Fundamentally Cool Physics with Trapped Atoms and Ions

Transcription

1 Fundamentally Cool Physics with Trapped Atoms and Ions d u u d u d θ ei θ eν W e p e pν p recoil April 23, 2017

2 Overview 1. Fundamental symmetries what is our current understanding? how do we test what lies beyond? 2. TAMU Penning Trap physics of superallowed β decay ion trapping of proton-rich nuclei at T-REX 3. TRIUMF Neutral Atom Trap angular correlations of polarized 37 K recent results 1

3 Scope of fundamental physics nucleons u u d u d d d u u quarks d d u electrons the atom from the very smallest scales... 2

4 Scope of fundamental physics nucleons u u d u d d d u u quarks d d u electrons the atom from the very smallest scales GeV s s s 10µs 1.67 min y 10 9 y y... to the verylargest 2

5 The Standard Model All of the known elementary particles and their interactions are described within the framework of The Standard Model 3

6 The Standard Model All of the known elementary particles and their interactions are described within the framework of The Standard Model quantum + special rel quantum field theory 3

7 The Standard Model All of the known elementary particles and their interactions are described within the framework of The Standard Model quantum + special rel quantum field theory Noether s theorem: symmetry conservation law 3

8 The Standard Model All of the known elementary particles and their interactions are described within the framework of The Standard Model quantum + special rel quantum field theory Noether s theorem: symmetry conservation law Maxwell s eqns invariant under changes in vector potential conservation of electric charge, q 3

9 The Standard Model All of the known elementary particles and their interactions are described within the framework of The Standard Model quantum + special rel quantum field theory Noether s theorem: symmetry conservation law Maxwell s eqns invariant under changes in vector potential conservation of electric charge, q and there are other symmetries too: time energy space momentum rotations angular momentum. 3

10 The Standard Model All of the known elementary particles and their interactions are described within the framework of The Standard Model quantum + special rel quantum field theory Noether s theorem: symmetry conservation law 12 elementary particles, 4 fundamental forces leptons quarks 1 st 2 nd 3 rd Q ( νe e )( νµ µ )( ) ντ τ ( ) ( ) ( ) u c t d s b /3 1/3 mediator g W ± } Z γ force strong weak EM 3

11 The Standard Model All of the known elementary particles and their interactions are described within the framework of The Standard Model new quantum + special rel quantum field theory Noether s theorem: symmetry conservation law 12 elementary particles, 4 fundamental forces and 1 Higgs boson leptons quarks 1 st 2 nd 3 rd Q ( νe e )( νµ µ )( ) ντ τ ( ) ( ) ( ) u c t d s b /3 1/3 mediator g W ± } Z γ force strong weak EM 3

12 That s all fine and dandy, but... does the Standard Model work?? 4

13 That s all fine and dandy, but... does the Standard Model work?? it predicted the existence of the W ±, Z, g, c and t and now the Higgs! is a renormalizable theory GSW unified the weak force with electromagnetism QCD explains quark confinement 4

14 That s all fine and dandy, but... does the Standard Model work?? it predicted the existence of the W ±, Z, g, c and t and now the Higgs! is a renormalizable theory GSW unified the weak force with electromagnetism QCD explains quark confinement aµ a µ 1 (g 2) 2 ±1 part-per-million!! (PRL 92 (2004) ) 4

15 That s all fine and dandy, but... does the Standard Model work?? it predicted the existence of the W ±, Z, g, c and t and now the Higgs! is a renormalizable theory GSW unified the weak force with electromagnetism QCD explains quark confinement aµ a µ 1 (g 2) 2 ±1 part-per-million!! (PRL 92 (2004) ) Wow... this is the most precisely tested theory ever conceived! 4

16 But there are still questions... parameters values: does our ultimate theory really need 25 arbitrary constants? Do they change with time? dark matter: SM physics makes up less than 5% of the energy-matter of the universe! baryon asymmetry: why more matter than anti-matter? strong CP: do axions exist? Fine-tuning? neutrinos: Dirac or Majorana? Mass hierarchy? fermion generations: why three families? weak mixing: Is the CKM matrix unitary? parity violation: is parity maximally violated in the weak interaction? right-handed currents? No gravity: of course can t forget about a quantum description of gravity! 5

17 How we all test the SM colliders: CERN, SLAC, FNAL, BNL, KEK, DESY... nuclear physics: traps, exotic beams, neutron, EDMs, 0νββ,... cosmology & astrophysics: SN1987a, Big Bang nucleosynthesis,... muon decay: Michel parameters: ρ,δ,η, and ξ atomic physics: anapole moment, spectroscopy,... 6

