A Primary Quantum Model of Telepathy

Transcription

1 Primary Quanum Model of Telepahy Gao Shan The Scieniss Work Team of Elecro-Magneic Wave Velociy, Chinese Insiue of Elecronics LongZeYuan , HuiLongGuan, ChangPing Disric eijing 00096, P.R.China In his paper, we give a primary quanum heoreical model of elepahy based on he principle of quanum superluminal communicaion (QSC). Some feasible experimenal suggesions are presened. The possible applicaion of elepahy as one kind of new communicaion means is also discussed. ll hisorical experience confirms ha men migh no achieve he possible if hey had no, ime and ime again, reached ou for he impossible Max Weber. Inroducion The physical naure of Psi phenomena such as elepahy is an imporan problem in he life informaion science. Scieniss have confirmed he exisence of elepahy phenomena hrough many sric experimens [-3]. Then can modern science (e.g. quanum heory) provide a scienific explanaion for elepahy phenomena? In his paper, we will seek he possible quanum naure of elepahy from boh heoreical and experimenal respecs, and presen a primary quanum model of elepahy phenomena. I will be shown ha, according o he principle of quanum superluminal communicaion (QSC) [4-], quanum heory can in principle provide a scienific explanaion of elepahy phenomena, and some experimens have indicaed he validiy of his explanaion [6]. Furhermore, we will propose a serious of feasible experimenal schemes o es he quanum model, and discuss he echnical possibiliy of realizing conrollable and applicable human brain communicaion on he basis of he proposed experimenal schemes. Lasly, we give some remarks and expecaions abou he echnical virue and applicaion foreground of such communicaion means. 2. The principle of quanum superluminal communicaion (QSC) I is well known ha even hough presen quanum heory permis he exisence of quanum nonlocaliy [2-4], i doesn permi he realizaion of quanum superluminal communicaion (QSC) [5-7]. However, when considering he dynamical collapse of wave funcion and he direc inervenion of consciousness of he observer, QSC can be realized in principle [4-]. Here we will briefly inroduce he principle of QSC. The concree mehod is via disinguishing he nonorhogonal quanum saes. The saes o be disinguished are he following nonorhogonal saes and + 2, where and 2 can rigger he definie percepion sae χ and χ 2 of he observer, and are he preferred bases during he percepion-induced collapse process. We assume ha he iniial percepion

2 sae of he observer is χ 0, hen afer ineracion he corresponding enangled sae of he whole sysem is respecively χ and χ + 2 χ 2. We assume ha he observer saisfies he following QSC condiion, i.e. his percepion ime for he definie sae χ, which is denoed by P, is shorer han he dynamical collapse ime for he superposiion sae χ + 2 χ 2, which is denoed by C, and ha he ime difference = C - P is large enough for him o idenify 2. The observer can perceive he measured definie sae or his own sae χ afer he percepion ime P, whereas for he measured superposiion sae + 2, only afer he collapse ime C can he observer perceive he collapse sae or 2, or his own corresponding sae χ or χ 2. Since he observer can also be conscious of he ime difference beween P and C, he can disinguish he measured nonorhogonal saes and + 2. Fig. scheme of QSC principle I should be sressed ha, since he collapse ime of a single superposiion sae is an essenially sochasic variable, which average value is C, he QSC condiion can be in principle saisfied in some collapse evens wih non-zero probabiliy. For hese sochasic collapse processes, he collapse ime of he single superposiion sae is much longer han he ( average ) collapse ime C and he percepion ime P. Once he QSC condiion is saisfied, and some nonorhogonal quanum saes can be disinguished, QSC can be easily realized. In he following, we will briefly inroduce a pracical For example, he enangled sae can be obained by inpuing he phoon in he superposiion sae o he eyes of he observer. 2 In real experimens, conscious percepion can be more accuraely recorded by he EEG recording of he observer, and he QSC condiion can also be saed using he corresponding EEG recordings.

