3B SCIENTIFIC PHYSICS
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1 3B SCIENTIFIC PHYSICS Peltier Heat Pump 0076 Instrution manual 05/7 TL/JS Transport ase Semati view 3 Stirrer unit 4 Connetor for stirrer unit 5 Connetor for power supply 6 Stirring rod old side 7 Peltier element 8 Reservoir for old side 9 Wiring diagram sket 0 Reess for stirrer unit Digital termometer for old side Digital termometer for ot side 3 Reess for stirring rods 4 Reservoir for ot side 5 Stirring rod for ot side 6 Connetor for measuring urrent (operating urrent provided by Peltier element). Safety instrutions Operation of te Peltier eat pump is guaranteed to be safe as long as it is used in aordane wit te instrutions. Safety annot be guaranteed, owever, if te equipment is used inorretly or arelessly. Operate te eat pump solely wit DC voltages of between 5 and 8 V. Do not run te eat pump dry or if filled wit insuffiient water. Allow te eat pump to dry after use.. Desription Te Peltier eat pump is a funtioning model wit two aluminium water reservoirs, wi are bot termally oupled to te surfaes of a Peltier element. If eletri urrent flows troug te Peltier element, ten eat is transported between te reservoirs, ausing one to ool down and te one on te oter side to eat up. Eletrially operated stirrers ensure an even distribution of temperature in bot reservoirs. Two digital termometers display te temperatures in bot reservoirs. Sine te speifi eat apaity of te system as a wole is known, it is possible to determine te power involved in te eating and tat involved in ooling, wi an ten bot be ompared wit te eletrial power supplied.
2 Peltier element: Supply voltage: 3. Tenial data 5 8 V Current onsumption(8 V): A Surfae area: Tikness: Seebek oeffiient S: Resistane R: Termal ondution oeffiient κ: Water reservoirs: Mass of empty reservoir: Speifi eat apaity of empty reservoir: Water apaity: Speifi eat apaity of water: Speifi eat apaity of filled reservoir: 40 x 40 mm² 3.7 mm 0.04 V/K approx..4 Ω approx. 0. W/K approx. 05 g J/K 00 ml J/K J/K Heat transfer oeffiient α: W/K Additionally required: 5. Set-up DC power supply 0 V, or DC power supply 0 V, Digital multimeter 0883 Pairs of safety experiment leads 0778 Fig. Alignment of temperature probes To start using te digital termometer, it may be neessary to insert batteries. Line up te temperature probes for te two water reservoirs as sown in Fig.. Overall dimensions: Overall weigt: 44 x 60 x 70 mm³ 90 g 4. Storage, leaning, disposal Keep te equipment in a lean, dry and dustfree plae. Disonnet te equipment from its power supply before leaning. Do not use aggressive leaning agents or solvents. Use a soft, moist lot for leaning. Pakaging sould be disposed of at loal reyling failities. If te equipment itself is to be srapped, it sould not be disposed of in ordinary domesti waste. If it is used in private residenes, it sould be disposed of by legally autorised disposal agents. Observe appliable regulations for disposal of eletrial equipment. Fig. Attament of stirrer unit wit stirring rods inserted Take te stirring rods and stirrer unit from teir pokets in te arry ase. Insert te stirring rods onto te motor safts using te requisite oupling. Connet up te stirrer unit by means of te entral trio of sokets. Note: Te stirrer unit starts running as soon as te left and pair of sokets is supplied wit power. Te Peltier element, toug, is only ativated wen te rigt-and pair of sokets is onneted togeter or wen an ammeter is onneted. Pour 00 ml of water into bot reservoirs. Connet te power supply to start te stirrers and ensure even distribution of temperature.
