+ θ () (4) ji A j li a lk k= whee T A() ( o ) i he ambie empeaue o he V ivee a hou θ j ( o / W ) i he juio-o-ae hemal eiae o he i-h powe emiouo θ a ( o / W ) i he hemal eiae o he hea ik i he umbe o powe emiouo ompii he V ivee powe eio ( = 0 a = 8 o he H5 a oey-n opoloie epeively) a () (W) i he oal ouio a li wihi powe lo o he i-h powe evie a hou ( i ). Howeve he oal powe lo o he H5 a oey-n V ivee a well a he juio empeaue o he Si-bae emiouo hey ompie ive by (4) a (4) epeively epe o boh he oupu ue o ( ) a he juio empeaue o he Si-bae powe emiouo T () a hou o he yea. Thu i he ji popoe mehooloy he value o o ( ) a T ji () ae alulae o eah hou o he yea ( 8760 ) by olvi umeially he yem o equaio ompie o (4) o all powe emiouo o he V ivee a he ollowi powe-balae equaio: ()= ( ) + V ( ) (5) pv o o Aiioally o eah hou o he yea ( 8760 ) he juio empeaue o he Si-ype powe evie ive by (4) i oaie ui he exeuio o he popoe ei poe a ollow: T () T (6) ji whee T jmax ( o ) i he juio-empeaue limi o ae opeaio whih i peiie by he mauaue o he Si-ype powe evie o by he eie i oe o ahieve a peiie ailue ae. Dui he exeuio o he popoe ei poe (7)-(9) () (5)-(4) a (6) epeively ae evaluae aoi o he low-ha how i Fi. ui he value o V o - α -α 6 S θ j θ a a T jmax whih ae povie by he V ivee eie. V. MODENG OF ASSVE FTES he popoe mehooloy i i aume ha he H5 a oey-n V ivee ae oolle uh ha a uipola SWM ial i poue a he oupu o he powe eio (i.e. V i Fi. a ). Alo a illuae i Fi. he pwm -ile employ a ampi eio i eie wih he ile apaio [4] while i he -ype ile a iuo i ue iea o [5]. Boh he - a -ype ile ae eie uh ha a eah hou o he yea ( 8760 ) he ipple ao o he ue a he ivee ie F (%) i le ha he maximum limi whih i w eie by he V ivee eie jmax F wmax (%): 8 F w ( ) V = Fwmax (7) whee (W) i he omial powe ai o he V ivee. Fuhemoe a eah hou o he yea ( 8760 ) he V ivee oupu ue hamoi a boh he wihi equey a a he ouble o he wihi equey ae oaie o be le ha he maximum pemiible limi F max (%) whih i peiie by he V ivee eie a ollow [5]: Vpv ( ) V G( jω ) max ( J( πma ) J( πma ) ) Fmax (8) π whee: ( J ma J ma J5 ma ) max ( π ) ( π ) ( π ) G( ) = Vpv ( ) V G( j ω ) π ipple + F ( + ( + ) ipple ) + ( + ) max (9) (0) a ipple = 0 o a -ile a J J a J 5 ae he ieal o he Beel uio eie a π J ( x) = (/ π) o( λ xi λ) λ. 0 oe alo o ake io aou he eviaio o ipple om i omial value i eal appliaio o he -ile iequaliie (8) a (9) ae equie o be vali o ipple = 0.8 ipple = a ipple =. epeively. The value o F wmax F max i (7)-(9) ae ipu i he popoe ei poe by he V ivee eie. The value o he -ile ampi eio i alulae a a uio o he ile apaio a he eoae equey e : = () π whee: e = ( + ) / π The eoa equey o he -ile i ive by: e = π ( / ( + ) + ) e () () Fo -ype ile he value o i alulae uh ha he bah eoae a he wihi equey: = ( π ) (4) i oe o ile ou hi hamoi o he i ie a lowe he oveall Toal Hamoi Dioio (THD) o he oupu ue. Fuhemoe he value o he ompoe ompii he () 0 EEE. eoal ue i pemie bu epubliaio/eiibuio equie EEE pemiio. See hp:// o moe iomaio.

