A NEW PRINCIPLE FOR ELIMINATION OF APPLIED DEFECTS IN THE RELATIVITY THEORY. Kexin Yao

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1 A NEW PRINIPLE FOR ELIINATION OF APPLIED DEFETS IN THE RELATIITY THEORY Kexin Yao Addess: Roo -7- Xi an Insiue of eology N0. Laodong Souh Road Xian P.R.hina ABSTRAT: This pape pus fowad he foe equilibiu inaiane axio deies he foe ansfoaion foula of he speial elaiiy; pus fowad he oelaion analysis law eliinaes soe pobles esuled fo he ipope appliaion of elaiiy; pus fowad he piniple of absolue eloiy deeines he unning speed of any oing obje in eal ie soles he poble of win paadox; pus fowad he oesponding piniple deeines he elaionship beween he es ass he efeene fae; pus fowad he onep of absolue ansfoaion elaie ansfoaion laifies wo diffeen naues of Loenz ansfoaion; pus fowad he field siilaiy piniple deeines he gaiaional ass as a onsan ha has nohing o do wih he eloiy; infes ha he equialene piniple is false ha he geneal elaiiy is only appliable o low speed oing objes; pus fowad he gaiy double equilibiu piniple onludes ha Blak Hole ould no exis. I also analyzes he liiing speed of anned spaeship onludes ha huan beings anno ealize ie ael of paial signifiane. KEYWORDS: Speial Relaiiy Geneal Relaiiy Loenz Tansfoaion Lelaie eloiy Absolue eloiy Tie Running Speed Relaie Tansfoaion Absolue Tansfoaion Elei Field Gaiaional Field Piniple of Equialene Uniesal Gaiaion Blak Hole Tie Tael. INTRODUTION Sine he Theoy of Relaiiy (inluding speial elaiiy geneal elaiiy) was poposed oe han one hunded yeas ago hee ae sill soe basi pobles wihou sienifi explanaion o een wih no explanaion. any people don undes he ie ansfoaion. Due o speial elaiiy A B elaiely oe a he speed hen A deeines ha he ie of B B (he unning speed of ie naely he speed of he lok) is salle han he ie of A A ha is B A. Howee B also deeines A B naely A is salle han B. Obiously he judgen of A B ae onadioy so we do no know whih one Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online)

2 is salle. Thee ae any objes 3 whose espeie ie is expessed as 3 whose eloiy elaie o he obje is espeiely expessed as 3. Aoding o speial elaiiy dedues he ie of as dedues he ie of as 3 dedues he ie of as 3 3. Obiously 3 3 ha he eal ie of is ipossible o be equal o 3 a he sae ie. This exaple shows ha aoding o speial elaiiy i is no possible fo abiay obje o dedue he eal ie of anohe obje fo he elaie eloiy. Though an iaginay expeien i is poed ha he eal ie of abiay obje is independen of he elaie oion of he ohe obje. Launh a spaeaf A in a plae on he Eah o eole aound he Eah in ellipial obi whose oaion yle is T. Afe a peiod of T launh spaeaf B in he sae plae o esole aound he Eah in ellipial obi whose oaion yle is also T. If he people on Eah see he oeen eloiy of A B a he speed spaeaf A o B boh see he opposie spaeaf oing a he speed. Aoding o speial elaiiy A B boh onfi ha he ie B A is shoened. A onludes B A 4 while B onludes A B 4. Afe a peiod of ie A B will eun o he Eah a T ineals. As A B hae exaly he sae fligh poess if hee is a eduion poess fo A B he eduion exen of A B us be he sae. Afe eun o he Eah he ie diffeene of A B us be exaly he sae as ha befoe hey wee launhed. This shows ha based on speial elaiiy A B in elaie oion o dedue he onlusion ha he ie of he ohe one is shoened han is own ie is wong. Fo he aboe analysis le s disuss he win paadox. In his poble he win A esapes fo he Eah by spaeship. In he iew of win B A oes elaiely o B he ie of A us be deeased heefoe B dedues ha A us be younge han B when A euns o he Eah. Howee A also sees ha B oes elaiely o A A also dedues ha he ie of B is deeased finds ou ha B is younge han A when A euns o he Eah. Obiously he judgen of A B ae onadioy. Ou peious analysis shows ha fo he wo objes in elaie oion he onlusion of he Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 3

3 ie deease of eah ohe is no ealisi ha is o say he win A B ould no deeine whehe he ohe is younge aoding o he elaie eloiy naely hee is no win paadox. Howee saellie ie expeiens show ha he saellie lok is indeed slowe han he Eah's lok ha is is deeased. This shows ha aoding o speial elaiiy i an dedue by he elaie eloiy ha he ie deease in he saellie is in aod wih he aual siuaion; on he ohe h i also shows ha i is wong fo people on he saellie o dedue he ie deease on Eah by he elaie eloiy. How o explain his phenoenon? The popula explanaion uenly is ha he saing aeleaing poess fo he saellie o esape fo he Eah leads o he ie deease of he saellie ha is i akes win A younge han win B. Though he analysis his explanaion is no sienifi beause fo a saellie euning o Eah in one day a saellie euning o Eah afe en yeas he saing aeleaing poess is exaly he sae. Does he saellie flying one day flying en yeas hae he sae effe? So his explanaion is no sienifi no o enion he following noes ha he ie of he lok on he flying aiaf an no only be deeased bu also ineased (he lok goes fase). This an opleely negae he explanaion ha he saing aeleaing auses he ie deease. Fo he aboe analysis we an see ha he ie ansfoaion of speial elaiiy has wo basi pobles ha ould no be explained: ) he logial easoning an daw he onlusion ha i is no oe fo an abiay obje o dedue he eal ie of anohe obje aoding o he elaie eloiy. If he onlusion is ue does i ean ha he ie ansfoaion of speial elaiiy does no fully ee he aual? ) sine people on Eah people in he saellie hae he sae elaie eloiy hen why i is ealisi fo he people on Eah o dedue he ie deease of saellie aoding o he elaie eloiy while i is no onsisen wih he aual fo he people in he saellie o dedue he ie deease of he Eah aoding o he sae elaie eloiy (aually he ie is elaiely ineased)? Speial elaiiy poins ou ha hee is a onsan es ass fo any obje. The es ass is he ass of he obje when he obje is saionay elaie o he Eah. Howee he Eah is diffeen fo as Saun he oon ohe elesial bodies. I ay well be asked ha whehe he es ass of he sae obje deeed on as Saun he oon is diffeen fo he es ass deeed on he Eah. If he es ass deeed on eah elesial body is diffeen hen how o dedue he diffeene? The ehanis has fou basi physial quaniies as lengh qualiy ie foe. Now speial elaiiy has idenified ansfoaion foula of he elaion beween he obje s lengh qualiy ie oeen eloiy bu whehe hee is a elaionship beween he aing foe oeen eloiy is uneain. If hee is a elaionship how o ansfo has no been lealy explained heefoe o deeine he elaionship beween he aing foe oeen eloiy of he obje is ey neessay. When analyzing soe physial phenoena based on speial elaiiy we ofen ge soe wong analysis esuls fo exaple: The ellipial obi of he planes eoling aound he Sun basially is onsan. An obsee Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 4