3 5. Symmetrial operation as eat pump 5. Experiments Fig. 3 Experiment set-up Make a note of te initial temperature in bot reservoirs. Turn off te power supply and onnet up te digital multimeter for use as an ammeter (measuring range up to 0 A). Turn on te power supply and set up a onstant voltage supply of between 6 and 8 V. Start te stop wat. Write down te temperatures T and T in te two reservoirs and te urrent I every 30 s. Possible results: Determination of eating power, ooling power and eletrial power Determination of oeffiients of performane Determine ow urrent depends on te temperature differene wen te power supply voltage is onstant. Determine omi resistane and Seebek oeffiients. Trae te ange in temperature over time. Calulate ow mu te Peltier effet, Joule losses and reflux of eat ea affet te temperature traes. Fig. 4 Cange in te temperatures in te two reservoirs over time wen operation is symmetrial 3
4 5. Measurement of ow temperature anges over time and te termal voltage after te eat pump is turned off Fig. 5 Experiment set-up Remove te multimeter you ave been using as an ammeter so tat te flow of urrent troug te Peltier element is ut off, ten use it as a voltmeter to measure te termal voltage. Keep te stirrers operating by leaving te power supply swited on. Write down te temperatures T and T in te two reservoirs and te voltage U every 30 s. T, T t / s Fig. 6 Cange in te temperatures in te two reservoirs over time after te eat pump is swited off Possible results: Plot te termal voltage as a funtion of te temperature differene Determine te Seebek oeffiients. Plot te average of T and T as a funtion of time and determine te eat transfer oeffiients α. Plot te temperature differene as a funtion of time and determine te termal ondution oeffiients. Note: To determine te termal ondution oeffiients and eat transfer oeffiients, it is essential to ontinue te measurements as far as possible until te ambient temperature as been reaed. 5.3 Asymmetri operation Asymmetri operation involves filling te reservoir on te ot side wit iy water in order to keep its temperature onstant. Te water in te old reservoir sould ten be ooled from its initial temperature. 4
5 6. Results 6. Determination of eating power, ooling power and eletrial energy Table : Sample measurement t T T I U C 5.6 C 3. A 7.6 V C 3. C 3. A 8.06 V Heating power: J K P C W K 0 s Cooling power: J K P C W K 0 s Eletri power: Pel U I 3. A V 5. W Coeffiients of performane (power): P W COP. 73 P el 5. W P 0. W COP P el 5. W Te termal voltage Ut between te two ontats to te Peltier element depends linearly on te temperature differene. It an be measured wen no urrent I is flowing: U S T T S T t S: Seebek oeffiient of Peltier element 6.3 Operating voltage as a funtion of temperature differene 0,0 9,5 9,0 8,5 8,0 U / V 7, T / K Fig. 8 Operating voltage measured as a funtion of temperature differene in te pumping pase at onstant urrent COP COP Note: Coeffiients of performane depend on urrent I and on te temperature differene ΔT. 6. Termal voltage as a funtion of temperature differene U t / V,4,,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0, 0, T / K Fig. 7 In Termal voltage measured as a funtion of temperature differene in te settling pase To generate urrent I, te following voltage needs to be applied aross te Peltier element U0 R I S T R: Resistane of Peltier element Alternatively, te following eletrial power is required: Pel U0 I R I S T I Terefore, it is of importane weter te power is supplied wit onstant urrent or onstant voltage. 6.4 Desription of anges in temperature during pumping and settling pases If an eletri urrent I flows troug te Peltier element, its old side absorbs eat Q from te reservoir onneted to tat side and te ot side transfers eat Q to te reservoir on tat side. Te following equations apply for te power relationsips: dq P S I T R I T T, dq P S I T R I T T S: Seebek oeffiient R: Resistane : Termal ondution oeffiient 5
6 Te first term in ea of tese equations represents te Peltier effet, te seond term represents resistive losses, wi are equally distributed between te two reservoirs in te form of Joule eat loss, and te tird term is te eat returned by passing troug te Peltier element. In pratie, it is also neessary to take into aount eat losses to te surroundings, wi is given to good approximation by te following: dq 0 P 0 T T0, dq 0 P 0 T T0 T0: Ambient temperature, α: Heat transfer oeffiient Emission and onsumption of eat an bot be deteted as anges in temperature in te onneted reservoirs. Overall, te following differential equations apply C S I T R I T T T T 0 C S I T R I T T T T Initial pase: 0 If te system starts wit bot reservoirs at te ambient temperature, ten termal ondution and eat transfer do not play any role in te initial pase. Tus te following applies for tat pase: C S I T R I C S I T R I If te polarity of te urrent is reversed, te roles of te two reservoirs are swapped over. Te temperature of te rigt-and reservoir ten dereases wile tat of te left-and one inreases. 50 C 40 C 30 C 0 C 0 C T, T 0 C t / s Fig. 9 Measured and alulated anges in temperature during pumping pase : Influene of Peltier effet : Influene of Peltier effet & Joule eat.. : Effet of termal ondution : Effet of termal ondution and Transfer of eat to surroundings Settling pase: If te urrent is interrupted, turning off te pumping effet of te Peltier element, te temperatures in bot reservoirs ten settle bak towards te ambient temperature. Matematially, te following is true C T T T T0 C T T T T0 Tis an be rearranged as follows: C T were T T T were T m C Tm T0 m T T To determine oeffiients and α, it is terefore sensible to onsider te temperature differene ΔT and mean (average) temperature Tm. 3B Sientifi GmbH Rudorffweg 8 03 Hamburg Germany Subjet to tenial amendments Copyrigt 07 3B Sientifi GmbH
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