9 Thi aile ha bee aepe o publiaio i a uue iue o hi joual bu ha o bee ully eie. oe may hae pio o ial publiaio. iaio iomaio: DO 0.09/JESTE.04.5 EEE Joual o Emei a Selee Topi i owe Eleoi TABE THE OTMA VAUES OF THE DESGN VAABES AND OE FO H5 AND ONEGY-N V NVETES WTH AN -TYE OUTUT FTE FO VAOUS NSTAATON STES N EUOE. allaio ie a powe eio opoloy Ahe Muia Feibu Olo (mh) (µh) (µf) (Ω) (khz) OE op ( /ΜWh) OE Si ( /ΜWh) OE -o ( /ΜWh) H oey-n H oey-n H oey-n H oey-n V ivee ile (eihe - o -ype) ae aiioally limie ui he exeuio o he popoe opimizaio poe aoi o he ollowi oai [4 5]: i oe o avoi exeive A volae op ui he opeaio o he V ivee (a heeby hih D-lik volae) he um o a i limie o be le ha 0. pu: whee + 0. (5) = V / ( π ) i he bae iuae. b he value o he ile apaio mu be le ha 0.05 pu i oe o limi he eaive powe low i he oupu-ile apaio: 0.05 (6) whee = / ( V π ) i he bae apaiae. b o avoi eoae poblem he value o e o boh ile ype i e a ollow: 0 e (7) whee (Hz) i he omial equey o he elei i volae (e.. 50 Hz). By ieai he wihi equey o khz uh oai ae eaie o ulill. V. DESGN OTMZATON ESUTS Taei o emoae he apabiliie o he popoe opimizaio mehooloy a evaluae he peomae o opimize Si-bae V ivee i vaiou iallaio ie he ei opimizaio o ile-phae aomele H5 a oey-n V ivee wih a kw ae powe apaiy whih ae ieoee wih a 0 V / 50 Hz elei i wih uiy powe ao ha bee peome a aalyze i he peviou eio. A ei ool ha bee evelope o ha pupoe i he om o a MATAB owae poam whih impleme he mehooloy peee i -V aoi o he ei ae epie i he low-ha o Fi.. The Sibae V ivee have bee opimize o opeaio i Muia (Spai) Ahe (Geee) Feibu (Gemay) a b b 9 Olo (Noway) epeively. Alo he opeaioal haaeii o ommeially-available 00 V Si-ype JFET a Shoky ioe wih a maximum pemiible wihi equey max = 00 khz have bee povie a ipu i he popoe ei opimizaio poe. The value o F wmax a F max have bee e equal o 0 % a 0. % epeively uh ha he eie V ivee oom o he equieme o he EEE aa. oiei he low powe-lo eaue o Si evie he yem o equaio whih mu be olve umeially o alulai he value o o ( ) a T ji () a aalyze i i ubaially impliie by ei θ j = 0 i (4) o all powe evie o he V ivee. Hee he oepoi ompuaioal omplexiy i alleviae a he exeuio ime o he opimizaio poe i eeae iiialy. Applyi hi appoah eule i a maximum eo o le ha 0. % i he alulae OE value. The opimal value o he ei vaiable a ompii veo X i () a he oepoi opimal value o he o o eleiiy (i.e. OE op ) o H5 a oey-n V ivee wih a -ype oupu ile whih have bee epaaely opimize o eah iallaio ie i oe o iveiae he impa o miio poile ae peee i Table. The euli opimal value o he ei vaiable a ae iee o eah powe eio opoloy (i.e. H5 o oey-n) a iallaio ie. Thi i ue o: (i) he iee opeaioal haaeii o eah V ivee opoloy aei he oepoi powe loe a oal o o he V ivee a (ii) he iee ime-eie o yealy ola iaiaio a ambie empeaue pevaili i eah ie whih eie he vaiaio ui he yea o he oupu volae a powe o he V aay oee o he D ipu emial o he V ivee (miio poile). Thu iee powe loe ae evelope i he H5 a oey-n V ivee i eah iallaio ie ui he yea aei boh he oal eey pouio a he euli opimal value o he ei vaiable whih miimize () 0 EEE. eoal ue i pemie bu epubliaio/eiibuio equie EEE pemiio. See hp:// o moe iomaio.