3 scheme of achieving QSC based upon he above principle [6-7]. I includes wo pars. The firs par is how o disinguish he nonorhogonal saes. We design a device implemening his funcion, which is called NSID (Nonorhogonal Saes Idenifying Device). The second par is how o achieve QSC using he hardcore device NSID. The implemenaion scheme of NSID is as follows. The paricles o be idenified are phoons, and he conscious being in he device can perceive a single phoon 3. Le he inpu saes of he device be he nonorhogonal saes + or - and or. is he definie sae of phoon enering ino he percepion par of he conscious being from he direcion, which can rigger a definie percepion of he conscious being who perceives ha he phoon arrives from he direcion. is he definie sae of he phoon enering ino he percepion par of he conscious being from he direcion, which can rigger a definie percepion of he conscious being who perceives ha he phoon arrives from he direcion. + and - are he space superposiion saes of he definie saes and of phoon. The conscious being saisfies he QSC condiion, i.e. his percepion ime p for he definie sae and is shorer han he dynamical collapse ime C of he perceived superposiion sae + and -, and he conscious being can be aware of he ime difference. When he inpu sae is or, he conscious being will perceive ha he phoon arrives from he direcion or afer he percepion ime p, and he assigns as he oupu of he device 4. When he inpu sae is + or -, he conscious being will perceive ha he phoon arrives from he direcion or afer he collapse ime C, and he assigns 0 as he oupu of he device. Thus he device NSID can disinguish he nonorhogonal saes + or - and or. NSID can be implemened hrough he direc use of a conscious being or by an advanced consciousness simulaion device in he fuure. 3 In pracical siuaion, a few phoons may be needed. 4 In view of accuracy, a EEG device may be used o record he percepion ime and produce he oupu of he device.

4 Fig 2. scheme of QSC experimen Now we will give he scheme of achieving QSC using he device NSID. In realiy, once he nonorhogonal single phoon saes can be disinguished, achieving QSC will be an easy ask, and i may be implemened by means of exising echnology. Here we use he EPR polarizaion correlaion pairs of phoons as he carriers of informaion. We encode he ougoing informaion by operaing he polarizer, and decode he incoming informaion using he device NSID. The experimenal seing is shown in he above figure. Pairs of phoons, whose frequencies are ν and ν 2, are emied in he -z direcion and +z direcion from a source, are hen analyzed by a one-channel polarizer π and a wo-channel polarizer π 2 respecively. The opical swich C in he lef side can be conrolled o deermine wheher or no he phoon ν will pass o π. The ransmission axes of he polarizers are boh se in he direcion x. The one-channel polarizer π allows only he polarizaion componens of he phoon parallel o he ransmission axis of he polarizer o be passed, and he wo-channel polarizer π 2 allows he polarizaion componens of he phoon boh parallel o and perpendicular o he ransmission axis of he polarizer o be passed. The phoon passed and analyzed by he polarizer π is deeced by D, and he phoon analyzed by he wo-channel polarizers π 2 is divided ino wo pahs in space, and respecively inpu o NSID from differen direcions. We now explain how QSC can be achieved by means of he above seing. Le he sender operae he opical swich C, and have he receiver observe he oupu of NSID. Suppose he communicaion rules are saed as follows. The encoding rule for he sender is ha no measuring he phoon represens sending he code '0', and measuring he phoon represens sending he code '' 5. The decoding rule for he receiver is ha he oupu of NSID being 0 represens having received he code 5 In a pracical siuaion, in view of he sochasic propery of he collapse ime and oher possible errors, redundancy coding is required. single informaion code should be encoded hrough he same operaion on a small number of phoons, no a single phoon.

