INTRODUCTION TO THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER
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1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER A Course in Modern Physics John J. Brehm and William J. Mullin University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts Fachberelch 5?@8hnlsdie Hochschule Darmstadt! HochschulstraSa WILEY John Wiley & Sons New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore
2 CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE RELATIVITY The Luminiferous Aether Principles of Relativity Time Dilation and Length Contraction Relative-Motion Symmetry The Lorentz Transformation Transformation of Velocity Space-Time Reiativistic Momentum and Energy Reiativistic Dynamics Collisions and Reactions Four-Vectors SO 53 BO 66 CHARTER TWO PHOTONS Blackbody Radiation Standing Electromagnetic Waves The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution The Quantum Hypothesis The Photoelectric Effect XRays The Compton Effect Y Rays and Electron-Positron Pairs xiil
3 xlv Contents CHAPTER THREE INTRODUCTION TO THE ATOM The Reality of Molecules and Atoms The Electron The Nuclear Model of the Atom Rutherford Scattering The Quantum Picture of the Atom The Bohr Model of the One-Electron Atom Characteristic X Rays Atomic Processes and the Excitation of Atoms The Laser The Quantum of Action CHAPTER FOUR MATTER WAVES m De Broglie's Hypothesis Electron Diffraction Particle-Wave Duality Determinism and Randomness The Uncertainty Principle Waves and Wave Packets CHAPTER FIVE QUANTUM MECHANICS The Schrddinger Equation Probability Interpretation Stationary States The One-Dimensional Box The Harmonic Oscillator Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues Expectation Values Radiative Transitions Barrier Penetration Two-Particle Systems in One Dimension The Three-Dimensional Box CHAPTER SIX QUANTIZATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM Central Forces The Schrddinger Equation in Spherical Coordinates 303
4 Contents xv Rotational Motion Separation of Variables Angular Momentum Quantum Numbers Parity Quantization of Energy Observables in Spherical Coordinates CHAPTER SEVEN THE ONE-ELECTRON ATOM The Radial Differential Equation Solutions of the Radial Equation Degeneracy ' Probability Distributions Electric Dipole Selection Rules CHAPTER EIGHT SPIN AND MAGNETIC INTERACTIONS Atoms and Light in a Magnetic Field Orbital Magnetic Moments The Normal Zeeman Effect The Stern Gerlach Experiment The Properties of Electron Spin Magnetic Resonance Spin4 Thought Experiments Addition of Orbital and Spin Angular Momenta The Spin-Orbit Interaction Results from Reiativistic Quantum Mechanics The Zeeman Effect Hyperfine Structure CHAPTER NINE COMPLEX ATOMS The Central-Field Model The Exclusion Principle The Ground States of Atoms and the Periodic Table X-Ray Spectra ElBdron Antisymmetry The Helium Atom Alkali Atoms
5 xvi Contents 9-8 Angular Momentum Coupling Spectroscopic Aspects of LS Coupling CHAPTER TEN MOLECULES soi Binding by Quantum Tunneling: H Covalent Bonding: H Ionic Bonding: LiF Van der Waals Interaction 5/ Polyatomic Molecules: H 2 0 and CH Rotation Vibration Spectra CHAPTER ELEVEN QUANTUM STATISTICAL PHYSICS Particle Indistinguishability Thermal Distribution Functions High-Temperature. Low-Density Limit Photon Statistics Phonons Low-Temperature Fermi-Dirac Systems / CHAPTER TWELVE SOLIDS The Structure of Solids Bragg Scattering The Free-Electron Theory of Metals Energy Bands in Solids The Band Theory of Metals. Insulators, and Semiconductors Semiconductors Semiconductor Devices 6/ Phonon Dynamics Magnetism in Solids
6 Contents xvii CHAPTER THIRTEEN SUPERFLUIDS AND SUPERCONDUCTORS Experimental Characteristics of Superfluids Experimental Characteristics of Superconductors Superfiow and the Energy Gap The Bose-Einstein Condensation The Two-Fluid Model of Superfluid Helium Cooper Pairs and the BCS Theory Theoretical Interpretation of Superconducting Experiments The Josephson Effect Other Superfluid Systems CHAPTER FOURTEEN PROPERTIES AND MODELS OF THE NUCLEUS Nuclear Particles Nuclear Systematics Electron Scattering and the Nuclear Radius Nuclear Mass and Binding Energy The Semiempirical Mass Formula The Fermi Gas Model The Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction A Simple Model of the Deuteron Magic Numbers The Nuclear Shell Model Spins and Moments in the Shell Model Charge Independence and Isospin Symmetry CHAPTER FIFTEEN NUCLEAR PROCESSES Radioactivity The Exponential Decay Law a Decay P Decay The Weak Nuclear Interaction Y Decay Resonance Radiation Introduction to Nuclear Reactions Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear Structure
7 xviil Contents Nuclear Fission Fusion and Thermonuclear Energy CHAPTER SIXTEEN ELEMENTARY PARTICLES sis Introduction to High-Energy Physics Particles and Fields Mesons and the Nuclear Force Muons and Pions Neutrinos Nonconservation of Parity The Weak Interaction Strangeness Neutral K Decay and CP Symmetry Isospin Baryon and Meson Resonances Quarks The Electromagnetic and Weak Interactions of Quarks The Electroweak Interaction Color and the Strong Interaction Gauge Symmetries Grand Unification APPENDIX A TABLE OF NUCLEAR PROPERTIES A-I BIBLIOGRAPHY A-8 ANSWERS A-12 PHOTO CREDITS NAME INDEX A-IS i-i SUBJECT INDEX i-3
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