10 Thi aile ha bee aepe o publiaio i a uue iue o hi joual bu ha o bee ully eie. oe may hae pio o ial publiaio. iaio iomaio: DO 0.09/JESTE.04.5 EEE Joual o Emei a Selee Topi i owe Eleoi he OE mei. The OE o he opimize Si-bae oey-n V ivee i lowe by % ompae o ha o he opimize ivee employi a H5 opoloy i hei powe eio. oe o ompae hei peomae i em o o a eey pouio o-opimize Si-bae H5 a oey-n V ivee opeai wih = 5 khz a well a opimize H5 a oey-n V ivee oii o ommeially available Si-ype GBT a powe ioe wih max = 0 khz have alo bee eie o he ame iallaio ie uh ha i boh o hee ae he oai (7)-(9) ae alo aiie. The o-opimize Sibae ivee have bee eie aoi o he poeue eibe i [4] whee i oa o he popoe ei poe he value o a ae alulae wihou aki io aou he o a eey pouio peomae o he V ivee a alo wihou exploi he eie eah-pae i oe o eive he opimum ombiaio o value o he oupu-ile ompoe. The opimize Siype ivee have bee eie a aalyze i [7]. The value o OE i Table ae hihe ha hoe o op opimize V ivee ompie o Si-bae powe emiouo ( OE Si i Table ) by % ue o he hihe ue make pie o Si-ype evie. The OE o he o-opimize Si-bae H5 a oey-n V ivee ( OE -o i Table ) i hihe ha ha o hei opimize ouepa by % hu emoai he apabiliy o he popoe ei mehooloy o eive V ivee oiuaio wih impove peomae i em o OE. The opimal value o a i he hih-equey Si-bae V ivee peee i Table ae equal o %.86-. % % a % epeively o he oepoi value i he opimize Si-bae ivee. Similaly he opimal wihi equey o he Si-bae ivee i ime hihe ha ha o he opimize V ivee employi Si-ype evie. Thu ie he imeio o he oupu-ile iuo ae eemie by hei iuae i i olue ha he exploiaio o he hih-equey opeai apabiliy povie by he Si powe-emiouo eholoy eul i a ubaial euio o he weih a ize o he oupu-ile iuo i he opimize V ivee uue whih have bee eive ui he popoe ei opimizaio meho. The opimal value o a ae i ome ae hihe i he opimize Si-ype ivee ha i he ivee buil ui Si-ype evie bu ue o he mall weih a ize o hee ompoe he impa o uh a ieae o he oveall ize a weih o he V ivee i eliible. The oal eey ijee io he elei i by he o-opimize a opimize Si- a Si-bae V ivee i eah iallaio ie i illuae i Fi. 4. ompae o he H5 a oey-n V ivee whih have bee opimally eie ui he popoe meho he o-opimize Sibae V ivee poue le eey i he ae o 0 (a) (b) () Fi. 4. The oal eey ijee io he elei i by he H5 a oey-n V ivee: (a) opimize Si-bae (b) o-opimize Si-bae a () opimize Si-bae %. The eey pouio o he opimize Si-bae V ivee i hihe by % ompae o ha o he opimize H5 a oey-n ivee ompii Si-ype evie. Thi i ahieve ue o he euio o he ile-iuo ize a he elaively low wihi-lo o Si-ype powe emiouo whih ae obaie whe opeai wih a hih wihi equey. The oal o o he powe-eio a oupu-ile ompoe employe i he o-opimize a opimize Sia Si-bae H5 a oey-n V ivee i eah iallaio ie i epie i Fi. 5. The ompoe o o he o-opimize Si-bae V ivee i hihe ha ha o he opimize H5 a oey-n Si-ype uue by %. Alo he ompoe o o he opimize Si-bae V ivee i hihe ha ha o he opimize V ivee ompii Si-ype powe evie by % ue o he hihe make pie o Si-bae powe emiouo. The ompoe o o he opimize Si- a Si-bae oey-n V ivee i lowe by % a % epeively ompae o he o o hei H5 ouepa hu bei opeaioally a eoomially moe eeive i he peii iallaio ie oiee. The o o Si-bae powe emiouo houl be eue o % o hei ue make pie i oe o obai equal OE wih he V ivee employi Si-bae emiouo. Fo equally pie Si- a Si-ype ompoe he opimize hih-equey Si-bae V () 0 EEE. eoal ue i pemie bu epubliaio/eiibuio equie EEE pemiio. See hp:// o moe iomaio.