4 oing a high eloiy elaiely o he Sun sees ha he Sun he planes oe a he sae eloiy elaiely o hi (wihou onsideing he slow oeen of planes elaie o he sun) bu i does no hange he oion of planeay obis. Howee aoding o speial elaiiy he ass of he Sun planes a high speed should hae obious hanges fo insane he ass of he Sun epesened by he ass of he plane epesened by. Aoding o he piniple of equialene gaiaional ass is equal o ineial ass. The ineial ass gaiaional ass of he Sun planes in high-speed oion will be ansfoed o. Beause he uniesal gaiaion beween he Sun he planes is popoional o ha is popoional o while he enifugal foe of he planes o he Sun is only popoional o ineial ass ha is popoional o. Obiously > he uniesal gaiaion of he Sun o he planes is lage han he planes enifugal foe hen he planes will be aaed o he sun. Appaenly i does no onfo o he fa ha speial elaiiy's judgen sees o be wong ode. If he equialene piniple is false ha gaiaional ass has nohing o do wih he oeen eloiy he obsee should dedue ha he gaiaion of he Sun o he planes is independen of he eloiy. Howee he ineial ass of planes us be so he enifugal foe of he planes o he Sun is lage han he uniesal gaiaion of he Sun o he planes hen he planes will fly away fo he sun whih is also inonsisen wih he fas. Fo he aboe analysis we onlude ha aoding o speial elaiiy he uniesal gaiaion of he Sun o he planes he enifugal foe of he planes o he Sun in high-speed oion elaiely o he Sun ae no oe. Fo anohe exaple he fa shows ha he displaeen disane of obje A wih ass foe F hough he ie of on obje B us be S F. Howee aoding o speial elaiiy in he iew of he obsee in oion a he eloiy paallel o F elaie o B of A should be ansfoed o should be ansfoed o so he displaeen disane of A on B should be 3 S F. Bu aoding o he lengh ansfoaion foula of speial elaiiy he aual disane on B S should be ansfoed o S S F obiously S S. Tha is o say he infeene of speial elaiiy is self onadioy. The aboe analysis shows ha aoding o he geneal analysis ehod of speial elaiiy Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 5

5 he deduion of soe basi physial phenoena does no aod wih he aual onlusion. The equialene piniple of geneal elaiiy assues ha gaiaional ass is equal o ineial ass. Fo hundeds of yeas in ode o deeine he elaionship beween gaiaional ass ineial ass Galileo Newon e al ade a lo of expeiens whih show ha in geneal he gaiaional ass ineial ass of an obje hae a onsan aio. Theefoe as long as sele he appopiae popoion unis i an onlude ha gaiaional ass of he obje is equal o ineial ass. Bu hough he analysis of hei expeiens i an be seen ha all expeiens obained he esuls unde he ondiion of low oeen eloiy of he obje. No one has ade he expeiens abou he aio of gaiaional ass ineial ass unde he ondiion of high oeen eloiy. Unde he ondiion of high oeen eloiy he obje s ineial ass is obiously ineased. Aoding o speial elaiiy he ineial ass of he obje in oion a high speed ineases o. Nueous expeiens hae onfied he onlusion undoubedly. Se he obje's gaiaional ass as. If gaiaional ass ineial ass ae equal hee us be. So fa no expeien has onfied his onlusion on he onay based on he siple logi analysis i an poe. Fig. Sping opessed neihe in Z no in Z Aoding o Fig he obje is oposed of he ube A B wih he sae ass up down whih is onneed ogehe wih wo spings. In ou iew of he ineial syse Z he shape of his obje is onsan. Bu in he iew of people in oion a high speed of he ineial syse Z elaiely o Z egading he oeen a high speed he ass lengh of he obje ae boh hanged. We do no disuss he hanges of he lengh Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 6

6 of he obje bu only analyze he hanges of he ass whih is diided ino wo aspes of ineial ass gaiaional ass. Aoding o speial elaiiy he ineial ass he obje (wihou onsideing he sping ass) should be ineased o. Is oenu is ansfoed o of. The expeiens show ha suh infeene is onsisen wih he aual. The equialene piniple poins ou ha gaiaional ass ineial ass ae equal heefoe gaiaional ass should also be ineased o. Gaiaional ass of obje A B us be ineased o espeiely. Sine hee is uniesal gaiaion beween A B whih is in die popoion o he podu of gaiaional ass of A B is equal o heefoe he people in beween A B is ineased by Z us dedue ha he uniesal gaiaion. When is ey lage hee will be signifian opession fo he sping. When is appoahing he speed of ligh A B should fi in one piee. sees ha he sping anno be defoed also anno see he sae sping defoaion (he lengh eial o does no hange) heefoe aoding o speial elaiiy Z Z an dedue ha gaiaional ass anno be in die popoion o when he obje oes a he eloiy Z. Tha is o say gaiaional ass ineial ass ae no equal so i an be judged ha he equialene piniple is false. As we all know if he equialene piniple is no ue does geneal elaiiy also hae pobles? The aboe pa disussed fo seeal aspes abou soe pobles defes ay aise in he analysis of pobles based on he elaiiy heoy. Do hese defes indiae ha he heoy of elaiiy is wong? I don' hink he elaiiy is wong bu he deiaions aise when use he elaiiy heoy o analyze pobles. The easons fo hese deiaions ae he wong analysis ehods. Theefoe I hink ha in ode o use he oe ehods o apply he elaiiy heoy i is neessay o add soe new analyial piniples. Below I will desibe soe basi piniples whih should be added. Inaiane axio of foe equilibiu Plae an obje of kiloga on he sping sale he poine of he sping sale will fix on he posiion of kg. The posiion of kg is no only he posiion of kg fo he people who ae elaiely sai o he sping sale bu also fo ohe people in any oion. This fa shows ha fo a goup of foe in equilibiu in a efeene fae he obsee of any ohe efeene faes an also obsee he goup of foe in equilibiu. In ohe wods a goup of foe in equilibiu will nee hange he sae of equilibiu along wih he diffeen Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 7