18 How we all test the SM colliders: CERN, SLAC, FNAL, BNL, KEK, DESY... nuclear physics: traps, exotic beams, neutron, EDMs, 0νββ,... cosmology & astrophysics: SN1987a, Big Bang nucleosynthesis,... muon decay: Michel parameters: ρ,δ,η, and ξ atomic physics: anapole moment, spectroscopy,... all of these techniques are complementary and important different experiments probe different (new) physics if signal seen, cross-checks crucial! 6

19 How we all test the SM colliders: CERN, SLAC, FNAL, BNL, KEK, DESY... nuclear physics: traps, exotic beams, neutron, EDMs, 0νββ,... cosmology & astrophysics: SN1987a, Big Bang nucleosynthesis,... muon decay: Michel parameters: ρ,δ,η, and ξ atomic physics: anapole moment, spectroscopy,... all of these techniques are complementary and important different experiments probe different (new) physics if signal seen, cross-checks crucial! often they are interdisciplinary (which makes it extra fun!) 6

20 How does high-energy physics test the SM? colliders: CERN, SLAC, FNAL, BNL, KEK, DESY,.... direct search of particles 27 km 7

21 How does high-energy physics test the SM? colliders: CERN, SLAC, FNAL, BNL, KEK, DESY,.... direct search of particles 27 km large multi-national collabs billion $ price-tags 7

22 How does nuclear physics test the SM? 8

23 How does nuclear physics test the SM? 8

24 How does nuclear physics test the SM? nuclear physics: radioactive ion beam facilities indirect search via precision measurements 9

25 How does nuclear physics test the SM? nuclear physics: radioactive ion beam facilities indirect search via precision measurements 9

26 How does nuclear physics test the SM? nuclear physics: radioactive ion beam facilities indirect search via precision measurements smaller collaborations contribute to all aspects table-top physics 9

27 How specifically do I plan to test the SM? Begin by looking at the rate for β decay d 5 W de e dω e dω νe = basic decay rate {}}{ G 2 F V ud 2 (2π) 5 p e E e (A E e ) 2 10

28 How specifically do I plan to test the SM? Begin by looking at the rate for β decay d 5 W de e dω e dω νe = basic decay rate {}}{ G 2 F V ud 2 (2π) 5 p e E e (A E e ) 2 10

29 How specifically do I plan to test the SM? Expand to the often-quoted angular distribution of the decay: (Jackson, Treiman and Wyld, Phys Rev 106 and Nucl Phys 4, 1957) d 5 W de e dω e dω νe = basic decay rate {}}{ G 2 F V ud 2 (2π) 5 p e E e (A E e ) 2 ξ ( 1+ β ν correlation {}}{ a βν p e p νe E e E νe + Fierz term {}}{ b Γm e E e 10

30 How specifically do I plan to test the SM? Expand to the often-quoted angular distribution of the decay: (Jackson, Treiman and Wyld, Phys Rev 106 and Nucl Phys 4, 1957) d 5 W de e dω e dω νe = basic decay rate {}}{ G 2 F V ud 2 (2π) 5 p e E e (A E e ) 2 ξ ( 1+ β ν correlation {}}{ a βν p e p νe E e E νe + Fierz term {}}{ b Γm e E e scalar vector a βν = C S 2 C S 2 C S 2 + C S 2 a βν = C V 2 + C V 2 C V 2 + C V 2 10

31 How specifically do I plan to test the SM? Expand to the often-quoted angular distribution of the decay: (Jackson, Treiman and Wyld, Phys Rev 106 and Nucl Phys 4, 1957) d 5 W de e dω e dω νe = basic decay rate {}}{ G 2 F V ud 2 (2π) 5 p e E e (A E e ) 2 ξ ( 1+ β ν correlation {}}{ a βν p e p νe E e E νe + Fierz term {}}{ b Γm e E e scalar vector a βν = C S 2 C S 2 C S 2 + C S 2 a βν = C V 2 + C V 2 C V 2 + C V 2 a βν = C V 2 + C V 2 C S 2 C S 2 C V 2 + C V 2 + C S 2 + C S 2 = 1?? 10

32 How specifically do I plan to test the SM? Expand to the often-quoted angular distribution of the decay: (Jackson, Treiman and Wyld, Phys Rev 106 and Nucl Phys 4, 1957) d 5 W de e dω e dω νe = basic decay rate {}}{ G 2 F V ud 2 (2π) 5 p e E e (A E e ) 2 ξ ( 1+ β ν correlation {}}{ a βν p e p νe E e E νe + Fierz term {}}{ b Γm e E e a βν = C V 2 + C V 2 C S 2 C S 2 C V 2 + C V 2 + C S 2 + C S 2 = 1?? This correlation is quadratic in the couplings... not as sensitive as the Fierz parameter, which is linear: b F = 2Re(CS C V +C S C V ) C V 2 + C V 2 + C S 2 + C S = 0?? 2 see González-Alonso and Naviliat-Čunčić, PRC 94, (2016) 10