5 '0', and he oupu of NSID being represens having received he code ''. The communicaion process can be saed as follows. When he sender wans o send a code '0', he conrols he opical swich C o le he phoon ν move freely and no be analyzed by he polarizer π. Then he sae of he phoon ν 2 is a superposiion sae like + or - afer i passes he polarizer π 2, and he oupu of NSID is 0. The receiver can decode he sen code as '0'. When he sender wans o send a code '', he conrols he opical swich C o allow he phoon ν o be analyzed by he polarizer π and deeced by D before he phoon ν 2 arrives a NSID. Then he sae of he phoon ν 2 collapses o a definie sae like or, and he oupu of NSID is. The receiver can decode he sen code as ''. Thus he sender and receiver can achieve QSC using he above seing and communicaion rules. 3. elepahy experimen and is possible quanum explanaion Even hough some superphysical phenomena may be no real, elepahy does exis. Is usual display is ha beween he familiar people, say wins, relaives or friends, one can perceive he oher's happening, say being sick or being injured ec, a a disance. Many people have his kind of experience. presen, he elepahy phenomena have been confirmed by some sric scienific experimens [-3], and are being sudied by more scieniss. One of he mos convincing experimens was done in 994 by Grinberg-Zylberbaum e al [2]. In heir experimen, pairs of subjecs were firs allowed o mediae ogeher, and hen pu ino wo semisilen Faraday chambers 4.5m apar. Their EEG aciviies are regisered by wo EEG machines. One subjec of each pair was simulaed by 00 flashes a random inervals, and each phoosimulaion resuled in an evoked poenials for he simulaed subjec. I is observed ha, when he simulaed subjec showed disinc evoked poenials, he nonsimulaed subjec showed "ransferred poenials" similar o he evoked poenials in he simulaed subjec, a he same ime, he subjecs boh fel heir ineracion had been successfully compleed. Since he subjecs were separaed by he soundproof faraday chambers, his experimen guaranees ha neiher sensory signals nor elecromagneic signals is he means of communicaion, and hus sricly demonsrae he exisence of nonlocal correlaions beween human brains. In he following, we will analyze he above elepahy experimen in erms of he principle of quanum superluminal communicaion (QSC) [4-]. ccording o he principle of QSC, he proper combinaion of dynamical collapse of wave funcion and consciousness of observer will permi he non-elecromagneic superluminal ransmission of informaion. I will be shown ha his may provide an possible explanaion of he above elepahy experimenal resuls, and indicae ha he elepahy process may be realized based on he quanum process in brains. ccording o he principle of QSC, for a conscious being he QSC condiion is ha his percepion ime for he definie sae is shorer han he dynamical collapse ime of he perceived quanum superposiion sae, and he ime difference is large enough for he conscious being o idenify. Now in he above experimen his condiion is indeed saisfied as implied by he experimen resuls. On he one hand, he quanum enanglemen sae beween he subjecs and in he experimen,