7 efeene faes whee he obsee says. This is he fa eognized by people in daily life. I all his fa as equilibiu inaiane axio. We an deie he foula of foe ansfoaion aoding o he foe equilibiu inaiane axio. Deduion of foe ansfoaion foula 图 力运动时的大小变化 Fig. hanges of foe in oion Fig. hanges of foe in oion Fig. a epesens hee foes F A F B F in a sae of equilibiu. These hee foes an be he elei field foe also he uniesal gaiaion o he sping foe so on. In he figue he lengh of OA OB O espeiely epesens he size of F A F B F F is paallel o he X axis F A is equal o F B he angle beween he X axis ae θ (no onsideing he posiie o negaie of θ). Due o he hee foes in equilibiu hee will be F A os FB os F. Beause of he equal size of A F F B o ake he deiaion siple le F A FB F hee will be F os F. Fig. b epesens he hee foes in fig. a o oe paallel o X axis a he eloiy. Aoding o speial elaiiy he lengh of dieion (dieion X) should be shoened while F in fig. a should be shoened o F F A F B should be shoened o F A F B espeiely. Aoding o he foe equilibiu inaiane axio F F A F B Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 8

8 ae sill in a sae of equilibiu F A F B ae naually equal. Le F F A F B siilaly hee will be Fos F. We infe he elaionship beween F F aoding o he hanges of he elei field foe in oion. Fig. 3 he elei field in oion paallel o he elei field sengh line E Fig. 3a indiaes ha he hage Q is in a unifo elei field geneaed by he "infinie" haged fla plae; indiaes he elei field sengh epesens a seion of he E Q haged plae. Obiously he foe of is. Fig. 3 Findiaes ha afe oes E F Q Q F Q paallel o E a he eloiy AB beoes. Aoding o speial elaiiy he lengh eial o dieion ainains he sae size afe oeen heefoe hee will be A B AB naually hee will be he elei field sengh of E E. Theefoe he foe of AB in he elei field Q AB is F Q AB EQ EQ F Q AB AB. Fo his fa i is known ha he foe F Q will no hange afe he oeen in he dieion paallel o ( ). Fo he foe of fig. hee us be F F. Due o F Fos θ F F os hee us be F osθ F os. F Q os F F os I an be seen in figue ha OD os OD AD os OD OD AD Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 9

9 Beause he lengh eial o dieion ainains he sae size hee will be A D AD. While he lengh O D in he dieion has O D OD aoding o he lengh ansfoaion foula of speial elaiiy based on he equaion of AD OD os an be ansfoed o osθ OD OD - AD osθ F F F osθ OD OD AD OD OD AD F OD AD OD OD AD Subsiue osθ OD OD AD o he aboe foula onlude ha F F os () Due o F F os os ; os F os F onludes os os os os os os () The aboe foula () () ae he ansfoaion foula of foe in oion a he Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 0

10 speed. The foula like he ansfoaion foula of lengh ie ass should be he basi ansfoaion foula of speial elaiiy. Elei field disibuion of haged pailes in oion dedued by foe ansfoaion foula Fig. 4 When he haged pailes oe wih he eloiy beoes ' The posiiely haged paile Q in fig. 4 oes a he eloiy he lengh l in sai sae will be onaed o afe oeen. The heigh h eial o l l - dieion ainains he sae befoe afe oeen. in sai sae will be onaed o ' afe oeen. I an be known by he figue ha l os l l - os sin h hae l h os sin (3) os Due o h sin sin wih sin sin subsiue foula (3) onlude ha sin sin os (4) The aing foe of Q in he elei field wih he elei field sengh E is F=EQ ha is he elei field sengh E he aing foe F is diely popoional so he foe ansfoaion ype () an also be wien as he elei field sengh ansfoaion ype: Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online)

11 Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) (5) Tansfo foula (5) o Due o os sin he aboe foula an be ansfoed o Subsiue foula (3) os foula (4) os sin sin o his foula onlude Due o k Q E subsiue o he his foula onlude (6) os E E E E E os os os E 3 3 os os 3 os os E 3 os os sin E E E θ E 3 sin 3 sin Q θ K E

12 Foula (6) is he elei field disibuion foula of he haged pailes in oion a he speed. By opaison his foula is he sae as he foula dedued by eleodynais. When he obje oes he foe should be ansfoed wih he lengh ie ass. Fo exaple when he haged pailes oe in a agnei field he Loenz foe of pailes will be ansfoed. Deailed analysis is shown in efeenes 3. oelaion Analysis Law Fig. 5 Ineaion foe of wo oing hages Fig. 5a in he efeene fae Z he oeen speed he aying apaiy of he wo posiie hages ae Q Q espeiely. Aoding o he foe foula (6) he elei field sengh of Q geneaed in Q is (in he following foulas Y 0 epesens he uni eo of dieion Y ). E k Y 3 0 sin 0 Q (7) Theefoe he foe of Q will be F Q Q EQ Y 0 Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 3

13 The elei field sengh of Q geneaed in Q will be: E Q k sin 90 3 Y 0 (8) The foe of Q will be: F E Q Q Q Y 0 Obiously he aion eaion foe beween F F Q Q ae diffeen ha is he law of eaion is false. If hee is anohe obsee in oion a he speed obsee ha he eloiy of Q is u elaie o u he eloiy of Z Q in fig. 4b he will is ansfoed o u. I an be seen in fig. 5b ha ae diffeen opposie obiously he esul is sill F F naely he law of eaion is false. Beause he law of eaion is eognized by he law he law is also ineelaed wih he law of onseaion of enegy ohe laws is oeness is undoubed heefoe we an be sue ha he analysis ehod aboe is wong. Unde he ondiions no in iolaion of he law of eaion how o analyze he ineaion of Q Q in fig. 5? Fisly we should ake he law of eaion as he ineiable esul ha he aion eaion ae onsan o be equal opposie. Anohe fo of equilibiu sae of he foe us be independen of he obsee of any efeene faes aoding o he foe equilibiu inaiane axio naely he ineaion beween Q Q is independen of any obsees. Q is only elaed o Q while Q is only elaed o Q ha is o say he physial funion of Q by Q is only elaed o he physial quaniies elaed o Q whih has nohing o do wih any ohe obsees. Of ouse he physial funion of Q by Q is only elaed o he physial quaniies elaed o Q. Regading fig. 5a he foe of Q by Q is only elaed o he oeen eloiy disane of Q elaie o i he aoun of eleiiy of Q. Q Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 4

14 obsees ha he oeen eloiy of Q elaie o i is while Q obsees ha he oeen eloiy of Q elaie o i is. Obiously [see fig. 5b]. Q obsees ha he elei field dieion of Q is in he dieion Y 0 (uni eo in dieion) he disane fo Q o i is. Fig. 6 Respeie physial paaees of Q Q Q obsees he elei field sengh of E Q 3 k -Y 0 sin Q o i as: ( see fig. 6) Q foe F E Q k -Y 3 0 sin Q Q (9) Siilaly Q obsees he elei field sengh of Q o i as: Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 5