33 How specifically do I plan to test the SM? Expand to the often-quoted angular distribution of the decay: (Jackson, Treiman and Wyld, Phys Rev 106 and Nucl Phys 4, 1957) d 5 W de e dω e dω νe = basic decay rate {}}{ G 2 F V ud 2 (2π) 5 p e E e (A E e ) 2 ξ + I I [ A β p e E e }{{} β asym ( 1+ +B ν p ν E ν }{{} ν asym β ν correlation {}}{ a βν p e p νe E e E νe + +D p e p ν E e E ν }{{} T violating ] Fierz term {}}{ b Γm e E e +... ) θ e,i θ ν,i pe pν 10

34 How specifically do I plan to test the SM? Expand to the often-quoted angular distribution of the decay: (Jackson, Treiman and Wyld, Phys Rev 106 and Nucl Phys 4, 1957) d 5 W de e dω e dω νe = basic decay rate {}}{ G 2 F V ud 2 (2π) 5 p e E e (A E e ) 2 ξ + I I [ A β p e E e }{{} β asym ( 1+ +B ν p ν E ν }{{} ν asym β ν correlation {}}{ a βν p e p νe E e E νe + +D p e p ν E e E ν }{{} T violating ] Fierz term {}}{ b Γm e E e +... ) pe θ e,i θ ν,i pν ] E.g. A β = [(1 xy) 2ρ 3(1+x 2 ) 1+ρ 2 5(1+y 2 ) ρ(1 y2 ) 5(1+y 2 ) where x (M L /M R ) 2 ζ and y (M L /M R ) 2 +ζ are right-handed current parameters that are zero in the SM, and ρ C AM GT C V M F 10

35 How specifically do I plan to test the SM? Expand to the often-quoted angular distribution of the decay: (Jackson, Treiman and Wyld, Phys Rev 106 and Nucl Phys 4, 1957) d 5 W de e dω e dω νe = basic decay rate {}}{ G 2 F V ud 2 (2π) 5 ( β ν correlation {}}{ p e E e (A E e ) 2 p e p νe ξ 1+ a βν + E e E νe + [ I I p e p ν A β +B ν +D p ] e p ν E }{{ e E }}{{ ν E } e E }{{ ν } β asym ν asym T violating Fierz term {}}{ b Γm e E e +... β-decayparametersdependonthecurrentsmediatingthe weakinteraction sensitivetonewphysics ) pe θ e,i θ ν,i pν ] E.g. A β = [(1 xy) 2ρ 3(1+x 2 ) 1+ρ 2 5(1+y 2 ) ρ(1 y2 ) 5(1+y 2 ) where x (M L /M R ) 2 ζ and y (M L /M R ) 2 +ζ are right-handed current parameters that are zero in the SM, and ρ C AM GT C V M F 10

36 How specifically do I plan to test the SM? Expand to the often-quoted angular distribution of the decay: (Jackson, Treiman and Wyld, Phys Rev 106 and Nucl Phys 4, 1957) d 5 W de e dω e dω νe = basic decay rate {}}{ G 2 F V ud 2 (2π) 5 ( β ν correlation {}}{ p e E e (A E e ) 2 p e p νe ξ 1+ a βν + E e E νe + [ I I p e p ν A β +B ν +D p ] e p ν E }{{ e E }}{{ ν E } e E }{{ ν } β asym ν asym T violating Fierz term {}}{ b Γm e E e +... β-decayparametersdependonthecurrentsmediatingthe weakinteraction sensitivetonewphysics ) pe θ e,i θ ν,i Goal must bee.g. 0.1% A β = to [(1 xy) 2ρ 1+ρ complement 2 LHC 3(1+x 2 ) 5(1+y 2 ) ρ(1 y2 ) 5(1+y 2 ) pν where x (M L /M R ) 2 ζ Naviliat-Čunčić and González-Alonso, Ann. Phys. 525, 600 (2013) Cirigliano, González-Alonso and Graesser, and yjhep (M1302, L /M R 046 ) 2 +ζ (2013) Vos, Wilschut and aretimmermans, right-handed current RMP 87, parameters 1483 (2015) that are zero in the SM, and ρ C AM GT C V M F ] 10

