18. Heat Engine, Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics
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1 8. Heat Engne, Entropy and te seond law o terodynas In nature, ost o proesses are rreversble. due to te seond Law o terodynas Heat alwasys lows ro Hot to old. 8-. Heat Engne and te eond Law o erodynas Engne absorbs eat ro te ot reservor. Engne does a ork. Engne releases Heat to te old reservor. tea Engne ( 0) eral eeny e < e e ust u saller tan 00%. (e seond law o terodynas)
2 8-2. Reversble and Irreversble Proesses Free expanson Irreversble : dabat and Isoteral Proess No ork P P nr ( : onstant) P2 2 In te ase tat ork s appled to go bak : U U Pd U + eperature nreases. ery low (Equlbru at all nstant) Reversble Oter tan tat eperature nrease nstantly and release Heat. ( xed)
3 D 8-3. arnot Engne e ost eent engne P P nr P D D U D ad arnot ( ) U nr U bsorb Heat Pd xed P P U : onstant nr xed P P D D P P U U nr U D nr D
4 P- Dagra or arnot yle Eeny e Isoteral e D dabat dabat e Isoteral I 0 K, e. e nr ( ) nr ( D ) nr ( ) ( ) ( D ) ( ) In te adabat proess: γ ons tant γ 5/3 or an deal Gas γ γ γ γ D D γ ( ) γ ( ) D D e <
5 8-4. Heat Pup and Rergerators Heat pup (lower oolant lud) absorbs eat ro te old reservor. ork s gven to te pup. (opress te oolant to beoe a ot, g pressure vapor ) Pup (ot vapor) releases Heat to te Hot reservor. Heat Pup : old r outsde, or r nsde oeent o Perorane o Heat Pup: For arnot eat pup OP OP Rergerator : old r nsde, or r outsde oeent o Perorane o Rergerator: OP For arnot Rergerator OP
6 8-5. e 2nd law o terodynas (alternatve stateent) e st law: Energy onservaton U e 2nd law: eral eeny e < n alternatve stateent o te 2nd law: e Heat always lows ro te Hot objet to te old objet Entropy te 2nd law d d r ange n Entropy : Marosop denton (lausus s denton) r : denotes a reversble proess. Entropy : Degree o Dsorder (Mrosop denton) - n solated syste tends toward Dsorder. e 2nd law: e entropy nreases n all natural proess. d d r (reversble pat) - In te ase o an dabat Proess : 0 0 Isentrop proess
7 arnot Heat Engne, D D 0 dabat Isoteral Isoteral dabat 0 e or arnot engne d d 0 r or any losed reversble yle - Reversble proess ust always be n teral equlbru. Entropy, Pase transton, and Latent Heat Ie ater at 0 º e syste beoes ore dsorder. L L L : Latent eat
8 8-7. Entropy anges n Irreversble Proesses Entropy depends only on te tate o an yste. e entropy ange depends only on te ntal and nal states, not on te pat. 0 n any solated syste. - te 2nd law o terodynas Heat onduton Reservor Reservor, > 0 Free Expanson (Irreversble) 0 and 0 U U, Entropy ; r n te reversble proess.
9 - Equvalent Reversble proess xed Isoteral proess P nr ; onstant dr nr Pd > 0 r Irreversble Heat ranser, , 2 ( ) 22( ) d + 2 d d d For an nntesal ange d d >
10 8-8. Entropy on Mrosop ew Entropy Degree o Dsorder Free Expanson N partles ssue ea oleule oupes soe rosop volue,. Nuber o ases per a oleule : Nuber o ases or N-oleule : N >> N ( )( 2) ( N + ) P ( ) N N Intal state: Fnal state:,, ( ) N ( ) N N k Nk knn nr
11 In te Isoteral Expanson r nr nr Pd d k k k nr Nk k : Entropy s a easureent o rosop dsorder.
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