15 Q E k Y 3 0 sin ( see fig. 6) Q 所受的力 Q foe F E Q k Y 3 0 sin Q Q (0) Sine he dieion of (dieion Y 0 E E ) (dieion Y 0 ) is opposie hee us be us hae F F Tha is o say he aing foe eaie foe of Q Q ae he sae in he opposie dieion onfoing o he law of eaion. The foe explains ha fo an abiay obsee oing a he eloiy u elaiely o he oeen eloiy of Q is u u he eloiy of Q is Z u u. Q obseed he oeen eloiy of Q u [see fig. 5b] as u u while Q obseed he oeen eloiy of Q as u u u. The elaie eloiy of Q Q ae sill he ineaion foe of Q Q F F ae sill expessed by foula (9) (0) naely sill F F. The aboe analysis shows ha when he obsee of any efeene fae in aodane wih he elean physial quaniy of Q Q dedue he aion eaion beween eah ohe he esuls ae exaly he sae whih is onsisen wih he law of eaion. Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 6

16 Genealize he eaion analysis esuls aboe o all physial phenoena he onlusion is ha he physial ineaions of any wo objes an only be analyzed by he physial quaniy of wo objes elaed o eah ohe whih hae nohing o do wih any obje ouside he wo objes. Define his onlusion as he oelaion analysis law. I should be poined ou ha he foe foula (7) (8) ae no he wong foulas. Aoding o he oelaion analysis law foula (7) is he oelaion analysis beween he obsee in Z he wo elaed objes in Q whih is he eal elei field disibuion of Q obseed by he obsee in Z. Bu his obseaion is no he obseaion of Q he wo anno be onfused. Siilaly foula (8) is he eal elei field disibuion of Q obseed by he obsee in Z. Aoding o he oelaion analysis law i is easy o ake explanaion o he inoe infeenes on planeay obis by he obsee in oion a high speed elaie o he Sun in he exaple in.4. Aoding o his law he obsee s deduion of ass inease o he Sun planes is jus he elean deduion esul of he obsee o he Sun planes. Alhough his is a oe deduion i is has nohing o do wih he deduion of he Sun o he planes o he planes o he sun. The ineaion beween he Sun planes is only elaed o he physis quaniies elaed o eah ohe. The oaion eloiy disane of he planes o he sun he enifugal foe geneaed by is ass ae equal o he uniesal gaiaion of he Sun ass o he planes heefoe he wo ae in a sae of equilibiu. Fo he exaple in.4 i is easy o explain he inoe infeenes on he displaeen disane of A on B by he obsee in oion a he speed elaiely o AB. Aoding o he oelaion analysis law he obsee s deduion of S S is oe bu his deduion is jus he oelaion analysis beween he obsee B whih is independen of he analysis of A o B. Siilaly he obsee s deduion of is also oe bu his is jus he oelaion analysis beween he obsee A whih is independen of he analysis of B o A. The displaeen disane of A on B is only elaed o he elean physial quaniies of he wo. The oelaion analysis law an no only dedue he poble oely bu also siplify he poble. Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 7

17 Fig. 7 he ollision esuls of he analysis of A B Fo exaple in fig. 7 ball A oes a high speed hough he analysis of ball B s oeen eloiy os os i an be known ha he displaeen disane of ball A B in dieion X ae he sae wihin he liied ie (wihou onsideing he gaiy of he Eah). Fo he ie s sin sin he wo balls will definiely ollide. In ode o dedue he ollision esuls of he wo balls in aodane wih he geneal analysis ehods i needs o dedue ball A s A A ball B s B B he oenu of ball A B he angle fo he wo o be equal e.. The poble is opliaed he esul is no onsisen wih he aual. Bu o analyze his poble aoding o he oelaion analysis law is ey siple. I is easy o see ha he elaie eloiy of AB is sin sin. Then his poble is edued o he head-on ollision of AB a he elaie speed due o he elaiely sall hee is no need o alulae A A. ABSOLUTE ELOITY PRINIPLE Relaie eloiy absolue eloiy In daily life we ofen obsee soe elaie oions; fo exaple we ah sigh of anohe ain in oion ouside he window of ou ain his ain ay be in oion o ay no be in oion he eason fo whih is ha ou ain is oing along he opposie dieion; his is efeed o as elaie oion. Relaie oion eloiy is elaed o obsee; if we si in a oionless ain he oion eloiy of he opposie ain we ge a sigh of is hen ou Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 8

18 ain is oing a a eloiy of along he opposie dieion; heefoe he oion eloiy of he opposie ain wihin ou sigh is ; if ou ain he opposie ain keep pae wih eah ohe a hen he opposie ain we saw is oionless. I is obseed fo he aboe enioned exaple ha elaie oion eloiy is he oion eloiy of boh paies in elaie oion; howee a peson in oion a a diffeen eloiy is o hae a diffeen esul of easueen fo he oion eloiy of he sae obje; aodingly i is ipossible fo us o dedue ue oion eloiy of any obje based on elaie oion eloiy. Sine hee is only elaie eloiy beween saigh-line oions we ae unable o popely dedue he ue eloiy of any obje in saigh-line oion. In addiion o saigh-line oion objes ay also be in uilinea oion any ue has adius of uaue; onsequenly long-ie uilinea oion ay eainly be iula oion ha akes adius of uaue as a ile; he iula oion is he os oon oion; he os failia obious iula oion inludes oaion of abins aound he feis wheel ene in auseen pak oaion of aifiial saellie oon aound he Eah. I is obseed fo in-deph analysis ha all objes in uniese ae in iula oion (he ellipse is also aken as ile) wih he exepion of fixed sas likely o be oionless e.g. he oion of he Eah aound he Sun. Any obje on he Eah is in oion aound he Eah axis (oion of obje elaie o he gound is ansioy being addiional oion o iula oion) whih is o say ha iula oion is he only fo of oion of lasing obje. Saigh-line oion is ipossible o be a ype of lasing oion bu a oion gone foee; as ie goes on all objes in saigh-line oion will eenually fall ino an infinie abyss. Ohe han saigh-line oion iula oion eloiy is an aknowledged oion eloiy; fo exaple pesons a feis wheel ene pesons oionless elaie o feis wheel ene onside ha he abins of Feis Wheel ae oaing aound he feis wheel ene pesons inside he abins of feis wheel also hink ha hey ae oaing aound he feis wheel ene so he iula oion of he abins of feis wheel is an aknowledged oion ahe han a elaie oion. In addiion he oions inluding he Eah s oaion aound he Sun aifiial saellie oon oaion aound he Eah ae also aknowledged oions. The analysis shows ha any obje has only one iula oion eloiy wihou a seond diffeen iula oion eloiy; heeby we an deeine he only iula oion eloiy of obje in ode o expess absolue eloiy of obje in ue oion; he iula oion eloiy of obje is defined as ue oion eloiy of obje being absolue eloiy piniple. alulaion of absolue eloiy Sine hee is no diffeene in op boo lef igh fon bak in uniese we ay suppose ha he fixed sas wih hei uual posiions unhanged by lage ae oionless; naely he oion eloiy of fixed sas is zeo. In he sola syse he Sun s oion eloiy is zeo (sine he Sun is in oaion in fa he Sun s oaion axis oion eloiy is zeo) he aeage oaional eloiy of he Eah aound he Sun is 9.78k/s Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 9