37 How to acheive our goal? d u u W d u d e ν perform a β decay experiment on short-lived isotopes θeν θ ei pe pν p recoil 11

38 How to acheive our goal? d u u W θeν d u d e ν perform a β decay experiment on short-lived isotopes make a precision measurement of the angular correlation parameters θ ei pe pν p recoil 11

39 How to acheive our goal? d u u W θeν d u d e ν perform a β decay experiment on short-lived isotopes make a precision measurement of the angular correlation parameters pe θ ei pν compare the SM predictions to observations p recoil 11

40 How to acheive our goal? d u u W θeν d u d e ν perform a β decay experiment on short-lived isotopes make a precision measurement of the angular correlation parameters pe θ ei pν compare the SM predictions to observations look for deviations as an indication of new physics p recoil 11

41 How to acheive our goal? d u u W θeν d u d e ν perform a β decay experiment on short-lived isotopes make a precision measurement of the angular correlation parameters pe θ ei pν perform a nuclear measurement compare the SM predictions to observations often using atomic techniques to test high-energy theories look for deviations as an indication of new physics p recoil 11

42 C.S. Wu s experiment Parity violation 12

43 C.S. Wu s experiment Parity violation so much scattering! low polarization short relaxation time poor sample purity pain to flip the spin need long t 1/2 12

44 Traps around the world Many groups around the world realize the potential of using traps for precision weak interaction studies atom traps ion traps He (Na) K,Fr Fr Na 13

45 Overview 1. Fundamental symmetries what is our current understanding? how do we test what lies beyond? 2. TAMU Penning Trap physics of superallowed β decay ion trapping of proton-rich nuclei at T-REX 3. TRIUMF Neutral Atom Trap angular correlations of polarized 37 K recent results 14

46 T = 2 superallowed decays 0 +,T=2 0 +,T=2 β + 44 Cr 40 Ti p γ 28 S 36 Ca 32 Ar 24 Si 20 Mg Z Stable T = 1 T = 2 β ν correlations model-dependence of δ C calcs seem to depend on T... new cases for V ud N 15

47 T = 2 superallowed decays 0 +,T=2 0 +,T=2 p γ vector β + 44 Cr 40 Ti Recall: pure Fermi decay minimal nuclear 36 Ca structure effects; decay rate is simply given by: 20 Mg 24 Si 28 S 32 Ar p e E e (A E e ) 2 ξ ( 1+a βν p e p ν E e E ν +b F Γm e E e ) Z Stable scalar T = 1 T = 2 β ν correlations model-dependence of δ C calcs seem to depend on T... new cases for V ud N 15

48 β ν correlation from 32 Ar Doppler shape of delayed proton depends on p e p ν! vector scalar 16

49 β ν correlation from 32 Ar Doppler shape of delayed proton depends on p e p ν! vector scalar 16

50 β ν correlation from 32 Ar p B = 3.5T 32 Ar e + detector Doppler shape of delayed proton depends on p e p ν! vector scalar 16

51 But why throw away useful information?? We can improve the correlation measurement by retaining information about the β 17

52 But why throw away useful information?? We can improve the correlation measurement by retaining information about the β utilize technology of Penning traps to provide a backing-free source of localized radioactive ions!! 17

53 But why throw away useful information?? We can improve the correlation measurement by retaining information about the β utilize technology of Penning traps to provide a backing-free source of localized radioactive ions!! 17

54 But why throw away useful information?? We can improve the correlation measurement by retaining information about the β utilize technology of Penning traps to provide a backing-free source of localized radioactive ions!! Position-sensitive detector B End Cap Compensation Electrode Ring Electrode Compensation Electrode End Cap 17

55 But why throw away useful information?? We can improve the correlation measurement by retaining information about the β utilize technology of Penning traps to provide a backing-free source of localized radioactive ions!! Position-sensitive detector End Cap Compensation Electrode Ring Electrode Compensation Electrode End Cap 17

56 But why throw away useful information?? We can improve the correlation measurement by retaining information about the β utilize technology of Penning traps to provide a backing-free source of localized radioactive ions!! 17

57 But why throw away useful information?? We can improve the correlation measurement by retaining information about the β utilize technology of Penning traps to provide a backing-free source of localized radioactive ions!! 17

58 But why throw away useful information?? We can improve the correlation measurement by retaining information about the β utilize technology of Penning traps to provide a backing-free source of localized radioactive ions!! 17

59 A Penning trap at T-REX CI/TAMU 18

60 The Texas A&M University Penning Trap will be the world s most open-geometry ion trap! uniquely suited for studying β-delayed proton decays: β ν correlations, ft values/v ud mass measurements, EC studies, laser spectroscopy,... to charge breeder and K500 cyclotron TAMUTRAP re commissioned K150 cyclotron production target BigSol separator ANL type gas catcher ortho TOF multi RFQ heavy ion guide 19

