Physics of Ion-Ion and Electron - Ion Collisions

Transcription

1 Physics of Ion-Ion and Electron - Ion Collisions

2 NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES A series of edited volumes comprising multifaceted studies of contemporary scientific issues by some of the best scientific minds in the world. assembled in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division. Series B: Physics Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 76-Metal Hydrides edited by Gust Bambakidis Volume 77 - Nonlinear Phenomena at Phase Transitions and Instabilities edited by T. Riste Volume 78 - Excitations in Disordered Systems edited by M. F. Thorpe Volume 79- Artificial Particle Beams in Space Plasma Studies edited by Bji'\rn Grandal Volume 80-Quantum Electrodynamics of Strong Fields edited by W. Greiner Volume 81- Electron Correlations in Solids, Molecules, and Atoms edited by 10zef T. Devreese and Fons Brosens Volume 82 - Structural Elements in Particle Physics and Statistical Mechanics edited by J. Honerkamp, K. Pohlmeyer, and H. Romer Volume 83 - Physics of Ion-Ion and Electron-Ion Collisions edited by F. Brouillard and J. W. McGowan Volume 84 - Physical Processes in Laser-Materials Interactions edited by M. Bertolotti Volume 85 - Fundamental Interactions: Cargese 1981 edited by Maurice Levy, Jean-Louis Basdevant, David Speiser, Jacques Weyers, Maurice Jacob, and Raymond Gastmans This series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences B Physics C Mathematical and Physical Sciences D Behavioral and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation London and New York D. Reidel Publishing Company Dordrecht, The Netherlands and Hingham, Massachusetts, USA Martinus Nijhoff Publishers The Hague, The Netherlands

3 Physics of Ion-Ion and Electron--Ion Collisions Edited by F. Brouillard Institute of Physics Catholic University of Louvain Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium and J. W. McGowan University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada PLENUM PRESS NEW YORK AND LONDON Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division

4 Main entry under title: Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Physics of ion-ion and electron-ion collisions. (NATO advanced study institutes series. Series B, Physics; v. 83) "Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Summer Institute on the Physics of Ion-Ion and Electron-Ion Collisions, held Sept , 1981, in Baddeck, Nova Scotia, Canada" T.p. verso. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Electron-ion collisions-congresses. 2. Ion-ion collisions -Congresses. I. Brouillard, F., II. McGowan, J. W. III. NATO Advanced Summer Institute on the Physics of Ion-Ion Collisions (1981: Baddeck, N.S.) IV. Title. V. Series. QC794.6.C6P / ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: DOl: / Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Summer Institute on the Physics of Ion-Ion and Electron-Ion Collisions, held September 13-26, 1981, in Baddeck, Nova Scotia, Canada 1983 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1983 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

5 We' N ouiwarc:l. bound. ft'oul BADDECK pte.c' Ski.ppe.r LUKE CClme. o.boa.td wilh a. cra.\.e of beet' Storm,;! wea.lltu bo';ls, Stot-m~ we.olmr 1,00j5 whe.t!. the. wl.t\q. blows the boo.l W\tt go, And. a.t 1.h.e. ke.tm. \s YONG-KI-KIM The hul.e. cod. fbhes a.t"f.~t a.fraid. of hi.m. We're a. cauho\ls cre.w, fat' the boa.t's on. hi.re And. the oa.tmea t porri.dge. hell caugb.l on fire. The.n up jum.pe.ci. a. mcrmai.d. cove.red. i.n slime. So we. look net"' c1owt\ the foc'51e. and.. we. b.ad. a 900d. hma. At. l.a.at we.t-e. kame., bolh. safe. Qt\d. sound. Our skifr&t"' hasnl run. lh.e boat a.gro\lt\.d.. - Johannes Hasted compo suit

6 H~9b. above the Cleld. rc1u'fau/w~ lh.& tun.usl.o... b... ahl... Tben. th. a.loms ~n lhal.r glory,lon\u ac.d. "'OtftbiN. Oh II\~ d.a.r-tu'9., Ok m~ da.t"h~, Db. ~ d.arli.~ \01\... Tkou. a.rl lott a..nd. 9- forawr if but ona '1- l"ec:_bi. In a c:avlty, in a.. d.\kha."3ilj Bock i.n. n\... t FRED BIONDI waved h.ie wq.n.c1.- y A At lha.. plo.,ma phy.i.c:a i.~/m\d. tb.a c.ro.t. NORMAN BARDSLEY, T M OMALLEY J Di. Recombin Johannes Hasted compo suit