19 hen he absolue eloiy of he Eah axis is 9.78k/s; siilaly he absolue eloiies of he planes inluding enus as euy Saun an be obained. Howee he gound in eey posiion on he Eah is oaing aound he ene of he Eah. The oon aifiial saellie ae also oaing aound he ene of he Eah; if he oon has saellies oaing aound he oon hese objes do no oae aound he Sun in a die way hen how o figue ou hei absolue eloiy? Le he oion eloiy of Eah axis be he oaional eloiy of aifiial saellie oon o eain plae on he Eah sufae aound he ene of he Eah be he oaional eloiy of he oon s saellie aound he oon be n we ae able o deeine he absolue eloiy elean o n based on ie hange foula gien in he speial elaiiy. Le he ie oion eloiy of he Sun lok be 0 hen aoding o ie hange foula gien in he speial elaiiy he oaional eloiy of he Eah axis aound he Sun is is ie is 0 ; if he oaional eloiy of he oon elaie o he Eah is hen he oon s ie 0. Le he oon s absolue eloiy be hen hee will be 0. I is obseed fo opaison beween he wo foulae ha 4 Sine ae ey sall elaie o 4 is exeely sall an be ignoed; aodingly i is obseed fo he aboe enioned foula ha () The oaional eloiy of he oon s saellie aound he oon is n he ie fo he oon s saellie is: n n 0 n 0 n Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 30

20 Le he absolue eloiy of he oon s saellie be n hen hee will be n n he following expessions an be obained: n n n n n () We ae able o alulae he absolue eloiy of any obje in uniese based on aboe enioned expessions. Absolue ie Lengh ass ie foe ae fundaenal physial quaniies fo analysis of obje oion ineaion. On he peise of inaiable posiion he lengh ass foe ie oion eloiy hae onsan alues. Howee sine he lok fo ie easueen is no only used o easue ie oion eloiy bu also o eod oal aoun of ie auulaed as ie goes on his oal aoun is o inease as ie goes on being an ineasing physial quaniy. Aodingly if an obje oes fo eain poin on he Eah o ohe posiion (suh as as) hen euns o his oiginal poin on he Eah afe a peiod of ie alhough he obje eains unhanged in lengh ass foe ie oion eloiy befoe afe oing he oal aoun of ie eoded by lok has ineased subsanially; we daw a opaison beween ineen of he oal aoun of ie eoded by he lok he ineen of oal aoun of ie eoded by ohe lok wihou oing a he poin so as o alulae he ie oion eloiy of he obje in ohe posiion (suh as as) based on he diffeene beween he wo ineens figue ou he absolue eloiy of he ohe posiion. I an be seen ha ie is he only physial quaniy aailable fo us o deeine hange in posiion oion eloiy of obje gien suh a key ole ie plays so we need o explain i in deail. Sine eey poin in uniese is diffeen in ie lok oion eloiy we need a sad lok as a efeene fo opaison of lok oion eloiy. The Sun s absolue eloiy is zeo so he Sun lok should be a sad lok bu as he Sun s epeaue is oo high i anno see as a sad lok; heefoe fo he sake of onenien opaison analysis onsideaion he Eah lok should be he os suiable sad lok. I is obseed fo he oion eloiies n of he aboe enioned Eah oon oon s saellie ha if we le he Eah s pole (Eah axis) lok ie be sad ie hen he oon s ie: (3) Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 3

21 The oon s saellie ie: n n n n (4) Gien ha he oaional eloiy of eesial equao gound elaie o Eah axis is 0.464k/s he oaional eloiy of he gound wih any laiude on Eah is os k/s. is he eloiy of any poin on Eah s sufae elaie o os (5) Gien ha he Sun s ie is hen hee is 0 he Eah s oaional eloiy is 0 0 (6) Le he oaional eloiy of any plane aound he Sun be x hen he plane s ie: x 0 x x (7) As enioned aboe he absolue eloiies of he oon is saellie ae no n bu n hen ae n in expessions(3)( 4)also ue ies elaie o he ue absolue eloiies nof he oon is saellie? As long as we subsiue 0 ino expessions (3) (4) hee will be: 0 0 ( 8 ) n n n 0 n 0 n 0 n (9) I is obseed fo opaison beween expessions (3)( 4) expessions (8)( 9) ha n obained by alulaion based on ue absolue eloiies n of obje ae n obained by alulaion based on n of obje Eah Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 3

22 lok sad. I an be seen ha he ies n x ae he ininsi ue ies of obje. Relaie o absolue eloiy we define ue ie of obje as absolue ie. Gien absolue ie we ay ake all plaes wih sae absolue ie as one equal ie zone; fo exaple all plaes wih he sae laiude ae aken as one equal ie zone. Aoding o he aboe enioned analysis esuls we an figue ou he due absolue ie poess of an obje haing expeiened aious oions. Fo exaple ake epesening hou of ie on Eah axis as efeene pu a lok in a plae wih laiude 45 on Eah fo fo n h n 3 h hen pu i on he oon fo n h hen pu i on a eain X plane of he Sun ; if he ie spen in aeling fo he Eah o he oon hen fo he oon o X plane is no aken ino onsideaion hen he absolue ie of he auulaie oion of he lok (whee os 45 / ) is: h n 0.53 / n n 3 x h Expeienal eifiaion of absolue eloiy J Hafele R E Keaing ade an expeien on elaion beween ie hange obje oion eloiy in 97. They pu fou aesiu aoi loks on plane oe equao; when he plane flies aound he Eah fo eas o wes along equao i is found ha he fou aesiu aoi loks on he plane gained seond in es of aeage ouning as opaed wih he aesiu aoi loks on he gound; naely he absolue ie of aoi lok ineased; when he plane flies aound he Eah fo wes o eas along equao i is found ha he fou aesiu aoi loks on he plane an seond behind in es of aeage ouning as opaed wih he aesiu aoi loks on he gound; naely he absolue ie of aoi lok deeased (as shown in efeene douen ). The efeene douen poins ou ha i is uniesally aeped ha based on speial elaiiy heoy he lok on he obje flying aboe he Eah is eain o un slowe han he lok on he gound; naely he absolue ie is sho. Howee he aboe enioned expeien shows ha he loks on he plane flying owads wes did no only un behind bu also gain ie; naely he absolue ie ineased. Of ouse he expeien also shows ha he lok on he plane flying owad eas uns behind in deed he absolue ie has deeased. The quesion is why he absolue ie of lok on he plane flying owad wes ineased why he absolue ie of lok on he plane flying owad eas deeased. The aboe enioned expeien esul an be explained by absolue eloiy piniple. The foegoing indiaes ha he oaional eloiy of obje any poin on he gound elaie o Eah axis is gien in expession (3) suppose he oaional eloiy of he gound Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 33

