Particle Interactions at Very High Energies. Part A

Transcription

1 Particle Interactions at Very High Energies Part A

2 NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES A series of edited volumes comprising multifaceted studies of contemporary scientific issues by some of the best scientific minds in the world, assembled in cooperation with NATO Scientific Mfairs Division. Series B: Physics Volume 1 - Superconducting Machines and Devices edited by S. Foner and B. B. Schwartz Volume 2 - Elementary Excitations in Solids, Molecules, and Atoms (Parts A and B) edited by J. Devreese, A. B. Kunz, and T. C. Collins Volume 3 - Photon Correlation and Light Beating Spectroscopy edited by H. Z. Cummins and E. R. Pike -Volume 4 - Particle Interactions at Very High Energies (parts A and B) edited by David Speiser, Francis Halzen, and Jacques Weyers Volume 5 - Renormalization and Invariance in Quantum Field Theory edited by Eduardo R. Caianiello The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with NATO Scientific Mfairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics New York and London C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company Physical Sciences Dordrecht and Boston D Behavioral and Sijthoff International Publishing Company Social Sciences Leiden E Applied Sciences Noordhoff International Publishing Leiden

3 Particle Interactions at Very High Energies Part A Edited by David Speiser Institute of Theoretical Physics University of Lou vain Louvain, Belgium Francis Halzen Department of Physics University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin and Jacques Weyers CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research Geneva, Switzerland and University of Louvain PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division

4 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Summer Institute on Particle Interactions at Very High Energies, Louvain, Particle interactions at very high energies. (NATO Advanced Study Institutes series. Series B: Physics, v. 4) Includes bilbliographical references. 1. Nuclear reactions-addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Collisions (Nuclear physics)-addresses, essays, lectures. I. Speiser, David, ed. II. Halzen, Francis, ed. III. Weyers, Jacques, ed. IV. Title. V. Series. QC794.8.H5S ' ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOl / Lectures presented at the 1973 Summer Institute on Elementary Particle Physics held in Louvain, Belgium 1974 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1974 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. 4a Lower John Street, London WIR 3PD, England All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

5 PREFACE The Summer Institute on High Energy Physics was the second of this kind organized at Louvain. Four years ago we had already decided to organize a Summer Institute. The first one was conceived in 1970, at Kiev, by D. Speiser, J. Weyers, and G. Zweig, and thanks to a NATO grant took place from August 20th to September 15th 1971, at Louvain in the Groot Begijnhof. All lectures were directed toward one subject: duality. The lecturers were R. Brout (ULB - Bruxelles), D. Fairlie (University of Durham), F. Gilman (SLAC - Stanford), D. Horn (University of Tel Aviv), J. Mandula (Caltech - Pasadena), C. Michael (CERN - Geneva), J. Rosner (University of Minnesota), C. Schmidt (CERN - Geneva), J. Veneziano (The Weizmann Institute), J. Weyers (UCL - Louvain and CERN - Geneva), and G. Zweig (Caltech - Pasadena). The direction was in the hands of F. Cerulus (KUL - Louvain), R. Rodenberg (Technische Hochschule, Aachen), D. Speiser (UCL - Louvain), and J. Weyers (CERN - Geneva). Unfortunately it was not possible to publish the lecture notes for that Institute. The second Summer Institute on Elementary Particle Physics took place from August 12th to August 25th 1973, again in Louvain. It was initiated in Chicago, in 1972, by F. Halzen (University of Wisconsin) and J. Weyers (UCL - Louvain and CERN - Geneva). Lecturers included R. Carlitz (University of Chicago), F. Gilman (SLAC - Stanford), F. Halzen (University of Wisconsin), D. Horn (University of Tel Aviv), M. Jacob (CERN - Geneva), J. Mandula (Caltech - Pasadena), J. Sens (CERN - Geneva), M. Veltman (Utrecht and CERN - Geneva), and J. Weyers (UCL - Louvain and CERN - Geneva). Seminars were given by N. Cabibbo (University of Roma), K. Gottfried (CERN - Geneva), J. Morfin (Aachen and CERN - Geneva), W.K. Panofsky (SLAC - Stanford), L. Van Hove (CERN - Geneva and Munich), and C. Heusch (University of California, Santa Cruz). Like the first Summer Institute, this one also took place in the Groot Begijnhof at Louvain and was intended mainly for postgraduate students and young postdoctoral fellows. We thank the Scientific Committee of NATO for a grant which made this Institute possible and especially its former President, Dr. G. Randers, and its secretary, Dr. T. Kester, for constant v

6 PREFACE encouragement and help. We also thank the National Science Foundation of the U.S.A. for travel grants. Thanks are due to the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and the Universite Catholique de Louvain for putting their facilities at our disposal and for providing support for some participants and to CERN for permitting us to reprint here the lecture by 't Hooft and M. Veltman. We thank our scientific secretaries, Drs R. Gastmans, J. Cleymans, J. Van Parijs, and G. Meuldermans, for their work, and Dr. J.G. de Vooght, Miss de Crombrugghe, Mrs H. Haut, and C. Leroy as well as the administrative secretaries for their help during the school and in preparing this volume. Special thanks are due to F. Cerulus for his constant advice and to L.L. Foldy for leading the discussion sessions. We also thank Plenum Press and Ms. P. Straw for helping us with the editing. But most of all we should like to thank all the lecturers and students for making the school a success. We hope that by making the lectures available in book form many more students will profit from their efforts. The Directors: F. HALZEN R. RODENBERG D. SPEISER J. WEYERS

