ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS

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1 ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS

2 ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF NICKEL AND NICKEL AllOYS by John l. Everhart,P. E. Metallurgical Engineer Westfield, New Jersey 9? PLENUM PRESS NEW YORK - LONDON 1971

3 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: : / Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1971 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, NW10 6SE, England All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher

4 Preface Nickel is probably the most versatile of the metallic elements. Among alloys containing nickel are some having high corrosion resistance and others that retain excellent strength and ductility from temperatures approaching absolute zero to those near 2000 F. Some nickel alloys are strongly magnetic, others are virtually nonmagnetic; some have low rates of thermal expansion, others have high rates; some have high electrical resistivities; some have practically constant moduli of elasticity; one has an "elastic" memory. In addition, nickel is magnetostrictive. With this wide range of characteristics, it is not surprising that there are several thousand alloys containing nickel. It is impossible to consider all of these compositions in this publication and, therefore, several alloys in each of a number of categories have been selected to indicate the properties to be expected of the group. Low-alloy and constructional nickel-containing steels have been excluded on two grounds. To do them justice would require excessive space and, in addition, their applications differ generally from these of the materials under discussion. On the other hand, nickel-containing stainkss steels have been included because many of their applications fall into the same areas as those of a number of the high-nickel alloys. Many of the compositions discussed are proprietary alloys and they are protected by trademarks. A list of the trademarks and their owners is included in the appendix. Data are presented in the form of tables and graphs. All of the graphs. have been drawn especially for this publication, in a number of instances to permit combining data from several sources to point out some characteristic of the group under discussion. To simplify the graphs, some symbols have been used on the curves and, although the meaning is usually self-evident, a list of these symbols is included in the appendix. v

5 vi Preface The international System of Units (the SI System) is being advocated both here and abroad, but it seems premature to use these units in place of those which are conventional. However, Kelvin temperatures are given on the graphs in addition to Fahrenheit temperatures, and a brief discussion of the SI System is included in the appendix, which also contains conversion factors for the more common units used in this publication. Sources of the data are acknowledged in the text, and it is a pleasure to take this opportunity to thank the members of the staff of the Engineering Societies Library (New York) for their courteous and efficient assistance in my search of the literature. Finally, this book could not have been completed without the assistance of my wife, Helen, who prepared all of the graphs and assisted in proofreading.

6 Chapter 1. The Nickel Situation Occurrence... 1 Sulfide Ores... 2 Nickel Silicates Lateritic Ores... 2 Reserves... 3 Expansion of Production Facilities... 4 Future Developments Recovery of Nickel References Chapter 2. Nickel... 8 Effect of Impurities Physical Properties... 9 Thermal Properties Electrical Properties Magnetic Properties Elastic Properties Miscellaneous Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Room-Temperature Properties Tensile Properties Hardness Fatigue Properties Impact Properties vii

7 viii Neutron Irradiation Elevated-Temperature Properties Low-Temperature Properties Cast Nickel Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Nickel Powder Carbonyl Nickel Chemically Reduced Nickel Powder Physical Properties Mechanical Properties References Chapter 3. Nickel-Base Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant Alloys-I Nickel-Copper Alloys Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Room-Temperature Properties Tensile Properties Hardness Fatigue Properties Impact Properties Elevated-Temperature Properties Low-Temperature Properties Cast Nickel-Copper Alloys Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Nickel-Molybdenum Alloys Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Tensile Properties Impact Properties Elevated-Temperature Properties Low-Temperature Properties Cast Nickel-Molybdenum and Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Alloys.. 53 Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Nickel-Silicon Alloys Physical Properties Mechanical Properties References

8 ix Chapter 4. Nickel-Base Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant AIloys-ll Nickel-Chromium Alloys Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Room-Temperature Properties Tensile Properties Hardness Fatigue Properties Impact Properties Elevated-Temperature Properties Low-Temperature Properties Cast Nickel-Chromium Alloys Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Nickel-Iron-Chromium Alloys Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Room-Temperature Properties... '" Tensile Properties Hardness Fatigue Properties Impact Properties Elevated-Temperature Properties Low-Temperature Properties References Chapter 5. Nickel-Base SuperaIIoys Wrought Alloys Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Room-Temperature Properties Elevated-Temperature Properties Low-Temperature Properties Cast Alloys Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Room-Temperature Properties Elevated-Temperature Properties References

9 x Chapter 6. Copper-Base Nickel Alloys Copper-Nickel Alloys Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Room-Temperature Properties Tensile Properties Hardness Fatigue Properties Impact Properties Elevated-Temperature Properties... " Low-Temperature Properties Cast Copper-Nickel Alloys Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Nickel Silvers (Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloys) Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Room-Temperature Properties Tensile Properties Hardness Fatigue Properties Elevated-Temperature Properties Low-Temperature Properties Cast Nickel Silvers Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Nickel Silver Powder Properties References Chapter 7. Nickel-Containing Stainless Steels Wrought Stainless Steels... '".. " Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Room-Temperature Properties Tensile Properties Hardness Fatigue Properties Impact Properties Elevated-Temperature Properties Low-Temperature Properties

10 xi Precipitation Hardenable Stainless Steels Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Room-Temperature Properties Tensile Properties Hardness Impact Properties Elevated-Temperature Properties Low-Temperature Properties...,... ".150 Cast Stainless Steels Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Room-Temperature Properties Tensile Properties Hardness Impact Properties Elevated-Temperature Properties Low-Temperature Properties..., Stainless Steel PjM Parts Properties References Chapter 8. Electrical Resistance and Thermocouple Alloys Electrical Resistance Alloys Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Room-Temperature Properties Tensile Properties Hardness Fatigue Properties Elevated-Temperature Properties Low-Temperature Properties Thermocouple Alloys..., Physical Properties Mechanical Properties References Chapter 9. Controlled-Expansion and Controlled-Modulus Alloys Low-Expansion Alloys Physical Properties

11 xii Mechanical Properties Room-Temperature Properties Tensile Properties Hardness Other Properties Elevated-Temperature Properties Low-Temperature Properties High-Expansion Alloys Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Constant-Modulus Alloys Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Room-Temperature Properties Tensile Properties Hardness Fatigue Properties Other Properties Elevated-Temperature Properties Low-Temperature Properties References Chapter 10. Magnetic Materials Soft Magnetic Materials Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Permanent Magnet Materials Physical Properties Mechanical Properties References Chapter 11. Other Nickel Alloys Age-Hardenable Nickel Alloys Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Room-Temperature Properties Tensile Properties Hardness..., Fatigue Properties Elevated-Temperature Properties

12 xiii Low-Temperature Properties Cast Beryllium-Nickel Alloys Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Nitinol Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Tungsten-Nickel PjM Products Physical Properties Mechanical Properties References Appendix I. Trademarks Appendix II. Conversion Factors and Symbols Index

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