61 The Texas A&M University Penning Trap will be the world s most open-geometry ion trap! uniquely suited for studying β-delayed proton decays: β ν correlations, ft values/v ud mass measurements, EC studies, laser spectroscopy,... ion source cooler & buncher HV cage 7T/210mm ASR magnet re commissioned K150 cyclotron RIB from K150/HI guide 19

62 The Texas A&M University Penning Trap will be the world s most open-geometry ion trap! uniquely suited for studying β-delayed proton decays: β ν correlations, ft values/v ud mass measurements, EC studies, laser spectroscopy,... ion source cooler & buncher HV cage 7T/210mm ASR magnet re commissioned K150 cyclotron RIB from K150/HI guide 19

63 Status in

64 Current Status 21

65 Current Status Recent Milestones RFQ commissioned with high efficiency [Mehlman PhD] 21

66 Current Status Recent Milestones RFQ commissioned with high efficiency [Mehlman PhD] 21

67 Current Status Recent Milestones RFQ commissioned with high efficiency [Mehlman PhD] Prototype (45-mm diam) trap installed 21

68 Current Status nes o t s e l i M t n e c Re PhD] n a lm h e M [ y ficienc f e h ig h h it w sioned RFQ commis alled t s in p a r t ) m m dia m 5 4 ( e p y t o t o Pr 21

69 Current Status nes o t s e l i M t n e c Re PhD] n a lm h e M [ y ficienc f e h ig h h it w sioned RFQ commis alled t s in p a r t ) m m dia m 5 4 ( e p y t o t o Pr 21

70 Current Status Recent Milestones RFQ commissioned with high efficiency [Mehlman PhD] Prototype (45-mm diam) trap installed Able to transport cooled and bunched beam through magnet 21

71 Current Status Recent Milestones RFQ commissioned with high efficiency [Mehlman PhD] Prototype (45-mm diam) trap installed Able to transport cooled and bunched beam through magnet Began trapping off-line ions summer

72 Current Status Recent Milestones RFQ commissioned with high efficiency [Mehlman PhD] Prototype (45-mm diam) trap installed Able to transport cooled and bunched beam through magnet Began trapping off-line ions summer

73 Current Status Recent Milestones RFQ commissioned with high efficiency [Mehlman PhD] Prototype (45-mm diam) trap installed Able to transport cooled and bunched beam through magnet Began trapping off-line ions summer 2016 Currently working on rf excitation (magnetron for cleaning and dipole for mass measurements) 21

74 Current Status Recent Milestones RFQ commissioned with high efficiency [Mehlman PhD] Prototype (45-mm diam) trap installed Able to transport cooled and bunched beam through magnet Began trapping off-line ions summer 2016 Currently working on rf excitation (magnetron for cleaning and dipole for mass measurements) Connect to heavy ion guide this summer (?) 21

75 Overview 1. Fundamental symmetries what is our current understanding? how do we test what lies beyond? 2. TAMU Penning Trap physics of superallowed β decay ion trapping of proton-rich nuclei at T-REX 3. TRIUMF Neutral Atom Trap angular correlations of polarized 37 K recent results 22

76 The β + -decay of 37 K Almost as simple as : isobaric analogue decay strong branch to g.s. Q EC = (23) MeV (9) s 3/ K β + 3/ keV 3/ keV 5/ keV 5/ keV 3/2 2490keV 7/2 1611keV 1/ keV 9.7(12) 215(11) 9(3) 27(2) 2.04(11)% 43(3) 263(14) 27(4) 289(15) 96(6) 11.6(13) (12) (2) (11)% (4) (20) 42.2(75) Ar 97.89(11)%

77 The β + -decay of 37 K Almost as simple as : 5/ (7) s K 3/ % 2.07(11)% 3/2 + β + isobaric analogue decay strong branch to g.s. polarization/alignment mixed Fermi/Gamow-Teller Ar 3/ (14)% need ρ G A M GT /G V M F to get SM prediction for correlation parameters get ρ from the comparative half-life: ρ 2 = 2Ft Ft 1 23

78 The β + -decay of 37 K Almost as simple as : 5/ (7) s K 3/ % 2.07(11)% 3/2 + β + isobaric analogue decay strong branch to g.s. polarization/alignment mixed Fermi/Gamow-Teller Ar 3/ (14)% need ρ G A M GT /G V M F to get SM prediction for correlation parameters get ρ from the comparative half-life: ρ 2 = 2Ft Q EC : ±0.003% BR: ±0.14% t 1/2 : ±0.57% Ft = 4562(28) Ft 1 ρ = (71) 23

