Physics of atoms and molecules

Transcription

1 Physics of atoms and molecules 2nd edition B.H. Bransden and C.J. Joachain Prentice Hall An imprint of Pearson Education Harlow, England London New York Boston San Francisco Toronto Sydney Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Seoul Taipei New Delhi Cape Town Madrid Mexico City Amsterdam Munich Paris Milan

2 Contents Preface to the second edition Preface to the first edition Acknowledgements Electrons, photons and atoms The atomic nature of matter The electron Black body radiation The photoelectric effect X-rays and the Compton effect The nuclear atom Atomic spectra and the Bohr model of hydrogen The Stern-Gerlach experiment - angular momentum and spin de Broglie's hypothesis and the genesis of wave mechanics 48 Problems 54 2 The elements of quantum mechanics Waves and particies, wave packets and the uncertainty principle The Schrödinger equation Expansions, operators and observables One-dimensional examples Angular momentum Central forces Several-particle systems Approximation methods 114 Problems One-electron atoms The Schrödinger equation for one-electron atoms Energy levels The eigenfunctions of the bound states 155 xi xii

3 vi Co nte nts 3.4 Expectation values. The virial theorem One-electron atoms in parabolic coordinates Special hydrogenic systems: positronium; muonium; antihydrogen; muonic and hadronic atoms; Rydberg atoms 173 Problems Interaction of one-electron atoms with electromagnetic radiation The electromagnetic field and its interaction with charged particles Transition rates The dipole approximation The Einstein coefficients Selection rules and the spectrum of one-electron atoms Line intensities and the lifetimes of excited states Line shapes and widths The photoelectric effect The scattering of radiation by atomic systems 230 Problems One-electron atoms: fine structure and hyperfine structure Fine structure of hydrogenic atoms The Lamb shift Hyperfine structure and isotope shifts 254 Problems Interaction of one-electron atoms with external electric and magnetic fields The Stark effect The Zeeman effect 287 Problems Two-electron atoms The Schrödinger equation for two-electron atoms. Para and ortho states Spin wave functions and the role of the Pauli exclusion principle Level scheme of two-electron atoms The independent particle mode! 316

4 Contents vii 7.5 The ground state of two-electron atoms Excited states of two-electron atoms Doubly excited states of two-electron atoms. Auger effect (autoionisation). Resonances 344 Problems Many-electron atoms The central field approximation The periodic system of the elements The Thomas-Fermi model of the atom The Hartree-Fock method and the self-consistent field Corrections to the central field approximation. Correlation effects. L-S coupling and j-j coupling Density functional theory 416 Problems Interaction of many-electron atoms with electromagnetic radiation and with static electric and magnetic fields Many-electron atoms in an electromagnetic field Selection rules for electric dipole transitions. Oscillator and line strengths Retardation effects. Magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole transitions The spectra of the alkalis Helium and the alkaline earths Atoms with several optically active electrons. Multiplet structure X-ray spectra The Stark effect The Zeeman effect. The Hanle effect and level-crossing spectroscopy 468 Problems Molecular structure General nature of molecular structure The Born-Oppenheimer separation for diatomic molecules Electronic structure of diatomic molecules The rotation and vibration of diatomic molecules The electronic spin and Hund's cases 522

5 viii Contents 10.6 The structure of polyatomic molecules 529 Problems Molecular spectra Rotational spectra of diatomic molecules Vibrational-rotational spectra of diatomic molecules Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules Spin-dependent interactions and electric dipole transitions The nuclear spin The inversion spectrum of ammonia 564 Problems Atomic collisions: basic concepts and potential scattering Types of collisions, channels, thresholds and cross-sections Potential scattering. General features The method of partial waves The integral equation of potential scattering The Coulomb potential Scattering of two identical particles Approximation methods Absorption processes and scattering by a complex potential 657 Problems Electron-atom collisions and atomic photoionisation Electron-atom collisions. General features Elastic and inelastic electron-atom collisions at low energies Elastic and inelastic electron-atom collisions at high energies Electron impact ionisation of atoms Atomic photoionisation 745 Problems Atom-atom collisions Collisions at very low energies Elastic collisions at low velocities Non-elastic collisions between atoms The Impact parameter method Atom-atom collisions at high velocities 801 Problems 810

6 Contents ix 15 Masers, lasers and their interaction with atoms and molecules Masers and lasers Lasers and spectroscopy Atoms in intense laser fields Laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms Bose Einstein condensation Atom lasers Further developments and applications of atomic and molecular physics Magnetic resonance Atom optics Atoms in cavities and ions in traps Atomic clocks Astrophysics 967 Appendices Classical scattering by a central potential The laboratory and centre of mass systems Evaluation of integrals by using generating functions Angular momentum useful formulae and results Hydrogenic wave functions in momentum space The Hamiltonian for a charged particle in an electromagnetic field The Dirac equation and relativistic corrections to the Schrödinger equation Separation of the centre of mass coordinates for an N-electron atom The space-fixed and body-fixed frames for a diatomic molecule Evaluation of two-centre integrals The rotational wave functions of a diatomic molecule Dalitz integrals Solutions of selected problems Fundamental constants, atomic units and conversion factors 1072 References 1077 Author Index 1083 Subject Index 1093