6 which is formed by mediaive ineracion and can be wrien as ) χ ( ) χ ( ) χ ( ) ( 2 2 χ +, can hold for a long ime unil he experimen is compleed, hen here appears he observed similariy beween he evoked and ransferred poenial. This indicaes ha he dynamical collapse ime of he quanum enanglemen sae is also very long, say several en minues. On he oher hand, he percepion ime of he subjecs for he definie sae is generally of he orders of 0.s. Thus in he experimen he collapse ime of he enanglemen sae or superposiion sae is evidenly much longer han he percepion ime of he subjec for he definie sae, and he ime difference is also large enough for he subjec o idenify, i.e. he QSC condiion is naurally saisfied in he experimen. Once he required QSC condiion is saisfied, realizing QSC and explaining elepahy will be probable. ccording o he principle of QSC, he subjec saisfying he QSC condiion will possess differen percepions for he superposiion sae and definie sae. s revealed in he experimen, when he subjec is no simulaed and he quanum enanglemen sae sill holds, he subjec will be in a superposiion sae, and he has no disinc feeling relaed o he sae. Whereas when he subjec is simulaed and he quanum enanglemen sae collapses, he subjec will be in a definie sae, and he does have a disinc feeling ha heir ineracion has been successfully compleed. Then QSC can be realized if we encode he differen simulaing operaions o subjec, and correspondingly decode he codes hrough he differen feelings or EEG aciviies of subjec. This may also naurally explain he elepahy phenomenon beween he subjecs. 4. quanum heoreical model of elepahy process On he basis of he principle of QSC and he above analyses, we will presen a primary heoreical model of elepahy process. In his model, he elepahy process includes hree phases. Phase : Form he quanum enanglemen sae of brains During his phase, he quanum saes of he brains of he elepahy subjecs are enangled. Here we give a simple way o enangle he quanum saes of brains. Suppose wo phoons are in he ϕ ϕ enanglemen sae 2 2 +, and hey respecively ener he eyes of wo subjecs and whose iniial saes is respecively ( ) χ and χ ( ) 0 0. Then afer ineracion he enanglemen sae of hese wo brains will be formed according o quanum evoluion law, which can be wrien as χ ) χ ( ) + χ ( ) χ ( ). Here we assume he phoons are absorbed in he process. In he above ( 2 2 experimen, his sep is realized by he mediaive ineracion beween he subjecs. Phase 2: Hold he enanglemen sae of brains The formed enanglemen sae of brains may be some kind of microscopic quanum sae, and i can hold for a long ime unil measuremen is made o resul in is collapse process. ccording o he principle of QSC, he holding ime should be much longer han he usual percepion ime of he subjecs. I is argued ha his condiion may be saisfied in some places of he brain [8-2]. In he above experimen, he enanglemen sae is hold by he subjecs feeling each oher's presence a a disance. Phase 3: Collapse he enanglemen sae of brains When he enanglemen sae of brains is collapsed by a cerain measuremen on one of he subjecs, he brain saes of boh subjecs urn o be definie saes from enanglemen sae, and he oher subjec will perceive he change a a disance. Here he elepahy beween he subjecs appears.

7 When in he enanglemen sae or superposiion sae such as ) χ ( ) χ ( ) χ ( ) χ +, no ( 2 2 definie percepion exiss, while when he superposiion sae collapses o a definie sae χ ) χ ( ) or χ ) χ ( ), definie percepion can appear. In he above experimen, his sep is ( 2 2 ( realized by simulaing he subjec wih 00 flashes, and when he enanglemen sae is collapsed by he simulaion, he subjecs feel ha heir ineracion has been successfully compleed. I should be sressed ha, even hough he above quanum model can in principle provide a scienific explanaion of elepahy phenomena, here are sill wo lef echnical problems. One is o find he posiion in he brain where he holding ime of a quanum superposiion sae can be much longer han he usual percepion ime, namely es he exisence of QSC condiion in human brains. The oher is o sudy how he brain generaes he high-level elepahy informaion from he low-level one ransmied hrough he above QSC means. This closely relaes o presen neuroscience sudy. In one word, hese problems need o be deeply sudied in experimens. In he following, we will furher sugges some experimenal schemes ha may help o solve he problems. 5. Some furher experimenal schemes In order o es he exisence of QSC condiion in human brains, and confirm he above primary quanum model of elepahy phenomena, we propose he following experimenal schemes.. Conrol experimen Produce some phoons wih a cerain frequency. Inpu hem o he eyes of he subjec. Tes and record he percepion ime of he subjec hrough EEG recording device or his oral descripion. 2. Quanum percepion experimen I Produce he quanum space superposiion sae of he phoons wih he same frequency. Inpu one branch of he superposiion sae o he eyes of he subjec, and le he oher branch freely spread (no inpu o he measuring device). Tes wheher he subjec perceives he phoons during he normal percepion ime. 3. Quanum percepion experimen II Produce he quanum space superposiion sae of he phoons wih he same frequency. Inpu boh branches of he superposiion sae o he eyes of he subjec. Tes wheher he subjec perceives he phoons during he normal percepion ime. 4. Percepions enanglemen experimen I Produce he quanum space superposiion sae of he phoons wih he same frequency. Inpu he branches of he superposiion sae o he eyes of wo independen subjecs respecively. Tes wheher he subjecs perceive he phoons during he normal percepion ime. I is suggesed ha he subjecs are unfamiliar wih each oher before he experimen, which can be furher confirmed by he phase incoherence of heir EEG signals. If he subjecs can only perceive he phoons afer a ime inerval much longer han heir normal percepion ime in any one of he above experimens, hen we will have confirmed he exisence of QSC condiion in human brains. esides, we sugges he subjecs in he above experimens should be composed of hree independen groups a leas. The subjecs in he firs group are in normal sae. The subjecs in he second group are in mediaion sae. The subjecs in he hird group are in QiGong sae. 5. Percepions enanglemen experimen II Produce he quanum space superposiion sae of he phoons wih he same frequency. Inpu he