79 Almost as simple as : Ar 5/2 + 3/ (7) s K 3/ % 2.07(11)% The β + -decay of 37 K 97.99(14)% 3/2 + β + isobaric analogue decay strong branch to g.s. polarization/alignment mixed Fermi/Gamow-Teller need ρ G A M GT /G V M F to get SM prediction for correlation parameters get ρ from the comparative half-life: ρ 2 = 2Ft Q EC : ±0.003% BR: ±0.14% t 1/2 : ±0.57% The lifetimelimited theftvalue and henceprecisionofρ and hencethesm predictions of the correlationparameters Ft = 4562(28) Ft ρ = (71) 1 23

80 Almost as simple as : Ar 5/2 + 3/ (7) s K 3/ % 2.07(11)% The β + -decay of 37 K 97.99(14)% 3/2 + β + isobaric analogue decay strong branch to g.s. polarization/alignment mixed Fermi/Gamow-Teller need ρ G A M GT /G V M F to get SM prediction for correlation parameters get ρ from the comparative half-life: ρ 2 = 2Ft Q EC : ±0.003% BR: ±0.14% t 1/2 : ±0.57% The lifetimelimited theftvalue and henceprecisionofρ and hencethesm predictions of the correlationparameters so we measuredthelifetime at the CI: a 4.4 improvement: t 1/2 = ±0.47±0.83 ms Ft = 4562(28) Ft ρ = (71) P. Shidling et al., Phys. Rev. C 90, (R) (2014) 1 23

81 Angular distribution of a decay p e p ν dw 1+a βν +bγ m + [ I p e p ν A β +B ν +D E e E ν E e I p e p ν E e E ν E e E ν Correlation β ν correlation: a βν = (61) Fierz interference parameter: β asymmetry: ν asymmetry: Time-violating D coefficient: Expectation b Fierz = 0 (sensitive to scalars and tensors) A β = (21) B ν = (58) D = 0 (sensitive to imaginary couplings) ] a β recoil observable specific to our geometry. R slow 1 a βν 2c align /3 (A β B ν ) 1 a βν 2c align /3 + (A β B ν ) = 0 Recall: measurements of these correlations to 0.1% complement collider experiments and test the SM 24

82 Angular distribution of a decay p e p ν dw 1+a βν +bγ m + [ I p e p ν A β +B ν +D E e E ν E e I p e p ν E e E ν E e E ν Correlation Expectation β ν correlation: a βν = (61) (18) Fierz interference parameter: β asymmetry: ν asymmetry: Time-violating D coefficient: b Fierz = 0 (sensitive to scalars and tensors) A β = (21) (7) B ν = (58) (18) D = 0 (sensitive to imaginary couplings) ] a β recoil observable specific to our geometry. R slow 1 a βν 2c align /3 (A β B ν ) 1 a βν 2c align /3 + (A β B ν ) = 0 Recall: measurements of these correlations to 0.1% complement collider experiments and test the SM (data in hand for improved branching ratios) 24

83 E.g.: Right-handed currents The Electroweak Interaction: SU(2) L U(1) W ± L,Z,γ 25

84 E.g.: Right-handed currents The Electroweak Interaction: SU(2) L U(1) W ± L,Z,γ Built upon maximal parity violation: Vector ˆP Ψ = Ψ H SM = G F V ud e(γ µ γ µ γ 5 )ν e u(γ µ γ µ γ 5 )d Axial vector ˆP Ψ = + Ψ 25

85 E.g.: Right-handed currents The Electroweak Interaction: SU(2) L U(1) W ± L,Z,γ Built upon maximal parity violation: Vector ˆP Ψ = Ψ H SM = G F V ud e(γ µ γ µ γ 5 )ν e u(γ µ γ µ γ 5 )d Axial vector ˆP Ψ = + Ψ low-energy limit of a deeper SU(2) R SU(2) L U(1) theory? 25

86 E.g.: Right-handed currents The Electroweak Interaction: SU(2) L U(1) W ± L,Z,γ Built upon maximal parity violation: Vector ˆP Ψ = Ψ H SM = G F V ud e(γ µ γ µ γ 5 )ν e u(γ µ γ µ γ 5 )d Axial vector ˆP Ψ = + Ψ low-energy limit of a deeper SU(2) R SU(2) L U(1) theory? 3 more vector bosons: W ± R,Z Simplest extensions: manifest left-right symmetric models only 2 new parameters: W 2 mass and a mixing angle, ζ W L = cosζ W 1 sinζ W 2 W R = sinζ W 1 +cosζ W 2 25

