Is the Neutrino its Own Antiparticle?
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1 Is the Neutrino its Own Antiparticle? PHYS 294A Jan 24, 2013
2 Outline What s a neutrino? The case for Majorana neutrinos Probing the nature of the neutrino with neutrinoless double-beta decay 2
3 What s a Neutrino? Meitner and Hahn (1911): 2 Bi 3
4 What s a Neutrino? Meitner and Hahn (1911): 2 Po e - 4
5 What s a Neutrino?? Meitner and Hahn (1911): 2 Po e - 5
6 What s a Neutrino? Wolfgang Pauli (1931): ν q = 0 spin = ½ m m p color = 0 2 Po e - 6
7 What s a Neutrino? Enrico Fermi (1934): Little neutral one ν Possible interactions: EM Strong Weak Gravity 2 Po e - 7
8 Neutrinos and Antineutrinos n ν H e - e + H D ν 37 Ar H e + 37 Cl e - 8
9 Neutrinos and Antineutrinos Nuclear Reactor Scintillator (CxHy) ν PMTs The Sun Cleaning fluid (Cl) ν + Ar detector 9
10 Neutrinos and Antineutrinos Nuclear Reactor Scintillator (CxHy) ν Cowan and Reines (1956) PMTs The Sun Cleaning fluid (Cl) ν Ray Davis Jr. (1964) + Ar detector
11 Neutrinos and Antineutrinos Nuclear Reactor Scintillator (CxHy) νr Cowan and Reines (1956) PMTs The Sun Cleaning fluid (Cl) νl Ray Davis Jr. (1964) + Ar detector 11
12 Neutrino Handedness neutrinos: left-handed Direction of motion Direction of spin antineutrinos: right-handed 12
13 Standard Model Particles 13 Credit: Fermilab
14 Standard Model Particles m = 0, left-handed only 14 Credit: Fermilab
15 Outline What s a neutrino? The case for Majorana neutrinos Probing the nature of the neutrino with neutrinoless double-beta decay 15
16 Neutrino Oscillation νe partially νx νe 16 KamLAND Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D 83, (2011).
17 Neutrino Oscillation νe = Ue1ν1 + Ue2ν2 + δν3 νe partially νx νe m2 2 - m KamLAND Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D 83, (2011).
18 Incorporating ν Mass 18 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
19 Incorporating ν Mass md md 19 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
20 Incorporating ν Mass md Not in SM md 20 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
21 Incorporating ν Mass md Not in SM md 21 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
22 The Majorana Equation Schrodinger: 22
23 The Majorana Equation Schrodinger: Dirac: 23
24 The Majorana Equation Schrodinger: Dirac: Majorana: 24 E. Majorana, Il Nuovo Cimento 14, 171 (1937). English translation: Soryushiron Kenkyu 63, 149 (1981).
25 Dirac vs Majorana neutrinos Dirac (ν ν) Majorana (ν = ν) νl produces - ( ) νl produces - νr doesn t interact ( ) νr produces + νl doesn t interact Requires Q = -Q = 0 Implies L is violated νr produces + 25 Following B. Kayser.
26 Seesaw Mechanism mass M, τ ~ 1/M md NR md 26 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
27 Seesaw Mechanism mass M, τ ~ 1/M md NR md M md md 27 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
28 Seesaw Mechanism mass M, τ ~ 1/M md NR md M md md Majorana mass term mν ~ md 2 /M 28 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
29 Seesaw Mechanism mass M, τ ~ 1/M md NR md M md md Majorana mass term mν ~ md 2 /M M md mν for md ~ GeV-TeV: mν ~ mev-ev M ~ GeV 29 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
30 Grand Unification 30 GUT scale Plank scale = ħc/g
31 Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry The Big Bang The Universe Today matter + antimatter matter only 31
32 Sakharov Conditions Interactions out of thermal equilibrium Baryon number violation (baryogenesis) C (charge) and CP (charge-parity) violation 32 A. Sakharov, JETP 5, 24 (1967).
33 Leptogenesis Decay of heavy Majorana neutrino (N) into SM leptons ( ± ) and Higgs (H): - + N N H H CP violation in ν sector could give these different branching ratios SM processes could convert L to B: baryogenesis! Majorana neutrinos could be the reason we exist at all! 33 Following B. Kayser.
34 Outline What s a neutrino? The case for Majorana neutrinos Probing the nature of the neutrino with neutrinoless double-beta decay 34
35 Double-Beta Decay M Z 35
36 Double-Beta Decay 2νββ e - e - νe νe W - W - > Nuclear Process > (A, Z) (A, Z+2) 36
37 0νββ Decay 2νββ e - e - νe νe W - W - > Nuclear Process > (A, Z) (A, Z+2) 0νββ e - e - Uei νi mi x W - W - Uei > Nuclear Process > (A, Z) (A, Z+2) Γ½ 0ν = G 0ν M 0ν 2 mββ 2 mββ Σ mi Uei 2 37
38 0νββ Decay 3 2 [mev] ββ m Inverted Normal Normal Inverted m lightest [mev] 2 3 A. Schubert, H. Murayama Osc. pars. from Fogli et al., arxiv: v2.
