Physics of Strong Fields

Transcription

1 Physics of Strong Fields

2 NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences B Physics C Mathematical and Physical Sciences D Behavioral and Social Sciences E Engineering and Materials Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Q Ecological Sciences H Cell Biology Plenum Publishing Corporation New York and London D. Reidel Publishing Company Dordrecht, Boston, and Lancaster Martinus Nijhoff Publishers The Hague, Boston, Dordrecht, and Lancaster Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, and Tokyo Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 150-Partlcle Physics: Cargjse 1985 edited by Maurice L~vy, Jean-Louis Basdevant, Maurice Jacob, David Speiser, Jacques Weyers, and Raymond Gastmans Volume 151-Glant Resonances In Atoms, Molecules, and Solids edited by J. P. Connerade, J. M. Esteva, and R. C. Karnatak Volume 152-0ptical Properties ot Narrow-Gap Low-Dimensional Structures edited by C. M. Sotomayor Torres, J. C. Portal, J. C. Mann, and R. A. Stradling Volume 153-Physics of Strong Fields edited by Walter Greiner Volume 154-Strongly Coupled Plasma Physics edited by Forrest J. Rogers and Hugh E. Dewitt Volume 155-Low-Dlmensional Conductors and Superconductors edited by D. Jerome and L. G. Caron Volume 156-Gravltatlon in Astrophysics: Cargise 1986 edited by B. Carter and J. B. Hartle Series B: Physics

3 Physics of Strong Fields Edited by Walter Greiner Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Federal Republic of Germany Plenum Press New York and London Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division

4 Proceedings of.~,na.to Advanced Study Institute on Physics of Strong Fields, held June 1-14, 1986, in Maratea, Italy Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data NATO Advanced Study Institute on Physics of Strong Fields (1986: Maratea, Italy) Physics of strong fields. (NATO ASI series. Series B, Physics; vol. 153) "Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division." Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Heavy ion collisions-congresses. 2. Quantum chromodynamics-congresses. 3. Broken symmetry (Physics)-Congresses. 4. Gravitation-Congresses. 5. Astrophysics-Congresses. I. Greiner, Walter, II. Title. III. Title: Strong fields. IV. Series: NATO ASI series. Series B, Physics; v QC794.8.H4N ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: : / Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1987 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

5 PREFACE The NATO Advanced Study Institute on Physios of St~ong Fields was held at Maratea/Italy from 1-14 June, The school was devoted to the advances, theoretical and experimental, in physics of strong fields made during the past five years. The topic of the first week was almost exclusively quantum electrodynamics, with discussions of symmetry breaking in the ground state, of the physics of strong fields in heavy ion collisions and of precision tests of perturbative quantum electrodynamics. The famous positron lines found at GSI (Darmstadt) and the related question "new particle versus vacuum decay" - (yes or no or both) - constituted the center of experimental advances. This was followed in the second week by the presentation of a broad range of other areas where strong fields occur, reaching from nuclear physics over quantum chromodynamics to gravitation theory and astrophysics. We were fortunate to be able to calion a body of lecturers who not only made considerable personal contributions to this research but who are also noted for their lecturing skills. Their enthusiasm and dedication for their work was readily transmitted to the students resulting in a very successful school. This enthusiasm is also reflected in the contributions to these Proceedings which, as I believe, will in time become a standard source of reference for future work on the physics of strong fields and will help to spread the benefits of the school to a larger audience than those who were able to attend. I regret that the East German and Soviet colleagues were unable to participate. They have made important contributions to the field so that their presence would have certainly further contributed to the atmosphere of the meeting. Special highlights were two distinguished lectures: "The future of nuclear physics" by D.A. Bromley and "Van der Waals forces and zero point energy" by H.B.G. Casimir. Professor Casimir was personally involved in several aspects of the early development of quantum mechanics and, in particular, of the recognition of the vacuum as a special object (Casimir effect). In his lecture he exhibited the roots of the modern developments of these ideas. Professor Bromley is the discoverer of nuclear molecules in light ion-ion scattering. These seem to be of importance also for very heavy nucleus-nucleus systems, particularly in connection with the possibility to observe experimentally the vacuum decay in supercritical fields. The School was sponsored by,and had the support of the NATO Research Council, the Bundesministerium fur Forschung und Technologie, Vanderbilt University (Nashville/Tennessee), and the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI). The meeting took place at the Hotel "Villa del Mare" at Acquafredda di Maratea which contributed with its beautiful scenery, its facilities and v

6 last but not least its perfect management to the success of the school. Finally I wish to acknowledge the contributions made by all those who took part in organizing and running the school. Above all, my thanks go to my secretaries Mrs. Ruth Lasarzig and Ellen Pfister, who handled the correspondence before, during and after the school, managed the budget and helped to make these Proceedings possible. I am grateful to the Organizing Committee for their help in preparing the school, in particular I wish to thank my colleague Reiner Dreizler and many other members of the Institute of Theoretical Physics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University at Frankfurt am Main. Walter Greiner

