Elementary Particle Physics

Transcription

1 Yorikiyo Nagashima Elementary Particle Physics Volume 2: Foundations of the Standard Model WILEY- VCH WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA

2 Contents Preface XI Acknowledgments XV Color Plates XVII Part One Electroweak Dynamics 1 1 The Standard Model Introduction Weak Charge and SU(2) x 1/(1) Symmetry Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking An Intuitive Picture of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking Higgs Mechanism Unitary Gauge Mass Generation Gauge Interactions Higgs Interactions Feynman Rules of Electroweak Theory Roles ofthe Higgs in Gauge Theory 28 2 Neutral Current Discovery of the Neutral Current v e Scattering vn-+v + X Parity Violation in the Electromagnetic Processes Atomic Process Polarized e-d Scattering Electroweak Unification at High Q Asymmetry in the e~e+ -> 11, cc, bb Asymmetry in q + q y I + I 76 3 W Discovery of W, Z Basic Formulas Decay Width 87

3 VI I Contents Hadronic Production of W, Z Properties of W Asymmetry of Decay Leptons from W, Z Spin of W, Z Mass of W Decay Width of W Triple Gauge Coupling Physics at Z Resonance Born Approximation Improved Born Approximation Experimental Arrangements Detectors Luminosity Monitor Energy Determination Heavy Quark Tagging Observations Event Characteristics Mass, Widths and Branching Ratios Invisible Width 145 AAA Asymmetries Weinberg Angle and p Parameter Precision Tests of the Electroweak Theory Input Parameters Renormalization Prescription Self-Energy ofgauge Bosons /x Decay Ar.p.Aa Running Electromagnetic Constant Residual Corrections and Numerical Evaluation Improved Born Approximation y-z Mixing aorgf? Vertex Correction Effective Weinberg Angle Weinberg Angle in the M S Scheme Beyond the Standard Model Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix Origin of the CKM Matrix CKM Matrix Elements The Unitarity Triangle Formalism ofthe Two Neutral Meson System Mass Matrix, Mixing and CP Parameters 207

4 6.4.2 CP Parameters ofthe KMeson Mixing in the B -B System D -D Mixing Theoretical Evaluation ofthe Mass Matrix Mass Matrix of the K Meson Mass Matrix of the B Meson CP Violation in the B Sector Indirect CP Violation Direct CP Violation CP Violation in Interference Coherent B B Production Extraction of the CKM Phases Using B B Mixing Penguin Pollution Experiments at the 8-factory Test of Unitarity Rare Decays of the K Meson Global Fit of the Unitarity Triangle CP Violation beyond the Standard Model 257 Contents J VII Part Two QCD Dynamics QCD Fundamentals of QCD Lagrangian The Feynman Rules Gauge Invariance and the Gluon Self-Coupling Strength of the Color Charge QCD Vacuum Renormalization Gtoup Equation Running Coupling Constant Asymptotic Freedom Scale Dependence of Observables Running Mass Quark Masses Gluon Emission Emission Probability Collinear and Infrared Divergence Leading Logarithmic Approximation Transverse Kick Deep Inelastic Scattering Introduction The Parton Model Revisited Structure Functions Equivalent Photons 317

5 VIII j Contents 8.3 QCD Corrections Virtual Compton Scattering Factorization Power Expansion of the Evolution Equation Cascade Branching of the Partons DGLAP Evolution Equation Gluon Distribution Function Regularization of the Splitting Function Factorization Scheme Solutions to the DGLAP Equation Method ofmoments Double Logarithm Monte Carlo Generators Drell-Yan Process Factorization in Hadron Scattering jets and Fragmentations Partons and Jets Fragmentation Function Jet Shape Variables Applications of Jet Variables Jet Separation Parton Shower Model Hadronization Models Independent Fragmentation Model String Model Cluster Model Model Tests Test of the Asymptotic Freedom Inclusive Reactions Jet Event Shapes Summary of the Running as(22) Gluons Gauge Structure of QCD Spin ofthe Gluon Self-Coupling Symmetry of QCD of the Gluon Color Coherence Angular Ordering String Effect Fragmentation at Small x DGLAP Equation with Angular Ordering v/as Dependence and N = 1 Pole in the Anomalous Moment Multiplicity Distribution Humpback Distribution: MLLA 435

6 10.4 Gluon Fragmentation Function Gluon Jets vs. Quark Jets Jets in Hadron Reactions Introduction Jet Production with Large pt ^2 Reaction Kinematics and Cross Section Jet Productions Compared with pqcd Jet Clustering in Hadronic Reactions Cone Algorithm fet Algorithm Reproducibility of the Cross Section Scale Dependence Parton Distribution Function Multijet Productions Substructure ofthe Partons? Vector Particle Production Direct Photon Production W : pr Distribution Heavy Quark Production Cross Sections Comparisons with Experiments Top Quark Production 496 Appendix A Gamma Matrix Traces and Cross Sections 501 Appendix B Feynman Rules for the Electroweak Theory 507 Appendix C Radiative Corrections to the Gauge Boson Self-Energy Appendix D 't Hooft's Gauge 525 Appendix E Fierz Transformation 531 Appendix F Collins-Soper Frame 535 Appendix G Multipole Expansion of the Vertex Function 537 Appendix H SU(N) 543 Appendix I Unitarity Relation 551 Appendix J a Model and the Chiral Perturbation Theory 563 Appendix K Splitting Function 573 Appendix L Answers to the Problems 583 References 591 Index 607