11 Thi aile ha bee aepe o publiaio i a uue iue o hi joual bu ha o bee ully eie. oe may hae pio o ial publiaio. iaio iomaio: DO 0.09/JESTE.04.5 EEE Joual o Emei a Selee Topi i owe Eleoi (a) (a) (b) Fi. 5. The oal o o he powe-eio a oupu-ile ompoe i he H5 a oey-n V ivee: (a) opimize Si-bae a (b) opimize a o-opimize Sibae. ivee ahieve lowe OE by % hihe eey pouio by % a lowe oal mauaui o by % ompae o he opimize Si-bae ivee. A aalyze above he opimal value o he ei vaiable ompii veo X i () ae iee o eah iallaio ie (Table ). Howeve i ae ha he H5 a oey-n Si-bae V ivee whih have bee opimally eie o Olo ae alo ialle i Ahe Muia a Feibu he he euli value o OE ae lowe ha hoe o he o-opimize ivee by %. Alo he oepoi eey pouio i hihe ha ha o he o-opimize ivee by %. Thu i i olue ha i oe o omply wih he uiomouio equieme o maively-poue iuial V ivee pou ui he popoe ei opimizaio mehooloy eable o eive a uique opimize V ivee uue wih upeio peomae ompae o i oopimize ouepa ove wie eoaphial aea. The maximum eiiey a Euopea eiiey o he o-opimize a opimize Si- a Si-bae H5 a oey-n V ivee i eah iallaio ie ae epie i Fi. 6. Sie i he popoe ei poe he OE mei wa miimize opimize V ivee uue wee eive whih wee apable o poue moe oal eey ui he yea [i.e. E i i ()] by eaui hihe eiiey. Thu he Si-bae V ivee whih have bee opimally eie ui he popoe ei ehique exhibi hihe maximum eiiey a Euopea eiiey by % a % epeively ha hei o-opimize ouepa. Alo he maximum eiiey a Euopea eiiey o he opimize Si-bae H5 a oey-n (b) Fi. 6. The maximum eiiey a Euopea eiiey o he H5 a oey-n V ivee: (a) opimize Si-bae a (b) opimize a o-opimize Si-bae. V ivee ae hihe ha hoe o he opimize V ivee bae o Si eholoy by.-.06 % a % epeively. oe o emoae he impa o he oupu-ile ype o he ei opimizaio eul he popoe mehooloy ha alo bee applie o he ae ha a -ype ile (ee Fi. ) i employe i H5 a oey-n V ivee opimally eie o Muia (Spai) whih i he iallaio ie exhibii he hihe ola iaiaio poeial. The euli opimal value o he ei vaiable a ompii veo X i () a he oepoi opimal value o he o o eleiiy (i.e. OE op ) o all ombiaio o aleaive powe-emiouo ype a powe-eio opoloie employe i he V ivee ae peee i Table. The opimal value o he ei vaiable ae iee o eah powe-eio opoloy a powe-emiouo mauaui eholoy epeively ue o he iee opeaioal haaeii o he V ivee yem i eah o he aleaive ombiaio examie. No-opimize - a -ype ile have bee eie by ollowi he poeue eibe i [4] a [5] epeively uh ha oai (7)-(9) ae alo aiie o H5 a oey-n V ivee opeai wih = 5 khz. Similaly o he ae eibe above he eie ae o oupu-ile ompoe value ha alo o bee exploe whe eii hee o-opimize ivee. The value o OE i Table ae lowe ha hoe o he op o-opimize H5 a oey-n V ivee by %. OE -o () 0 EEE. eoal ue i pemie bu epubliaio/eiibuio equie EEE pemiio. See hp:// o moe iomaio.