23 he ael eloiy of plane is u when plane flies owad eas he along equao is flying dieion of he plane is idenial o he oaional dieion of equaoial gound aound Eah axis; hus he aual oaional eloiy of he plane aound Eah axis is u When he plane flies owad wes he flying dieion of he plane is opposie o dieion of oaion of he Eah; aodingly he aual eloiy of he plane is u.. I is obseed fo he aboe enioned expession (3) ha he absolue ie of equaoial gound is he absolue ie when plane flies owads eas is u he absolue ie when plane flies owad wes is u. I is obious ha when is lage han he lok on he plane flying owad wes gains ie when is salle han he lok on he plane flying owad eas uns behind wih ie dilaed. J Hafele R E Keaing figued ou ha he aesiu aoi lok on he plane flying owad wes should be seonds fase han he aesiu aoi lok on he gound along equao based on suh diffeene being onsisen wih aual eading by lage. They alulaed ha he aesiu aoi lok on he plane flying owad wes should be seonds slowe han he aesiu aoi lok on he gound along equao alhough he esul sees o be diffeen fo aual eading of seonds o a geae exen. Bu his is only he diffeene in opaison ahe han ue eo in alulaion; fo exaple he wall heigh is 300 ee heigh is 30 he ee is highe han wall bu he alulaed ee heigh is 304 esuling in ha ee is 4 highe han wall big diffeene beween 4. Howee his is he diffeene in opaison ahe han eo of alulaion. The eo in alulaion is eo beween wihin %. In a siila way he diffeene beween in opaison is seonds; if his diffeene is opaed wih he fligh ie of plane fo oe han 0 5 seonds he eo should be iny; heefoe we ay onside ha he esul of expeien by J Hafele R E Keaing is onsisen wih he esul of analysis of absolue eloiy piniple by lage. Only one es esul is no adequae o onfi ha absolue eloiy piniple is oe so we also need o ay ou soe ohe ess o fuhe eify he piniple. Thee ae wo siple paiable ess aailable as follows:. We seleed aesiu aoi loks wih he sae ie opeaion eloiy by lage in Singapoe a 09 noh laiude: one lok is kep oionless in Singapoe he ohe Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 34

24 one lok is anspoed o Reykjaik he apial of Iel a noh laiude. Sine he absolue eloiy of Reykjaik is uh salle han absolue eloiy of Singapoe he aesiu aoi lok in Reykjaik is uh fase han he aesiu aoi lok in Singapoe aoding o absolue eloiy piniple. When hese wo aesiu aoi loks ae bough ino opaison in es of eading by inene he longe ie will esul in bigge diffeene beween he aoding o absolue eloiy piniple.. Synhonous saellie is oionless elaie o he Eah. Synhonous saellie is abou 36000k away fo he gound in heigh he Eah adius is abou 6370 k. Aoding o absolue eloiy piniple he absolue eloiy of synhonous saellie s oaion aound he ene of he Eah is 6 ies lage han ha of he gound s oaion aound he ene of he Eah; heefoe he lok on synhonous saellie should be slowe han ha on he gound; naely he absolue ie is sho whih an be eified by esing wihou diffiuly. And now we an explain win paadox in a siple way. The foegoing indiaes ha whehe lok gains ie o uns behind is dependen on absolue eloiy of lok; heefoe if win A is highe han win B in absolue eloiy he of win A should be sho indiaing ha i is younge han win B; ohewise win B is younge han win A. Fo exaple win A aking he plane flying owad eas is younge han win B on he gound i is no when aking he plane flying owad wes. oespondene Piniple Speial elaiiy indiaes ha fo an obje oing a a eloiy of is lengh l should be shoened o be l l is ass should be ineased o be is ie should be shoened o be. Naelyl of obje in oion be ansfoed o l a he sae ie; in ohe wods fo eey eloiy of an obje in oion will ansfo o a unique will ansfo o an unique will ansfo o an unique. Aoding o foegoing absolue eloiy as eey absolue eloiy has one unique absolue ie hey ae eain o hae oesponding absolue ass absolue lengh. I is obious ha he absolue ass is es ass he absolue lengh is es lengh. Aodingly ou onlusion is ha he es ass es lengh es ie es foe of eey obje in uniese ae in one-o-one oespondene wih absolue eloiy of suh obje. The onlusion is defined as he oespondene piniple. l Aoding o he oespondene piniple fo an obje wih es ass of in he Souh Pole o Noh Pole of he Eah he absolue eloiy of is oaion aound he Sun is 30k/s; if i is oed o he as whose absolue eloiy of oaion aound he Sun is abou 4k/s as he ass is diely popoional o l is es ass on he as is o deease Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 35

25 o x (30) (4 0 ). If i is oed o he oon gien ha he oaional eloiy of he oon s oaion aound he Eah is abou k/s i is obseed fo he peious expession () ha he absolue eloiy of he oon is (30) 90 he es ass of he obje is o inease o (30) 90. Relaie Tansfoaion Absolue Tansfoaion Regading o aboe enioned fligh expeien by J Hafele R E Keaing he expeien poed ha as lok ie on he plane flying owad wes along equao ineased whih eans he lok gained ie ha as lok ie on he plane flying owad eas along equao deeased whih eans he lok an behind. We explained his expeien esul by absolue eloiy piniple. Howee he esul obseed by peson on he gound along equao is diffeen fo he esul of expeien; in his o he iew he fligh eloiy of he plane should be he sae eloiy u no ae whehe he plane flies o eas o o wes. Aoding o Loenz ansfoaion in speial elaiiy heoy one he sae eloiy u should hae idenial lengh ansfoaion l l u ie ansfoaion u ass ansfoaion u eial foe ansfoaion F F u. This indiaes ha fo he esul obseed by peson on he equaoial gound ie of he lok on he plane flying owad eas ie of he lok on he plane flying owad wes ae one ; i is diffeen fo he ue ie of plane so we wonde whehe speial elaiiy heoy is wong. Of ouse no i is eain ha speial elaiiy heoy is oe any expeiens inluding paile life expeien high eloiy paile ass inease expeien onaion expeien on elei field wih eleon in oion a high eloiy hae eified dedued by speial elaiiy heoy. The only onlusion we dew based on hese expeienal esuls is ha l of obje in oion obseed by peson on he gound ae diffeen fo he ue l of obje in oion. l I is obseed fo analysis ha he esul is ineiable. Fo exaple we obsee ha lengh of an obje in oion is edued wih is ass ineased ie shoened; howee he ue lengh ass ie of an obje eain unhanged jus like a ain in oion a a eloiy of on he gound is eloiy obseed by a oionless peson elaie o he gound is ; is eloiy obseed by a peson in oion a a eloiy of elaie o he gound is 0; is eloiy obseed by a peson in oion a a eloiy of elaie o he Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 36

