Is the Neutrino its Own Antiparticle?
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1 Is the Neutrino its Own Antiparticle? CENPA REU Summer Seminar Series University of Washington, Seattle, WA July 22, 2013
2 Outline What s a neutrino? The case for Majorana neutrinos Probing the nature of the neutrino with neutrinoless double-beta decay 2
3 What s a Neutrino? Meitner and Hahn (1911): 2 Bi 3
4 What s a Neutrino? Meitner and Hahn (1911): 2 Po e - 4
5 What s a Neutrino?? Meitner and Hahn (1911): 2 Po e - 5
6 What s a Neutrino? Wolfgang Pauli (1931): ν mass proton mass spin = ½ charge = 0 color = 0 2 Po e - 6
7 What s a Neutrino? Enrico Fermi (1934): Little neutral one ν Possible interactions: EM Strong Weak (Gravity) 2 Po e - 7
8 Detecting Neutrinos and Antineutrinos n ν H e - e + 37 Ar H D ν H e + 37 Cl e - 8
9 Detecting Neutrinos and Antineutrinos n ν H e - e + 37 Ar H D ν H e + 37 Cl e - 9
10 Detecting Neutrinos and Nuclear Reactor Antineutrinos Scintillator (CxHy) ν Cowan and Reines (1956) PMTs The Sun Cleaning fluid (Cl) ν Ray Davis Jr. (1964) + Ar detector
11 Detecting Neutrinos and Nuclear Reactor Antineutrinos Scintillator (CxHy) νr Cowan and Reines (1956) PMTs The Sun Cleaning fluid (Cl) νl Ray Davis Jr. (1964) + Ar detector 11
12 Neutrino Handedness antineutrinos: right-handed Direction of motion neutrinos: Direction of spin left-handed 12
13 Standard Model Particles 13 Credit: Fermilab
14 Standard Model Particles m = 0, left-handed only 14 Credit: Fermilab
15 Neutrino Oscillation νe partially νx νe 15 KamLAND Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D 83, (2011).
16 Neutrino Oscillation νe = Ue1ν1 + Ue2ν2 + Ue3ν3 νe partially νx νe m2 2 - m KamLAND Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D 83, (2011).
17 Outline What s a neutrino? The case for Majorana neutrinos Probing the nature of the neutrino with neutrinoless double-beta decay 17
18 Incorporating ν Mass Higgs Field 18 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
19 Incorporating ν Mass Higgs Field md md 19 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
20 Incorporating ν Mass Higgs Field md Not in SM md 20 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
21 Incorporating ν Mass md Not in SM md 21 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
22 Incorporating ν Mass mm mm Ettore Majorana 22 E. Majorana, Il Nuovo Cimento 14, 171 (1937). English translation: Soryushiron Kenkyu 63, 149 (1981).
23 Dirac vs Majorana neutrinos Dirac (ν ν) Majorana (ν = ν) νl produces - ( ) νl produces - νr doesn t interact ( ) νr produces + νl doesn t interact Requires Q = -Q = 0 Implies L is not conserved νr produces + 23 Following B. Kayser.
24 Seesaw Mechanism mass M, τ ~ 1/M md NR md 24 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
25 Seesaw Mechanism mass M, τ ~ 1/M md NR md M md md 25 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
26 Seesaw Mechanism mass M, τ ~ 1/M md NR md M md md Majorana mass term mν ~ md 2 /M 26 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
27 Seesaw Mechanism mass M, τ ~ 1/M md NR md M md md Majorana mass term mν ~ md 2 /M M md mν for md ~ GeV-TeV: mν ~ mev-ev M ~ GeV 27 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
28 Grand Unification 28 GUT scale Plank scale = ħc/g
29 Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry The Big Bang The Universe Today matter + antimatter matter only 29
30 Sakharov Conditions Interactions out of thermal equilibrium Baryon number violation (baryogenesis) C (charge) and CP (charge-parity) violation 30 A. Sakharov, JETP 5, 24 (1967).
31 Leptogenesis Decay of heavy Majorana neutrino (N) into SM leptons ( ± ) and Higgs (H): - + N N H H CP violation in ν sector could give these different branching ratios SM processes could convert L to B: baryogenesis! Majorana neutrinos could be the reason we exist at all! 31 Following B. Kayser.
32 Outline What s a neutrino? The case for Majorana neutrinos Probing the nature of the neutrino with neutrinoless double-beta decay 32
33 Double-Beta Decay M Z 33
34 Double-Beta Decay 2νββ e - e - νe νe W - W - > Nuclear Process > (A, Z) (A, Z+2) 34
35 0νββ Decay 2νββ e - e - νe νe W - W - > Nuclear Process > (A, Z) (A, Z+2) 0νββ e - e - Uei νi mi x W - W - Uei > Nuclear Process > (A, Z) (A, Z+2) Γ½ 0ν = G 0ν M 0ν 2 mββ 2 mββ Σ mi Uei 2 35
36 Claimed Observation Klapdor Kleingrothaus et al., Mod. Phys. Lett. A 21 (2006) p kg y T1/2 = ( ) x 25 y significance ~6σ mββ < ~ mev