12 Thi aile ha bee aepe o publiaio i a uue iue o hi joual bu ha o bee ully eie. oe may hae pio o ial publiaio. iaio iomaio: DO 0.09/JESTE.04.5 EEE Joual o Emei a Selee Topi i owe Eleoi TABE THE OTMA VAUES OF THE DESGN VAABES AND OE FO H5 AND ONEGY-N V NVETES DESGNED FO NSTAATON N MUA (SAN) N ASE THAT AN -TYE OUTUT FTE S USED. Type o powe emiouo a powe-eio opoloy (mh) (µh) (µf) (µh) (khz) OE op ( /ΜWh) OE -o ( /ΜWh) H5 oey-n Si Si Si Si The oal o a yealy eey pouio a E i i ()-() o he opimize V ivee uue peee i Table a o Muia (Spai) o all ombiaio o powe-eio opoloy (H5 o oey-n) powe-evie mauaui eholoy (Si- o Si-bae) a oupu-ile ype (- o -ype) ae illuae i Fi. 7(a) a (b) epeively. The uppe limi o i (7) ha bee exee up o 0.65 i oe o exploe he peomae o he V ivee ove a wie equey ae. The o o he opimize Si-bae ivee i hihe ha ha o he H5 a oey-n ivee employi Si-ype powe emiouo by % ue o he hihe o o Si evie bu he Si-bae ivee ije moe eey io he elei i by %. The eey pouio o he o-opimize H5 a oey-n V ivee wih a ile i lowe ha ha o he oepoi opimize V ivee by % a hei o i hihe by %. he ae ue uy he o a eey pouio o he opimize V ivee employi a -ype ile epeively ie by le ha 0. %. V. ONUSONS The aomele D/A ivee ae iial ompoe i he apily owi make o i-oee V yem. Aiioally he appliaio o Si eholoy ha emee ui he la yea o he ouio o powe-emiouo evie employe i eey oveio yem wih hih opeai empeaue a equey apabiliie. Thu muliple aleaive ae uely available o eie i em o he powe-eio opoloy powe-emiouo mauaui eholoy a oiuaio o he oupu ile whih may be aope i oe o yheize aomele V ivee uue. hi pape a ew ei ehique ha bee peee o opimizi he wihi equey a uue o he oupu ile (eihe - o -ype) i aomele H5 a oey-n V ivee whih employ Si-ype powe emiouo. The popoe ehique ompie a ieae ei ool whih iopoae io he ei poe he imulaeou impa o he ao aei he V eey poei peomae a he V ivee o. The ei eul emoae ha he opimize Si-bae e (a) (b) Fi. 7. The peomae o opimize V ivee o Muia (Spai) o all ombiaio o powe-eio opoloy poweevie mauaui eholoy a oupu-ile ype: (a) oal o a (b) yealy eey pouio. H5 a oey-n aomele V ivee whih ae eive ui he popoe mehooloy ae moe eeive i em o eey pouio ha hei o-opimize a Si-bae ouepa. Alo hey ae apable o opeae eiiely a hihe wihi equeie hu eui he ize weih a o o he V ivee oupu ile. Fially i ha bee how ha he euio o he make pie o Si-ype powe emiouo o he level o Si-bae eholoy i he key ao i oe o ahieve he evelopme o opimize Si-bae V ivee wih a lowe o o eey ha he oepoi V ivee employi Si eholoy hu maximizi he eoomi poiabiliy o he V yem. EFEENES [] Y. Ya F. Blaabje a Z. Zou Behmaki o i aul moe i ile-phae i-oee phoovolai yem EEE Ta. o uy Appliaio vol. 49 o. 5 pp Sepembe/Oobe () 0 EEE. eoal ue i pemie bu epubliaio/eiibuio equie EEE pemiio. See hp:// o moe iomaio.