7 CONTENTS Strong Fields in Perspective 1 W. Greiner Status of Precision QED in Light and Heavy At'Oms 17 P.J. Mohr The Many Facets of the Dirac Vacuum 43 B. Muller Are the Positron Peaks Caused by Internal Electron-Positron Pair Conversion? G.Soff, P. Schluter and W. Greiner Atomic Clock Phenomena in Collisions of Very Heavy Ions G. Soff et al Narrow Correlated Positron-Electron Peaks from Superheavy Collision Systems 111 Th. E. Cowen et al. Investigation of Positron Line Emission in Heavy Ion Collisions with the EPOS-Spectrometer H. Bokemeyer et al. Special Aspects of the EPOS Experiments on Positron Emission from Superheavy Collision Systems K.E. Stiebling Spectroscopy of Positrons from Heavy Ion-Atom Collisions 265 C. Kozhuharov Positron Emission from Subcritical Systems E. Berdermann et al. (talk given by W. Koenig) The Consequences of.sudden Rearrangements of Electronic Shells T. de Reus et al. Are the GSI Events Caused by Particle Decay? J. Reinhardt, B. Muller, W. Greiner and A. Schaffer On the Possibility of New Particle Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions A.B. Balantekin vii

8 Quasiatomic Spectroscopy as a Tool for Deep Inelastic Collisions 359 E. Kanke1eit Positrons and Electrons Emitted in Elastic and Dissipative Heavy Ion Collisions 373 H. Oesch1er et a1. Do Nucleons Dissolve in Giant Nuclei? D. Vasak et a1. (talk given by L. Neise) Vacuum Vibrations R.H. Lemmer Quantum Mechanical Treatment of Heavy-Ion Collisions S. Schramm et a1. Nuclear Contact Times in Dissipative Heavy Ion Collisions Measured via 6-Ray Spectroscopy P. Senger et a1. Positron-Electron Angular Correlations in Heavy Ion Collisions M. Kramer et a1. Exotic Nuclear Structure and Decays: New Nuclear Collective Phenomena J.H. Hamilton and C.F. Maguire Ionisation and Tunneling in a Strong Electric Field W. Eberfe1d and M. Kleber Quantum Mechanical Theory of Positron Production in Heavy Ion Collisions with Nuclear Contact U. Heinz Study of the Consequences of ~ypothesized Potential Pockets Using Simple Models W.T. Pinkston, D.P. Russell, and V.E. Oberacker Theories of Heavy-Ion Interaction Potentials for Giant Dinuc1ear Systems V.E. Oberacker, M.W. Katoot, W.T. Pinkston Future Aspects of Positron Spectroscopy H. Backe Interference Effects in Quasimo1ecu1ar Radiation and a Clock for Heavy Ion Nuclear Reactions I. Tserruya Relativistic Density Functional Theory R.M. Dreiz1er, E. Engel, and P. Malzacher Nonperturbative Radiative and Bound-State Equations for Strong Quantumelectrodynamics A.O. Barut Magnetic Resonances and the Positron Peak in Heavy-Ion Collisions A.O. Barut viii

9 Atomic Processes in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions U. Becker, N. Grun, K. Momberger and W. Scheid p- and T-Pair Production from Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions C. Bottcher and M.R. Strayer Experiments on Few-Electron Very High-Z Ions 645 H. Gould and Ch. Munger A Novel Approach to Lamb Shift Measurements in High Z Hydrogenic Ions 655 J.D. Silver Symmetry Violation in Atoms 663 A. Schafer et al. Atomic Physics and the Dimensionality of Space 671 A. Schafer and B. Muller An Introduction to Skyrmions as Applied in Nuclear Physics J.M. Eisenberg The Baryon-Baryon Interaction and the Quark Model A. Faessler 707 Nuclear Matter at High Densities and Temperature 721 A. Faessler The Non-Topological Soliton Bag Model L. Wilets Pair Production and Quantum Transport in Strong Color Fields M. Gyulassy et al. Antimatter Clusters from Hadronizing Quark- Gluon Plasma U. Heinz Colour Interactions in Giant Quark Bags M. Grabiak, S, Schramm, and W. Greiner The QCD Vacuum M. Danos Gluon Condensation in Quark-Gluon Plasma Lovas How Topological Concepts Lead to Quantum Numbers for Baryons L.C. Biedenharn Pressure Ensemble and Dense Nuclear Matter with Finite Size Nucleons at Zero Temperature A. Schnabel Boundary Conditions and the Structure of the Vacuum C.A. Manogue ix

10 Quantum Effects in Strong Gravitational Fields 879 P.C.W. Davies Temperature Corrections to the Casimir Effect C. Plunien, B. Muller and W. Greiner The Future of Nuclear Physics D.A. Bromley Van der Waals Forces and Zero Point Energy 957 H.B.G. Casimir Summary Talk: Theoretical A. Klein Experimental Summary P. Kienle Index x