87 RHCs would affect correlation parameters A β = 2ρ B ν = 2ρ ( 3 1+ρ 2 5 ρ 5 ( 3 1+ρ ρ 5 and R slow = 0 ) ) 26

88 RHCs would affect correlation parameters In the presence of new physics, the angular distribution of β decay will be affected. ( ) A β = 2ρ 3 1+ρ 2 5 ρ 5 [(1 xy) 2ρ 3(1+x 2 ) 1+ρ 2 B ν = 2ρ ( 3 1+ρ ρ 5 ) and R slow = 0 y 2 5(1+y 2 ) ρ(1 y2 ) 5(1+y 2 ) ] [(1 xy) 2ρ 3(1+x 2 ) 1+ρ 2 5(1+y 2 ) + ρ(1 y2 ) 5(1+y 2 ) ] where x (M L /M R ) 2 ζ and y (M L /M R ) 2 +ζ are RHC parameters that are zero in the SM. 26

89 RHCs would affect correlation parameters In the presence of new physics, the angular distribution of β decay will be affected. ( ) A β = 2ρ 3 1+ρ 2 5 ρ 5 [(1 xy) 2ρ 3(1+x 2 ) 1+ρ 2 B ν = 2ρ ( 3 1+ρ ρ 5 ) and R slow = 0 y 2 5(1+y 2 ) ρ(1 y2 ) 5(1+y 2 ) ] [(1 xy) 2ρ 3(1+x 2 ) 1+ρ 2 5(1+y 2 ) + ρ(1 y2 ) 5(1+y 2 ) ] where x (M L /M R ) 2 ζ and y (M L /M R ) 2 +ζ are RHC parameters that are zero in the SM. Again, goal must be 0.1% to have an impact 26

90 Thank you, AMO physicists!! Atomic methods have opened up a new vista in precision work and provide the ability to push β decay measurements to 0.1% laser-cooling and trapping (magneto-optical traps) sub-level state manipulation (optical pumping) characterization/diagnostics (photoionization) 27

91 Thank you, AMO physicists!! Atomic methods have opened up a new vista in precision work and provide the ability to push β decay measurements to 0.1% laser-cooling and trapping (magneto-optical traps) σ σ + I σ I σ + σ + σ 27

92 Thank you, AMO physicists!! Atomic methods have opened up a new vista in precision work and provide the ability to push β decay measurements to 0.1% laser-cooling and trapping (magneto-optical traps) 27

93 Thank you, AMO physicists!! Atomic methods have opened up a new vista in precision work and provide the ability to push β decay measurements to 0.1% laser-cooling and trapping (magneto-optical traps) Traps provide a backing-free, very cold ( 1 mk), localized ( 1 mm 3 ) source of isomerically-selective, short-lived radioactive atoms 27

94 Thank you, AMO physicists!! Atomic methods have opened up a new vista in precision work and provide the ability to push β decay measurements to 0.1% laser-cooling and trapping (magneto-optical traps) Detect p β and p recoil deduce p ν event-by-event!! Traps provide a backing-free, very cold ( 1 mk), localized ( 1 mm 3 ) source of isomerically-selective, short-lived radioactive atoms 27

95 The TRINAT lab 28

96 The measurement chamber Shake-off e detection know decay occured from trap Better control of OP beams less heating, higher P ẑ Light ˆx 90 mm BC408 Scintillator 229µm thick Be foil (anti) Helmholtz coils B quad B OP quickly: AC-MOT better duty cycle, higher polarization Increased β/recoil solid angles better statistics Electron MCP Polarization axis Detection axis Recoil MCP Stronger E-field (one day... ) better separation of charge states, higher statistics Mirror with 254µm thick SiC substrate 40x40mm 2 x300µm Electrostatic hoops. Si-strip detector Light 29

97 Outline of polarized experiment 30

98 Outline of polarized experiment D 2 MOT anti- Helmholtz 30

99 Outline of polarized experiment P 1/2 D 1 OP Helmholtz σ ± S 1/2 m F = F = I + J 30

100 Outline of polarized experiment 355 nm MCP E-field K + P 1/2 photoionization D 1 OP Helmholtz σ ± S 1/2 m F = F = I + J 30

101 Atomic measurement of P Deduce P based on a model of the excited state populations P 1/2 S 1/2 σ ± m F =

102 Atomic measurement of P Deduce P based on a model of the excited state populations P 1/2 S 1/2 σ ± m F =

103 Source Polarization error budget P [ 10 4 ] T [ 10 4 ] σ σ + σ σ + Systematics Initial alignment Global fit vs. average Uncertainty on s out Cloud temperature Binning Uncertainty in B z Initial polarization Require I + = I Total systematic Statistics Total uncertainty