13 Thi aile ha bee aepe o publiaio i a uue iue o hi joual bu ha o bee ully eie. oe may hae pio o ial publiaio. iaio iomaio: DO 0.09/JESTE.04.5 EEE Joual o Emei a Selee Topi i owe Eleoi [] Y. Ya F. Blaabje a H. Wa ow volae iehouh o ile-phae aomele phoovolai ivee EEE Ta. o uy Appliaio o be publihe. []. Teooeu M. iee a. oíuez Gi ovee o phoovolai a wi powe yem e. Wiley 0. [4]. Zha K. Su. Fe H. Wu a Y. Xi A amily o eual poi lampe ull-bie opoloie o aomele phoovolai i-ie ivee EEE Ta. o owe Eleoi vol. 8 o. pp Feb. 0. [5] B. Ya W. i Y. Gu W. ui a X. He mpove aomele ivee wih ommo-moe leakae ue elimiaio o a phoovolai i-oee powe yem EEE Ta. o owe Eleoi vol. 7 o. pp Feb. 0. [6]. Zha K. Su Y. Xi a M. Xi H6 aomele ull-bie V i-ie ivee EEE Ta. o owe Eleoi vol. 9 o. pp. 9-8 Mah 04. [7] J.-S. ee a K.-B. ee New moulaio ehique o a leakae ue euio a a eual-poi volae balae i aomele phoovolai yem ui a hee-level ivee EEE Ta. o owe Eleoi vol. 9 o. 4 pp Apil 04. [8] Y.-M. he.-h. ha Y.-. ha H5 ivee wih oa-equey ayhoou ima-ela moulaio i 0 EEE Eey oveio oe a Expoiio (EE) pp [9]. Ma K. Su X. Ji A aomaio meho om oveioal hee phae ull-bie opoloy o oey-n opoloy i 0 eaioal oeee o Eleial Mahie a Syem (EMS) pp [0] S.V. Aaujo. Zahaia a. Mallwiz Hihly eiie ile-phae aomele ivee o ioee phoovolai yem EEE Ta. o uial Eleoi vol. 57 o. 9 pp. 8-8 Sep. 00. [] A. Haazaeh.S. Eio a J. eoa eue wih N-bae aomele V ivee by evelope wihi pae i 7 h Aual EEE Applie owe Eleoi oeee a Expoiio (AE) pp [] M.. olieo.a. Maomauo a M. iee Taome-le phoovolai (V) ivee: a iial ompaio i 0 EEE Eey oveio oe a Expoiio (EE) pp [].N. Ho H. Beuie S. eeo G. Eoba.A. Sepa a A. oia aial ei a implemeaio poeue o a ieleave boo ovee ui Si ioe o V appliaio EEE Ta. o owe Eleoi vol. 7 o. 6 pp Jue 0. [4] S.V. Aaujo a. Zahaia epeive o hihvolae Si-emiouo i hih powe oveio yem o wi a phoovolai oue i 4 h Euopea oeee o owe Eleoi a Appliaio (EE) pp [5] F. Xu T. J. Ha D. Jia. M. Tolbe F. Wa J. Naahima S. J. Kim S. Kulkai a F. Balow Developme o a Si JFET-bae ix-pak powe moule o a ully ieae ivee EEE Ta. o owe Eleoi vol. 8 o. pp Mah 0. [6].N.-M. Ho H. Beuie S. eeo G. Eoba a F. aale A ompaaive peomae uy o a ieleave boo ovee ui ommeial Si a Si ioe o V appliaio EEE Ta. o owe Eleoi vol. 8 o. pp Ja. 0. [7]. Wilhelm D. Kaze a B. Bue Developme o a hihly ompa a eiie ola ivee wih Silio abie aio i 6 h eaioal oeee o eae owe Eleoi Syem (S) pp [8] B. Bue D. Kaze a O. Sale o euio o V-ivee wih Si-DMOSFET i 5 h eaioal oeee o eae owe Syem (S) pp [9] H. Zha.M. Tolbe a B. Ozpiei mpa o Si evie o hybi elei a plu-i hybi elei vehile EEE Ta. o uy Appliaio vol. 47 o. pp. 9-9 Mah/Apil 0. [0] D. Boi B. Wzeioko a J.W. Kola A 