7 CONTENTS CONTENTS OF VOLUME 4B.... xii MODEL INDEPENDENT FEATURES OF DIFFRACTION... 1 Francis Halzen Chapter I. Chapter II. Introduction... Rigorous Bounds on observables and Their Phenomenological R~levance to High Energy Scattering Data II.1. Results of Axiomatic Field Theory 4 II.2. Regge and Impact Pictures of the Partial Wave Decomposition II.3. Bounds of the Total Cross Sections, Khuri's Theorem on the Pomeron Intercept Bounds on the Shape of the Elastic Peak The Pomeranchuk Theorem Saturated Bounds and Some Final Remarks Chapter III. Diffraction as the Shadow of Particle Production A Dictionary to Impact Parameter III. 2 The Phenomenological Structure of the Elastic Scattering Amplitude s-channel Unitarity and the Overlap Function vii

8 viii CONTENTS Appendix 52 References 59 TOPICS IN PARTICLE PHYSICS WITH COLLIDING PROTON BEAMS J.C. Sens I. Basic Characteristics of the CERN ISR I.1. Energy, Intensity of the Stored Protons I.2. Number of Interactions I.3. Aperture of the ISR I.4. Injection and Stacking 1.5. Working Lines. I.6. Beam/Gas Interactions I.7. I nst rument at ion for Beam Diagnostics References II. ISR Performance and Developments The Luminosity and Its Measurement Luminosity, Limitations and Improvements Low S Section Stochastic Damping of Betatron Oscillations Storage of Antriprotons? References III. One Particle Inclusive Distributions Three Particle Optical Theorem Experiments and Results on Inclusive Single Particle Production References

9 CONTENTS ix IV. Summary of Low Energy Missing Mass Data 12B IV.1. IV.2. IV.3. History Typical Apparatus Features of the Results 12B 12B 130 V. References High Energy (s > 100 GeV 2 ) Missing Mass Experiments V.1. V.2. V.3. Kinematics Missing Mass Experiments at NAL and ISR A Few Results B 154 References 15B VI. High Energy Missing Mass Data and the Triple-Regge Limit VI.1. The Tripple-Regge Limit 159 VI.2. VI.3. Parametrization of the ISR Missing Mass Data Processes Contributing to the Rise in cr TOT 174 Acknowledgment References.. 1B1 1B2 STRONG INTERACTIONS AT VERY HIGH ENERGIES B3 D. Horn 1. Inclusive Phenomenology 1B4 II. The Mueller Regge Analysis 199 III. Inclusive Correlations. 21B IV. The Multiperipheral Model 232 References. 243

10 x CONTENTS MULTI-BODY PHENOMENA IN STRONG INTERACTIONS. 247 M. Jacob 1. Introduction a. Foreword b. The Kinematics of Production Processes 2. Elastic Scattering and Total Cross-Section a. pp Elastic Scattering at ISR energies b. Total Cross-Section Behaviour and Implications 3. Scaling and the Approach to Scaling a. Feynman Scaling of Inclusive Distribution b. The Approach to Scaling in the Fragmentation Region c. Scaling in the Central Region d. The Pionization Component 4. Diffraction Dissociation a. General Outlook b. Missing Mass Distribution c. Momentum Transfer Distribution and Single Diffractive Cross-Section d. Associated Multiplicity 5. Two-Body Correlations a. Short-Range and Long-Range Effects b. Correlations and Clustering Effects c. Two-Body Correlations in the Mueller-Regge Approach d. Magnitude of Correlations in the Central Region

11 CONTENTS xi 6. Large Transverse Momentum Phenomena 337 a. Inclusive Distribution at Large PT 337 b. Kinematics of Large P T Secondaries 345 c. Qualitative Features of the Large P T Yield 348 d. Are We Seeing Specific Parton Effects? Conclusions References and Notes HIGH ENERGY HADRON COLLISIONS ON COMPLEX NUCLEI AND THE PROPAGATION OF HADRONIC SYSTEMS THROUGH NUCLEAR MATTER I L. Van Hove 371 THE PRODUCTION OF REGGE RECURRENCES C. Michael 1. Introduction Regge Recurrence Production Regge Recurrence Excitation in the Dual Resonance Model a. The Ratio of Natural Parity Exchange Unnatural Parity Exchange b. Slope Dependence 2 on m c. Crossing Matrix Zeroes 4. Conclusion to References INDEX

12 xii CONTENTS CONTENTS OF VOLUME 4B Deep Inelastic Scattering and Final State Hadrons F.J. Gilman... Constituent Quarks and Current Quarks J. Weyers Chiral Symmetry arid the Hadron Spectrum R. Carlitz Permanently Bound Quarks J. Mandula Diagrammar G. 'thooft and M. Veltman Results of the Neutral Current Search in Gargamelle J.G. Morfin LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 361 INDEX. 365