8 branches of he superposiion sae o he eyes of wo independen and isolaed subjecs respecively. Then Using flashes simulae one of he subjecs a random inervals. Record his evoked poenials and he corresponding ransferred poenials of he oher subjec. Tes wheher here exiss saisical relevance beween hese wo poenials. he same ime, ask he subjecs wheher hey had some kind of percepion relaing o he simulaions. The exisence of his kind of percepion will have confirmed he above primary quanum model, and i can be used o realize conrollable human brain communicaion. This experimen can be aken as he quanum version of Grinberg-Zylberbaum s experimen [2]. The furher experimenal suggesions are saed as follows: (). Complee he experimen a much longer disance, say longer han he bound disance 40km, in which he possible classical signals wih ligh speed can be used o explain he saisical relevance beween he poenials of he subjecs. Thus we can sricly confirm ha elepahy is one kind of superluminal and non-elecromagneic phenomena, and furher confirm he exisence of QSC condiion in human brains. (2). Replace he flashes wih flickering ligh. Here he evoked poenials of he simulaed subjec will conain some measurable frequency informaion. I is expeced ha he corresponding ransferred poenials of he oher subjec will conain he same measurable frequency informaion. Then we can use he ransferred frequency informaion o realize non-elecromagneic and superluminal human brain communicaion more reliably. 6. Remarks and expecaions If our quanum model of elepahy is confirmed by he experimens, hen i can be naurally used as one new kind of quanum superluminal communicaion (QSC) means. Compared wih he convenional wire and wireless communicaion, such new kind of communicaion will undoubedly have more advanages. Firs, he ransfer delay of QSC is irrelevan o he communicaion disance, and can be zero in principle, hus QSC is he fases communicaion means. Secondly, he carriers of informaion may no pass he space beween he sender and receiver for QSC, hus he communicaion process is no influenced by he in-beween environmen, and QSC is one kind of complee ani-jamming communicaion means. Thirdly, since he carriers of informaion can be only sored in he sender and receiver for QSC, he hird pary can' eavesdrop he ransferred informaion, hus QSC is he mos secre communicaion means. Lasly, here is no elecro-magneic radiaion for QSC, and i is one kind of green communicaion means. Cerainly, he realizaion of QSC will undoubedly require he close combinaion of biological echnology, quanum echnology and communicaion echnology. Looking from long views, we should deeply sudy he percepion process (e.g. he percepion process abou quanum superposiion sae) of our human brains, and ry o find he percepion uni in order o achieve pracical QSC. On he basis of his sudy, we may develop he more advanced percepion simulaion echnology, and inegrae he percepion funcion in a iny biological chip. This will help o develop he genuine QSC producs. I may be forecased ha QSC will become he main communicaion means in he near fuure. Space will no longer be he obsacle of communicaion, and people can have real-ime alks beween any faraway disances. he same ime, QSC will be one kind of compleely ani-jamming, secre and green communicaion means. These are no jus dreams, and science may ake us walk ino such miraculous QSC imes in weny or hiry years. Le s ry hard and expec i ogeher!

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