7 PREFACE Some of the earliest civilizations regarded the universe as organized around four principles, the four "elements" earth. water, air, and fire. Fire, which was the source of light and as such possessed an immaterial quality related to the spiritual world. was clearly the most impressive of these elements, although its quantitative importance could not have been properly discerned. Modern science has changed the names, but macroscopic matter is still divided into four states. The solid, liquid, and gaseous states are ordinary states, but the fourth state of matter, the plasma state, has retained a somewhat extraordinary character. It is now recognized that most of the matter of the universe is in the ionized state. but on the earth. the plasma state is still the exception. Hence the importance and also the difficulty of investigations dealing with ionized matter, which have been greatly furthered by the development of thermonuclear fusion research. The study of matter in the ionized state comprises a large diversity of problems belonging to many different branches of physics. A number of them relate to the microscopic properties of plasmas and concern the structure and the collisional behavior of atomic constituents. Although they are clearly of basic importance, their relevance to thermonuclear research was at first overlooked, at a time when most of the effort was concentrated on designing fusion devices and understanding macroscopic phenomena, mostly of an electromagnetic nature. At present. however, increased maturity and a more systematic approach to the fusion problem have revealed that better knowledge of the underlying atomic collisional processes is an urgent necessity. vii

8 viii PREFACE Very specific to the collisional processes in an ionized gas are, of course, the collisions between charged particles, i.e., electron-ion and ion-ion collisions. But electron-ion and ion-ion collisions are also specifically more difficult to investigate than collisions with neutral species. In theoretical studies the scarcity of data regarding the excited states of ions is a major handicap. In experimental studies one has to face the difficulty of working with comparatively low densities of colliding species and vanishingly small observable signals. Nevertheless, significant progress has been achieved in recent years, both experimentally and theoretically. This book is devoted to some of the major aspects of current research in the field of ion-ion and electron-ion collisions. The relevance of the work to astrophysics and thermonuclear fusion is dealt with in the two first lectures. Electron-ion collisions are introduced in two theoretical lectures and developed in three specific lectures on excitation, ionization, and recombination. Ion-ion collisions are treated in three lectures, one dealing with theory and two with experimental aspects. The physics of ion traps and of flowing afterglows are the subjects of the two last lectures. This book is one of the achievements of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on the Physics of Ion-Ion and Electron-Ion Collisions, held in Baddeck, Nova Scotia, Canada, September 13-26, Another--less visible but nevertheless considerable--achievement was the intense interaction between lecturers and students during two full weeks of continuous and unrestricted dialogue, in which many durable collaborations were established. We want to thank all the lecturers, not only for the high quality of their lectures but for their total involvement, which was impressive and of immense value to the students. It wouldn't be fair not to mention J.N. Bardsley, whose manuscript unfortunately could not be included in this book, but who contributed equally with the other lecturers to the success of the Institute. We are much indebted to Parks Canada, for the kind hospitality received at the Alexander Graham Bell Historic Museum, where the Institute took place. Also, we gratefully acknowledge the help provided by the following: Canadian Natural Science and Engineering Research (NSERC) Euratom The Province of Nova Scotia Cape Breton Development Corporation (DEVCO) College of Cape Breton as well as the support given to us by the Universit~ Louvain and the University of Western Ontario. Catholique de

9 PREFACE Finally, we express our gratitude to Marilyn Adams and Nicole Coisman, who took such good care of the administrative work. The Scientific Affairs Division of NATO in Brussels has earned our appreciation. We would like to express it specifically to its director, Dr. di Lullo, who encouraged us and helped us to organize the Institute. ix December 1981 F. Brouillard J.W. McGowan

10 CONTENTS Electron-Ion and Proton-Ion Collisions in Astrophysics 1 A. Dalgarno The Role of Atomic Collisions in Fusion D.E. Post Theory of Electron-Atom Collisions 101 Y.-K. Kim Potential Energy Curves for Dissociative Recombination. 167 S L. Guberman Electron-Impact Excitation of Ions D.H. Crandall Electron-Impact Ionization of Ions E. Salzbom Experimental Studies of Electron-Ion Recombination 279 J.B.A. Mitchell and J.H. McGowan Theory of Low Energy Ion-Ion Charge Exchange A. Salin The Measurement of Inelastic Ion-Ion and Electron-Ion Collisions... " K.T. Dolder On the Measurement of Ion(Atom)-Ion(Atom) Charge Exchange 415 F. Brouillard and H. Claeys Confinement of Ions for Collision Studies J.B. Hasted Studies of Ion-Ion Recombination Using Flowing Afterglow Plasmas David Smith and Nigel G. Adams Index xi