26 gound is. These esuls of obseaion ae ue bu hey ae no ue absolue eloiy of he ain. Aoding o he aboe enioned analysis an ineiable onlusion we daw is ha he ansfoed alues of ie ass lengh foe of he obje dedued based on speial elaiiy heoy absolue eloiy of he obje ae ue alues of he obje iself being he esul of obseaion by a oionless peson elaie o he obje he ansfoed alues of ie ass lengh foe of he obje dedued by elaie eloiy beween obsee obje aoding o speial elaiiy heoy ae a efeene syse he ue esul of obseaion of ie ass lengh foe in anohe efeene syse in elaie oion; one of he is obseaion a es anohe one is obseaion in oion; heefoe i is ineiable ha esuls of obseaion ae diffeen. We define Loenz ansfoaion dedued aoding o absolue eloiy of he obje as absolue ansfoaion Loenz ansfoaion dedued aoding o elaie eloiy of he obje as elaie ansfoaion. The esul of absolue ansfoaion expesses ue physial quaniy of he obje iself he esul of elaie ansfoaion expesses ue esul of obseaion of he obje in oion. Field Siilaiy Piniple Aoding o oulob s law he aing foe beween wo poin hages in auu is in die popoion o podu of hei elei quaniies Q Q in eese popoion o squae of as he ange beween he wih dieion of aing foe along hei onneing line. The law s expession is as follows: Q Q F k (a) Whee k is popoional onsan also efeed o as eleosai foe onsan Aoding o he law of uniesal gaiaion all objes in uniesiy ae in uual aaion he agniude of gaiaion beween wo objes is in die popoional o podu of as hei ass in eese popoional o squae of he ange beween he. The law s expession is as follows: F G (b) Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 37

27 Whee G is onsan of uniesal gaiaion Obiously G K ae also popoional onsans; heefoe expession (a) expession (b) ae opleely siila. Eleiiy poins ou ha F as foe of oulob s law is elei field foe he elei field sengh a Q Q is E kq he elei field is soue o exe foe on Q. And so he foe of uniesal gaiaion is gaiaional field foe he gaiaional field sengh a is expessed by D D G gaiaional field is he soue o exe a foe on. Gien ha he geneaion of elei field is due o elei quaniy of elei hage in fa i is as a esul of elei quaniy of negaie eleon o posiie eleon. An elei hage o a haged body has onsan nube of negaie eleons o posiie eleons a hage o hage body will hae onsan nube of eleons (negaie o posiie) egadless of oion eloiy sine eleon is onsan in elei quaniy heefoe he elei quaniy of hage o haged body is unelaed o eloiy. Elei field is ae gaiaional field is eain o be ae. Elei field is due o negaie eleon o posiie eleon i is eain ha gaiaional field is also as a esul of soue i is obious ha he soue is eain o be in ao of obje sine hee is only epulsion beween negaie eleons o beween posiie eleons aodingly i is ipossible ha hee is epulsion aaion beween he a he sae ie heefoe we suppose ha gaiaional field of obje is unelaed o negaie eleon posiie eleon in obje his gaiaional field is only elaed o poon wih negaie eleon eoed neuon wih posiie negaie eleons eliinaed aoding o exising noun we define poon fee of eleon neuon fee of posiie negaie eleons as gaion gaion is soue of gaiaional field. Sine negaie eleon posiie eleon hae ass heefoe he ass of gaion in obje is abou illesial salle han oal ass of obje. Sine obje in any oion a any eloiy has onsan nube of gaions inside naely obje is unhanged in gaiaional apaiy he gaiaional ass of uniesal gaiaion is deiable fo gaiaional apaiy. Theefoe ou onlusion is ha he gaiaional ass of obje is unelaed o oion of obje gaiaional ass is onsan. To say he leas supposing ha hee is aaion beween negaie eleons as well as beween posiie eleons naely he enie aos ae gaion obje oion anno hange nube of aos naely i anno hange gaiaional apaiy by lage he onlusion is ha gaiaional ass of obje is unelaed o oion of obje gaiaional ass is onsan. Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 38

28 The aboe enioned analysis indiaes ha gaiaional field elei field hae opleely siila aion paen he wo fields ae also deiable fo eain field soue ae. When elei field is in oion he nube of negaie eleons o posiie eleons in is field soue ae keeps unhanged naely elei quaniy is unhanged; when gaiaional field is in oion he nube of gaions in is field soue ae is also unhanged naely gaiaional apaiy is unhanged; by fuhe deduion when eleon is in aeleaed oion is fo of oion is o popagae fo he nea o he disan a ligh eloiy fo elei wae in is elei field quie as uh when gaion is in aeleaed oion is fo of oion is also o popagae fo he nea o he disan a ligh eloiy fo gaiaional wae in is gaiaional field; elei field has enegy gaiaional field should also hae enegy in ohe wods gaiaional field elei field ae opleely siila in physial popey whih is efeed o as field siilaiy piniple. Field siilaiy piniple deeines ha gaiaional ass of obje is a onsan unelaed o oion of obje; howee expeien eifies ha ineia ass of obje is on he inease wih he inease of is oion eloiy; heefoe gaiaional ass (in fa i is gaiaional apaiy) ineial ass ae wo diffeen physial quaniies in es of popey hey ae diffeen in popey hee is no opaison beween he jus as hee is no opaison beween eloiy displaeen; heefoe he supposiion ha gaiaional ass is equal o ineial ass is unsienifi; in ohe wods sily speaking he equialene piniple is inalid. We ay also fuhe explain ha gaiaional ass ineial ass ae diffeen physial quaniies in es of popey in he following espes: Gaiaional ass ineial ass ae equally deiable fo eleao effe when eleao suddenly goes up peson heein will feel ha his o he weigh is ineased. Is sees ha hee is no diffeene beween suh weigh inease gaiy inease; naely hee is no essenial diffeene beween ineial foe uniesal gaiaion hen he deduion ha gaiaional ass is equal o ineial ass ae ino being; howee i is obseed fo fuhe analysis ha ineial foe is enegy ansfe foe uniesal gaiaion is unelaed o enegy ansfe; beause; if A exes foe o oe obje B whose ass is fo a spae he enegy oupu fo A is while obje B is in oion a an aeleaion of a unde he aion of F. Is oion spae: Eo! No a alid link.. S wihin ie As a esul FS Fa. B is o ge eloiy a wihin ie he enegy i ges is a i is eain ha he enegy oupued fo A enegy B ges is idenial heefoe Fa a wih Eo! No a alid link. eliinaed on boh sides a he sae ie will be ineial foe equaion F a indiaing hee is ineial foe F FS Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 39