39 Claimed Observation Klapdor Kleingrothaus et al., Mod. Phys. Lett. A 21 (2006) p kg y T1/2 = ( ) x 25 y significance ~6σ mββ < ~ mev
40 Claimed Observation 40 Klapdor Kleingrothaus et al., Phys. Lett. B 586, 198 (2004).
41 3 Double-Beta Decay Claimed signal in 76 Ge: Mod. Phys. Lett. A 21 (2006) p [mev] ββ m 1 Inverted Normal -1 1 m lightest [mev] 2 3
42 3 Double-Beta Decay Disfavored by 0νββ Claimed signal in 76 Ge: Mod. Phys. Lett. A 21 (2006) p [mev] ββ m 1 Inverted Normal -1 1 m lightest [mev] 2 3
43 3 Double-Beta Decay Disfavored by 0νββ Claimed signal in 76 Ge: Mod. Phys. Lett. A 21 (2006) p [mev] ββ m 1-1 Inverted Normal 1 m lightest [mev] 2 Disfavored by cosmology; To be tested by KATRIN 3
44 3 Double-Beta Decay Disfavored by 0νββ Claimed signal in 76 Ge: Mod. Phys. Lett. A 21 (2006) p [mev] ββ m 1-1 Inverted Normal 1 m lightest [mev] 2 Disfavored by cosmology; To be tested by KATRIN 3
45 3 Double-Beta Decay Disfavored by 0νββ Claimed signal in 76 Ge: Mod. Phys. Lett. A 21 (2006) p [mev] ββ m 1-1 Inverted Normal 1 m lightest [mev] 2 Disfavored by cosmology; To be tested by KATRIN 3
46 Testing the Inverted Hierarchy sensitivity (90% CL, QRPA NME) [mev] ββ m 3 2 Mod. Phys. Lett. A 21 (2006), p (3σ): ( ) x Inverted Hierarchy (m l 0 ev) Zero background 0.1 counts/roi/t/y 1 count/roi/t/y 4 counts/roi/t/y 25 years ν Ge T 1/2 sensitivity (90% CL) [years] Exposure [tonne years]
47 0νββ Experiments Construction Operation 47 Elliott, arxiv: v1 (2012).
48 0νββ Experiments UW involvement Construction Operation 48 Elliott, arxiv: v1 (2012).
49 The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR (MJD) 40 kg of Ge detectors, 30 kg enriched. Located at the 4850 level of Sanford Underground Laboratory in SD Modules: Goal: x0 reduction in background using clean materials, hit patterns, pulse-shapes Prototype: 2 strings natge (under construction!) Module 1: 4xnatGe + 3xenrGe (2013) Module 2: up to 7 strings enrge (2014) 49
50 Summary Neutrinos continue to give us new mysteries to solve Majorana neutrinos may give us insights into Grand Unification and the Matter- Antimatter Asymmetry of the Universe 0νββ experiments are the only known way to probe this aspect of the neutrino. Definitive tests of inverted hierarchy Majorana neutrinos are within reach! 50
51 51
52 Neutrino Handedness e - C.S. Wu et al. (1957) Co 60 νe 52
53 The Majorana Fermion Particle physics: Δ Condensed matter: charge-neutral, zero-energy quasi-particle 53 Brouwer, Science 336, 989 (2012).
54 Testing ν = ν (I) Dirac ν Majorana ν νl produces - ( ) νl produces - νr doesn t interact ( ) νr produces + νl doesn t interact Why not generate νr in a beam and see if it νr produces + produces +? 54 Following B. Kayser.
55 Testing ν = ν (I) νl π + π + μ + νr μ + π + at rest boost High-E π + beam Boost so that π + beam faster than νl from decay at rest: requires Eπ > 4 PeV (n.b. LHC = 14 TeV) Fraction of decays with helicity flipped: <-15 Since L-violation comes only from Majorana ν masses, any attempt to observe it will be at the mercy of the ν masses. - B. Kayser 55 Following B. Kayser.
56 Germanium Detectors ~7 cm ~7 cm 56
57 Point-Contact Ge Detectors Hole vdrift (mm/ns) w/ paths, isochrones 57
58 Point-Contact Ge Detectors γ + + _ Edep Hole vdrift (mm/ns) w/ paths, isochrones 58
59 Point-Contact Ge Detectors ~x 59 Barbeau et al., JCAP 09, 009 (2007).
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