Fundamental Vehicle Loads & Their Estimation
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1 Fundaenal Vehicle Loads & Thei Esiaion The silified loads can only be alied in he eliinay design sage when he absence of es o siulaion daa They should always be qualified and udaed as oe infoaion becoes available VEHICLE OPEATING CONDITIONS & POVING GOUND TESTS The significan oving gound evens can be divided ino wo yes: a) Insananeous oveloads (lage o holes, keb bu, lage bu, anic baking, high g coneing, sevice loads) b) Faigue daage ( ediu size o holes, Belgiu block oad, wis couse, Cobblesone ack, sevice loads) Exale of sevice loads: owing, jacking, hoising
2 LOADS CASES & LOAD FACTOS The vehicle designe needs o know he wos o os daaging loads in ode o: a) ensue he sucue does no fail in sevice due o insananeous oveload b) ensue a saisfacoy faigue life Coon assuion a ealy design sage: If he sucue can esis he wos ossible loads hen i is likely o have sufficien faigue sengh Fo ealy design calculaion, he acual dynaic loading is ofen elaced by a facoed saic loading: P dyn P s x M O soeies an exa FOS is used; P dyn P s x M x FOS
3 SYMMETIC VETICAL LOADS P zs zs ( G G ) (kg) c n P zs zs G c G n he veical foce (kg).5 fo ivae cas,.5 fo busses, 3.0 fo loies oal weigh of he ca (kg) weigh of unsung ass (kg)
4 ASYMMETIC VETICAL LOADS P zn ( G G ) (kg) c n P zn G c G n he asyeic veical foce (kg) 1.3 fo ivae cas, 1.3 fo busses, 1.5 fo loies oal weigh of he ca (kg) weigh of unsung ass (kg)
5 ASYMMETIC VETICAL LOADS (con.) M s ( ) (kg.) l M s oque (kg.) 1.3 fo ivae cas, 1.3 fo busses, 1.5 fo loies ( l ) diffeence of foces on he fon wheels (kg)
6 ASYMMETIC VETICAL LOADS (con.) Fo single bu: h 1 f og + f z + f og + f z () f og f z deflecion of he yes () deflecion of he sings () he ack widh () he widh beween susension aachens ()
7 ASYMMETIC VETICAL LOADS (con.) Fo double bu: h f og + f z () f og f z deflecion of he yes () deflecion of he sings () he ack widh () he widh beween susension aachens ()
8 ASYMMETIC VETICAL LOADS (con.) Maxiu heighs of acual oad suface bus Bu Heigh H, Cas ±00 Tye of vehicle Buses ±50 Loies ±300
9 If h 1, < H, hen one wheel ay leave he oad suface. The foce acing on each wheel and he oque acing on he ca body ae given as: + 0 s l l M ASYMMETIC VETICAL LOADS (con.)
10 If h 1, > H, hen he foce acing on each wheel and he oque acing on he ca body ae given as: + + 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 1 h H M h H h H h H h H s l l ASYMMETIC VETICAL LOADS (con.)
11 If h 1, > H, hen he foce acing on each wheel and he oque acing on he ca body ae given as: + + 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 1 h H M h H h H h H h H s l l + 0 s l l M If h 1, < H, hen one wheel ay leave he oad suface. The foce acing on each wheel and he oque acing on he ca body ae given as: f og deflecion of he yes () f deflecion of he sings () he ack widh () z he widh beween susension aachens () () h og og z f f z f f Fo single bu: Tye of vehicle Tye of vehicle Bu Bu Heigh Heigh ±300 ±300 ±50 ±50 ±00 ±00 H,, Loies Loies Buses Buses Cas Cas
12 LONGITUDINAL LOADS These loads ae caused by baking o acceleaing he vehicle o by diving ove a bu. P x ± x ( G G ) (kg) c n P x he longiudinal foce (kg) x 0.7 o 1.0 G c oal weigh of he ca (kg) G n weigh of unsung ass (kg)
13 LONGITUDINAL LOADS (con.) The case of a ca diving ino a bu o keb:. P x z anθ (kg) P x z he longiudinal foce (kg).5 fo cas saic load on he fon axle (kg) The angle θ is obained as follows: θ sin 1 1 H d d is he dynaic adius of he wheel (fo ye caalogue daa) and H is he acual heigh of oad suface bu.
14 SIDE LOADS Side loads aise fo diving on a cuved ack, o hough a sideways collision wih an obsucion. The axiu ossible loading fo he cenifugal foce C is deeined by he elaionshi beween he wheel ack and he heigh of he cene of gaviy: anγ Z sc Cb G zs c Z sc C b zs G c ack widh () heigh of cene of gaviy () laeal coonen of he ineial foce (kg).5 fo cas oal weigh of he ca (kg)
15 The loads a he susension aachen oins, fon and ea, ae SIDE LOADS (con.) (kg) (kg) (kg) o sc c zs y o sc c zs y sc c zs y b L L Z G L L Z G Z G C L o he wheelbase () L he disance of he cene of gaviy fo he ea axle () L he disance of he cene of gaviy fo he fon axle ()
16 STESS ANALYSIS Vehicle sucues ae divided ino hee yes: (i) (ii) (iii) closed inegal sucues oen inegal sucues fla o un-ye sucues z The idealision of a closed inegal sucue. The idealision of an oen inegal sucue. The idealision of a fla o un-ye sucue.
17 STESS ANALYSIS (con.) (i) Closed Inegal Sucues A sucue is closed if he ain design sufaces fo a closed syse and if shea foces occu beween he when loaded in osion. Figue (b) shows he disibuion of edge foces when his closed inegal sucue is unde osional loading. The alicaion of oque M s ono he sucual suface ABCD oduces edge foces K 1, K, ec. in all sufaces and also oduces he eacion M s on he suface A B C D.
18 STESS ANALYSIS (con.) (i) Closed Inegal Sucues (con.) Figue (c) shows he disibuion of edge foces when his closed inegal sucue is unde bending.
19 STESS ANALYSIS (con.) (ii) Oen Inegal Sucues A sucue is oen if i lacks he ue o he fon and ea sucual sufaces and if edge shea foces do no aise beween all he sufaces. Figue (a) shows he oen inegal sucue oen a he o. Figue (b) shows he disibuion of edge foces when he sucue is unde osion.
20 STESS ANALYSIS (con.) (ii) Oen Inegal Sucues (con.) Figue (c) shows he disibuion of edge foces when he sucue is in bending.
21 STESS ANALYSIS (con.) a) (ii) Oen Inegal Sucues (con.) Figue (a) shows he idealisaion of a vehicle sucue oen fon and ea. Figue (b) shows he disibuion of foces in osion.
22 STESS ANALYSIS (con.) a) (ii) Oen Inegal Sucues (con.) Figue (a) shows he idealisaion of a vehicle sucue oen fon and ea. Figue (c) shows he disibuion of foces in bending.
23 STESS ANALYSIS (con.) (iii) Fla o un ye sucues Figue (a) shows he idealisaion of a fla o un ye vehicle sucue. Figue (b) shows he disibuion of foces in osion.
24 STESS ANALYSIS (con.) (iii) Fla o un ye sucues (con.) Figue (a) shows he idealisaion of a fla o un ye vehicle sucue. Figue (c) shows he disibuion of foces in bending.
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