29 wih enegy obained by obje whih is o say ha ineial foe is a ype of enegy ansfe foe wheeas uniesal gaiaion ay a on oionless obje foee in ohe wods uniesal gaiaion is no enegy ansfe foe. I is obious ha enegy ansfe foe non enegy ansfe foe ae diffeen in es of popey naely ineial foe as enegy ansfe foe is ipossible o equal o uniesal gaiaion as non enegy ansfe foe naely ineial ass is ipossible o equal o gaiaional ass. In addiion ineial foe is foe o oe obje naely ineial foe is in oion sae foee uniesal gaiaion ay in saionay sae foee ineial foe in oion ay eain unhanged; sine hee is no absoluely unifo gaiaional field fo uniesal gaiaion uniesal gaiaion in oion is eain o hange all he ie he essenial diffeene beween ineial foe uniesal gaiaion also indiaes ha ineial ass is no equal o gaiaional ass. In addiion if ineial ass is equal o gaiaional ass when obje whose ass is in oion a a eloiy of aoding o speial elaiiy heoy is eain o inease o. Gaiaional ass is o inease fo o is gaiaional field sengh is eain o inease aodingly. Howee he gaiaional field is a ae i is ipossible o geneae o anish ae by any eans in uniese; aodingly oal apaiy of gaiaional field is ipossible o inease he soue of gaiaional field naely gaiaional ass is also ipossible o hange indiaing ha is no appliable o gaiaional ass naely gaiaional ass is no equal o ineial ass. In addiion he foegoing aile.5 poins ou ha if gaiaional ass is equal o ineial ass of obje jus like he obje in oion a high eloiy as shown in fig.. The sping will be opessed subsanially i is obious ha his is no he fa poing ha gaiaional ass is no equal o ineial ass. The aboe enioned analysis shows ha gaiaional ass is ipossible o equal o ineial ass naely equialene piniple fails o hold wae in piniple. We know ha equialene piniple is heoeial basis fo geneal elaiiy heoy; equialene piniple is inalid in piniple naually geneal elaiiy heoy is ipossible o be a pefe uh. When obje is in oion a a eloiy of being a iny eloiy opaed wih ligh eloiy fo exaple <000k/shee is unde suh ondiion hee will be naely ineial ass of obje is appoxiaely equal o es ass of obje indiaing ha ineial ass is onsan sine gaiaional ass is also onsan; heefoe if we sele suiable onsan of popoionaliy o ake ineial ass equal o gaiaional ass whih ae wo diffeen physial quaniies in es of popey jus like a popoional onsan ay ake lengh equal o pessue. Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 40

30 When he oion eloiy of obje is iny opaed wih ligh eloiy ineial ass ay be onsideed o be equal o gaiaional ass naely equialen piniple ay be onsideed o hold wae; heefoe when he oion eloiy of obje is iny opaed wih ligh eloiy he deduion by geneal elaiiy heoy is supposed o be oe. Sine he oion eloiy of eey elesial body is iny opaed wih ligh eloiy he geneal elaiiy heoy is appliable o all elesial bodies in uniese. NO BLAK HOLE Double equilibiu piniple of uniesal gaiaion 图 8 与 都应处于力平衡状态 Fig.8 ae in foe balane sae Fig 8a shows a plane whose ass is is oaing aound a fixed sa a a eloiy of he ange beween is physis poins ou uniesal gaiaion beween is F0 G l l enifugal foe geneaed by plane s oaion aound is F l fo ; sine is enifugal foe F is uniesal gaiaion F 0 fo ae equal hey ae onay in dieion is in equilibiu sae whehe is also in equilibiu sae? The physis fails o analyze i. I is obseed fo fig. 8a ha uniesal gaiaion F 0 o is he only foe on aoding o Newon seond law hee will be F0 a naely hee will be whih is o dash agains a an aeleaed eloiy of a obiously suh Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 4

31 phenoenon has no oued heefoe i is eain ha will hae a foe F idenial o F 0 in agniude bu opposie o F 0 in dieion eahing equilibiu wih uniesal gaiaion F 0 of. I is eain ha his foe is no exenal; i us be geneaed by in addiional o uniesal gaiaion is also o geneae enifugal foe F by oaional oion; heefoe enifugal foe F by hough oaional oion is he only possibiliy fo o eah equilibiu. Ou onlusion: fo a fixed sa i is eain o geneae enifugal foe F o eah equilibiu. Supposing ha oaional eloiy of is sine l as onneing line beween is onsan; heefoe he only oion dieion of is onay o dieion of ; ohewise along he sae dieion will un ino in paallel oion. Fig. 8b shows oion of sine ae noal o l ; heefoe enes of ae on oaion of as onneing line beween is an inaiable saigh line heefoe when oion of oaes o an angle his will be oaion angle of ha of ae no on one poin hen eain ha on l as onneing line beween poin O shown in fig.8b indiaes ene of oaion of l l. Sine if ene of oaion of anno keep oing in a saigh line a he sae oaion angle heefoe; i is will hae one ene of oaion ha he ene of oaion will be he ange fo poin O o is he ange beween poin O l is supposing ha oaion angle of l is hee will be ;. Sine uniesal gaiaion fo is one foe as enifugal foe of will be idenial o onay in es of dieion. Theefoe hee will be: as enifugal foe of in es of agniude bu hey ae Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 4

32 The equaion is siplified as follows: (8) I is obseed fo equaion (8) ha sine l heefoe hee is: l l l (9) l l (0) enifugal foe geneaed by in oion a a eloiy of F l () Gien ha oion eloiy of is heefoe () enifugal foe geneaed by in oion a a eloiy of F l l I is obious ha enifugal foe of is eain o equal o ha of naely F F. Sine enifugal foe of is eain o equal o uniesal gaiaion of heefoe hee is Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 43

33 G l l (3) Equaion(3)expesses aing foe of boh paies elaed o uniesal gaiaion being equilibiu equaion in equilibiu sae. We all suh aing foe of boh paies elaed o uniesal gaiaion in equilibiu sae as double equilibiu piniple fo uniesal gaiaion. I is obseed fo opaison ha hee is obious diffeene beween equaion (3) G l l gien in physial ex book. I is obseed fo equaion (3) ha he aual eloiy of plane s oaion aound fixed sa is as follows: G l (4) I is obseed fo equaion () equaion (4) ha aual eloiy of fixed sa is as follows: I is woh enioning ha he peious equaion (9) l G l (5) equaion (0) l ae one equaion in fa; one is o indiae he ange fo o ene of oaion of he ohe is o indiae he ange fo o O; hey ae equaion o alulae posiion of O. Aoding o hese wo equaions we ay esiae oional obi of based on hei size popoion. Fig.9 Relaion beween size popoion oion of Pin ISSN: (Pin) Online ISSN: (online) 44