37 Claimed Observation 37 Klapdor Kleingrothaus et al., Phys. Lett. B 586, 198 (2004).
38 New GERDA Result 38 M. Agostini et al., arxiv: (2013).
39 Double-Beta Decay 3 Claimed signal in 76 Ge: Mod. Phys. Lett. A 21 (2006) p [mev] ββ m 1 Inverted Normal -1 1 m lightest [mev] 2 3
40 Double-Beta Decay 3 Disfavored by 0νββ Claimed signal in 76 Ge: Mod. Phys. Lett. A 21 (2006) p [mev] ββ m 1 Inverted Normal -1 1 m lightest [mev] 2 3
41 Double-Beta Decay 3 Disfavored by 0νββ Claimed signal in 76 Ge: Mod. Phys. Lett. A 21 (2006) p [mev] ββ m 1-1 Inverted Normal 1 m lightest [mev] 2 Disfavored by cosmology; To be tested by KATRIN 3
42 Double-Beta Decay 3 Disfavored by 0νββ Claimed signal in 76 Ge: Mod. Phys. Lett. A 21 (2006) p [mev] ββ m 1-1 Inverted Normal 1 m lightest [mev] 2 Disfavored by cosmology; To be tested by KATRIN 3
43 Double-Beta Decay 3 Disfavored by 0νββ Claimed signal in 76 Ge: Mod. Phys. Lett. A 21 (2006) p [mev] ββ m 1-1 Inverted Normal 1 m lightest [mev] 2 Disfavored by cosmology; To be tested by KATRIN 3
44 Testing the Inverted Hierarchy sensitivity (90% CL, QRPA NME) [mev] ββ m 3 2 Mod. Phys. Lett. A 21 (2006), p (3σ): ( ) x Inverted Hierarchy (m l 0 ev) Zero background 0.1 counts/roi/t/y 1 count/roi/t/y 4 counts/roi/t/y 25 years ν Ge T 1/2 sensitivity (90% CL) [years] Exposure [tonne years]
45 0νββ Experiments Construction Operation 45 Elliott, arxiv: v1 (2012).
46 The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR (MJD) Located 4850 underground at Sanford Underground Research Facility 40-kg of Ge detectors, 30-kg enriched to 86% in 76 Ge 2 independent cryostats made of ultra-clean, electroformed Cu Compact Pb and Cu shield + muon veto Background goal: 3 counts in the 0νββ peak region of interest in a one tonne-year exposure Funded by DOE Office of Nuclear Physics and NSF Particle Astrophysics, with additional contributions from international collaborators. 46
47 MJD Implementation Prototype Cryostat (2 strings, natge): Summer 2013 Cryostat 1 (3 strings enrge & 4 strings natge): Late 2013 Cryostat 2 (7 strings enrge): Fall
48 MJD Construction 48
49 MJD Construction 49
50 MJD Collaboration 50
51 Other MJD Physics Light WIMP dark matter Solar axions Pauli exclusion principle violation Neutrino magnetic moment Electron decay 51
52 Summary Neutrinos continue to give us new mysteries to solve Majorana neutrinos may give us insights into Grand Unification and the Matter- Antimatter Asymmetry of the Universe 0νββ experiments are the only known way to probe this aspect of the neutrino Definitive tests of inverted hierarchy Majorana neutrinos are within reach! 52
53 53
54 Neutrino Handedness e - C.S. Wu et al. (1957) Co 60 νe 54
55 The Majorana Fermion Particle physics: Δ Condensed matter: charge-neutral, zero-energy quasi-particle 55 Brouwer, Science 336, 989 (2012).
56 Testing ν = ν (I) Dirac ν Majorana ν νl produces - ( ) νl produces - νr doesn t interact ( ) νr produces + νl doesn t interact Why not generate νr in a beam and see if it νr produces + produces +? 56 Following B. Kayser.
57 The Majorana Equation Schrodinger: 57
58 The Majorana Equation Schrodinger: Dirac: 58
59 The Majorana Equation Schrodinger: Dirac: Majorana: 59 E. Majorana, Il Nuovo Cimento 14, 171 (1937). English translation: Soryushiron Kenkyu 63, 149 (1981).
60 Testing ν = ν (I) νl π + π + μ + νr μ + π + at rest boost High-E π + beam Boost so that π + beam faster than νl from decay at rest: requires Eπ > 4 PeV (n.b. LHC = 14 TeV) Fraction of decays with helicity flipped: <-15 Since L-violation comes only from Majorana ν masses, any attempt to observe it will be at the mercy of the ν masses. - B. Kayser 60 Following B. Kayser.
61 Germanium Detectors ~7 cm ~7 cm 61
62 Point-Contact Ge Detectors Hole vdrift (mm/ns) w/ paths, isochrones 62
63 Point-Contact Ge Detectors γ + + _ Edep Hole vdrift (mm/ns) w/ paths, isochrones 63
64 Point-Contact Ge Detectors ~x 64 Barbeau et al., JCAP 09, 009 (2007).
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