104 Source Polarization error budget P [ 10 4 ] T [ 10 4 ] σ σ + σ σ + Systematics Initial alignment Global fit vs. average Uncertainty on s out Cloud temperature Binning Uncertainty in B z Initial polarization Require I + = I Total systematic Statistics Total uncertainty

105 Source Polarization error budget P [ 10 4 ] T [ 10 4 ] σ σ + σ σ + Systematics Initial alignment Global fit vs. average Uncertainty on s out Cloud temperature Binning Uncertainty in B z Initial polarization Require I + = I Total systematic P nucl = 99.13(8)% Statistics (c.f. neutrons: 99.7(1)% [PERKEOII], 99.3(3)% [UCNA]) and Total uncertainty T align = (25) 32

106 Scintillator spectra June 2014 Just the raw data; a slight lower-energy cut to get rid of 511s 33

107 Scintillator spectra June 2014 Requiring a shake-off e decay occured from trap! 33

108 Scintillator spectra June 2014 Requiring a E coincidence remove γs 33

109 Scintillator spectra June 2014 Put in all the basic analysis cuts clean spectrum!! 33

110 Energy Spectrum Compared to GEANT4 34

111 Asymmetry Measurement (briefly) 35

112 Asymmetry Measurement (briefly) A obs (E e ) = 1 S(E e) 1+S(E e ), where S(E e) r 1 (E e)r + 2 (E e) r + 1 (E e)r 2 (E e) 35

113 Asymmetry Measurement (briefly) A obs (E e ) = 1 S(E e) 1+S(E e ), where S(E e) r 1 (E e)r + 2 (E e) r + 1 (E e)r 2 (E e) 35

114 A β Error Budget Source Corr Uncert [ 10 4 ] Backgrounds Trap parameters position 4 velocity 5 temp, width 1 Thresholds/cuts E pos 5 E energy agreement 2 E threshold 1 E threshold 0.3 G4 phys list 4 Shake-off e TOF 3 E + E 1 E calibration 0.1 Total systematics 12 Statistical 13 Polarization 5 Total uncertainty 18 36

115 Impact of A β Measurement In terms of CKM unitarity, our A β result improved V ud by nearly a factor of five: V ud = (25). 37

116 Impact of A β Measurement In terms of CKM unitarity, our A β result improved V ud by nearly a factor of five: V ud = (25). In terms of right-handed currents, our result is the best nuclear limit: M WR > 351 GeV (in minimal left-right symmetric models) 37

117 Impact of A β Measurement In terms of CKM unitarity, our A β result improved V ud by nearly a factor of five: V ud = (25). In terms of right-handed currents, our result is the best nuclear limit: M WR > 351 GeV (in minimal left-right symmetric models) Analysis of Fierz and second-class currents (E-dependent observables) to be finished soon 37

118 Summary The SM is fantastic, but not our ultimate theory There are many exciting avenues to find more a complete model Nuclear approach: precision measurement of correlation parameters Penning trap + RIB CI = cool physics largest open-area Penning trap especially suited for β-delayed proton decays will search for scalar currents via a βν and b Fierz (AC-)MOT + opt. pumping = cool physics extremely precise, high nuclear polarization: P = 99.13(8)% best nuclear limit on M WR > 351 GeV (at ζ = 0). on the way to a 0.1% measurement of A β and other (un)polarized correlations 38

119 The Mad Trappers/Thanks TAMU: S. Behling, E. Bennett, Y. Boran, B. Fenker, M. Mehlman, J. Patti, P. Shidling + TAMU/REU undergrads + ENSICAEN interns TRINAT: J.A. Behr, A. Gorelov, L. Kurchananov, K. Olchanski, K.P. Jackson,... D. Ashery, I. Cohen M. Anholm, G. Gwinner Funding/Support: DE-FG02-93ER40773, ECA ER41747 TAMU/Cyclotron Institute 39

120 The Mad Trappers/Thanks TAMU: S. Behling, E. Bennett, Y. Boran, B. Fenker, M. Mehlman, J. Patti, P. Shidling + TAMU/REU undergrads + ENSICAEN interns TRINAT: And thank you for your attention! J.A. Behr, A. Gorelov, L. Kurchananov, K. Olchanski, K.P. Jackson,... D. Ashery, I. Cohen M. Anholm, G. Gwinner Funding/Support: DE-FG02-93ER40773, ECA ER41747 TAMU/Cyclotron Institute 39