0 ambie empeaue oe ai-oole omally-o Si JFET auomoive ivee yem i 6 h Aual EEE Applie owe Eleoi oeee a Expoiio (AE) pp [] T.E. Salem a.a. Woo 000-hou evaluaio o a 00-V 880-A all-si ual moule EEE Ta. o owe Eleoi vol. 9 o. 5 pp [] F. Fileke. Alvaez a S. Bee The iveiaio o a 6.5-kV -ka Si ioe moule o meium volae ovee EEE Ta. o owe Eleoi vol. 9 o. 5 pp [] X. Go a J.A. Feeia veiaio o oue EM i Si JFET ivee ui epaae hea ik EEE Ta. o uial Eleoi vol. 6 o. pp [4] D. Jia. Buo F. Wa a D. Booyevih Tempeaue-epee haaeii o Si evie: peomae evaluaio a lo alulaio EEE Ta. o owe Eleoi vol. 7 o. pp Feb. 0. [5]. ai W. Zhou a K. She haaeii a appliaio o omally-o Si-JFET i ovee wihou aipaallel ioe EEE Ta. o owe Eleoi vol. 8 o. 0 pp O. 0. [6] O. Alaie N.-A. ake-alloey D. Hamilo a. Mawby The impa o paaii iuae o he peomae o ilio-abie Shoky baie ioe EEE Ta. o owe Eleoi vol. 7 o. 8 pp Au. 0. [7] M. She a S. Kihamuhy Simpliie lo aalyi o hih pee Si MOSFET ivee i 7 h Aual () 0 EEE. eoal ue i pemie bu epubliaio/eiibuio equie EEE pemiio. See hp:// o moe iomaio.

14 Thi aile ha bee aepe o publiaio i a uue iue o hi joual bu ha o bee ully eie. oe may hae pio o ial publiaio. iaio iomaio: DO 0.09/JESTE.04.5 EEE Joual o Emei a Selee Topi i owe Eleoi EEE Applie owe Eleoi oeee a Expoiio (AE) pp [8] K. Waa a T. Shimizu Expeimeal veiiaio o a 00-kHz WM ivee wih a ue ool o 0-kHz iuoial waveom i 0 EEE 8 h eaioal oeee o owe Eleoi a EE Aia (E & EE) pp [9] J. abkowki D. eii a H.-. Nee Dei ep owa a 40-kVA Si ivee wih a eiiey exeei 99.5% i 7 h Aual EEE Applie owe Eleoi oeee a Expoiio (AE) pp [0]. Beal.M. Gauo A. Galleo A. Oi a J.M. Buio Hal-bie eoa ivee o omei iuio heai bae o ilio abie eholoy i 7 h Aual EEE Applie owe Eleoi oeee a Expoiio (AE) pp [] Y. Zuhi S. Sao K. Maui Y. Muakami a S. Taimoo A ovel ae ai iui o quik a able ivi o Si-JFET i a -phae ivee i 7 h Aual EEE Applie owe Eleoi oeee a Expoiio (AE) pp [] X. Go. Joiović a J.A. Feeia Moeli a euio o oue EM o ivee wih Si JFET o iulae meal ubae EEE Ta. o owe Eleoi vol. 8 o. 7 pp July 0. [] F. Blaabje W. Wu a T. Ta A ew ei meho o he paive ampe a ile-bae ile-phae i-ie ivee EEE Ta. o uial Eleoi vol. 60 o. 0 pp O. 0. [4] M. iee F. Blaabje a S. Hae Dei a ool o a -ile-bae hee-phae aive eiie EEE Ta. o uy Appliaio vol. 4 o. 5 pp. 8-9 Sep [5] W. Wu Y. He a F. Blaabje A powe ile o ile-phae i-ie ivee EEE Ta. o owe Eleoi vol. 7 o. pp Feb. 0. [6] W. Wu Y. Su Z. i Y. He M. Hua F. Blaabje H.S.-H. hu A moiie ile wih he eue oue EM oie EEE Ta. o owe Eleoi vol. 9 o. 7 pp July 04. [7] S. Saiaki E. Kououli a F. Blaabje Opimal ei o moe aomele V ivee opoloie EEE Ta. Eey oveio vol. 8 o. pp Jue 0. [8] E. Kououli a F. Blaabje Mehooloy o he opimal ei o aomele i-oee V ivee ET owe Eleoi vol. 5 o. 8 pp [9]. haeowa a V. Joh File opimizaio o i ieaive volae oue ivee EEE Ta. o uial Eleoi vol. 57 o. pp De. 00. [40] Z. Moai-Shahbabak A. Tabeh a G.. Youei Eoomial Dei o Uiliy-Sale hoovolai owe la Wih Opimum Availabiliy EEE Ta. o 4 uial Eleoi vol. 6 o. 7 pp July 04. [4] M. ampbell J. Blue E. Smelo a. Ahebee Miimizi uiliy-ale V powe pla OE houh he ue o hih apaiy ao oiuaio i 4 h EEE hoovolai Speiali oeee pp [4] E. oezo Sola eleiiy - Eieei o phoovolai yem e. oea 994. [4] G.S. Dimiakaki a E.. Taaki Hih-equey oppe loe i maei ompoe wih layee wii EEE Ta. o Maei vol. 45 o. 8 pp Auu 009. [44] H. Zha a.m. Tolbe Eiiey o Si JFETbae ivee i 4 h EEE oeee o uial Eleoi a Appliaio (EA) pp Seao Saiaki wa bo i Heaklio Geee i 980. He eeive he B.S. eee i Eleial Eieei om he Teholoial Euaioal iue o ee (Heaklio Geee) i 004 a he Diploma i Eleial a ompue Eieei om he Demoiu Uiveiy o Thae (Xahi Geee) i 0. uely he i woki owa he M.S. eee a he Depame o Eleoi a ompue Eieei o he Tehial Uiveiy o ee (haia Geee). Hi eeah iee ilue powe eleoi o eewable Eey Soue elei mahie a hih-volae ie-ue powe yem. Eihio Kououli (M 0) wa bo i haia Geee i 97. He eeive hi B.S. a M.S. eee i he Shool o Eleoi a ompue Eieei o he Tehial Uiveiy o ee (haia Geee) i 996 a 999 epeively. He eeive hi h.d. eee i he Shool o Eleoi a ompue Eieei o he Tehial Uiveiy o ee i 00 i he aea o powe eleoi a eewable Eey Soue (ES). He i uely a Aia oeo a he Shool o Eleoi a ompue Eieei o he Tehial Uiveiy o ee. Hi eeah iee ilue powe eleoi (D/A ivee D/D ovee) he evelopme o mioeleoi eey maaeme yem o ES a he ei o phoovolai a wi eey oveio yem () 0 EEE. eoal ue i pemie bu epubliaio/eiibuio equie EEE pemiio. See hp:// o moe iomaio.

15 Thi aile ha bee aepe o publiaio i a uue iue o hi joual bu ha o bee ully eie. oe may hae pio o ial publiaio. iaio iomaio: DO 0.09/JESTE.04.5 EEE Joual o Emei a Selee Topi i owe Eleoi Fee Blaabje (S 86 M 88 SM 97 F 0) wa wih ABB-Saia ae Demak om 987 o 988. Fom 988 o 99 he wa a h.d. Sue wih Aalbo Uiveiy Aalbo Demak. He beame a Aia oeo i 99 a Aoiae oeo i 996 a a Full oeo o powe eleoi a ive i 998. Hi ue eeah iee ilue powe eleoi a i appliaio uh a i wi ubie V yem eliabiliy hamoi a ajuable pee ive. He ha eeive 5 EEE ize ape Awa he EEE ES Diiuihe Sevie Awa i 009 he EE-EM ouil Awa i 00 he EEE William E. Newell owe Eleoi Awa 04 a he Villum Ka amue eeah Awa 04. He wa a Eio-i-hie o he EEE TANSATONS ON OWE EETONS om 006 o 0. He ha bee Diiuihe eue o he EEE owe Eleoi Soiey om 005 o 007 a o he EEE uy Appliaio Soiey om 00 o () 0 EEE. eoal ue i pemie bu epubliaio/eiibuio equie EEE pemiio. See hp:// o moe iomaio.