Symmetries in Nature. A glimpse into the beauty and art of science. Dan Melconian Texas A&M University Cyclotron Institute Feb 28, 2009
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1 Symmetries in Nature A glimpse into the beauty and art of science Dan Melconian Texas A&M University Cyclotron Institute Feb 28, 2009
2 Scope of modern physics From the very smallest scales to the very largest Physics lets us understand the world around us
3 Art vs Science? There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, Than are dreamt of in your philosophy. Hamlet, Act I, Scene V
4 Science vs Art?
5 Symmetry Oxford English Dictionary: Due or just proportion; harmony of parts with each other and the whole; fitting, regular, or balanced arrangement and relation of parts or elements; the condition or quality of being well proportioned or well balanced. Regularity and beauty of form, fair or fine appearance, comeliness.
6 Symmetries in Art
7 Symmetries in Architecture
8 Symmetries in Art & Science
9 Types of Symmetries Translational Art: M.C. Escher
10 Types of Symmetries Translational Art: M.C. Escher
11 Types of Symmetries Translational Art: M.C. Escher
12 Types of Symmetries Translational Art: M.C. Escher
13 Types of Symmetries Reflections the Taj Mahal
14 Types of Symmetries Reflections People
15 Types of Symmetries Reflections People
16 Types of Symmetries Reflections People
17 Types of Symmetries Reflections People
18 Types of Symmetries Reflections People
19 Types of Symmetries Reflections People
20 Types of Symmetries Reflections People
21 Types of Symmetries Reflections People
22 Types of Symmetries Rotations Art: M.C. Escher
23 Types of Symmetries Rotations Art: M.C. Escher
24 Types of Symmetries Rotations Art: M.C. Escher
25 Types of Symmetries Rotations Art: M.C. Escher
26 Types of Symmetries Rotations Art: M.C. Escher
27 Symmetries in Physics Murray Gell Mann's Eightfold Way Organized the zoo of particles that emerged by 1961 c.f. the Periodic Table Young man, if I could remember the names of these particles, I would have been a botanist Wolfgang Pauli to Leon Lederman
28 s = strangeness The meson octet q = electric charge
29 s = strangeness The baryon octet q = electric charge
30 s = strangeness The other baryons q = electric charge
31 Mendeleev's bold prediction Missing elements! Sc, Ga & Ge all discovered 20 yrs after their existence was predicted
32 Gell Mann: the Mendeleev of particle physics Found in 1964 trip to Stockholm!
33 Multiplet of quarks/anti quarks Gell Mann & Zweig
34 Baryon decuplet in terms of quarks q s u 2 / 3 0 d 1 /3 0 s 1 /3 1 q s (etc)
35 The meson nonet '
36 Basic consituents of matter
37 Fundamental symmetries Noether's Theorem: Symmetries Conservation Law
38 Fundamental symmetries Noether's Theorem: Symmetries Conservation Law Energy is conserved time reversal symmetry
39 Fundamental symmetries Noether's Theorem: Symmetries Conservation Law Energy is conserved time reversal symmetry Momentum is conserved translational symmetry Charge is conserved rotational symmetry gauge symmetry Angular momentum is conserved
40 History of parity
41 History of parity 1786: Kant debates the nature of incongruent counterparts Hmmmm...
42 History of parity 1786: Kant debates the nature of incongruent counterparts 1848: Pasteur observes optical rotation in chemical isomers
43 History of parity 1786: Kant debates the nature of incongruent counterparts 1848: Pasteur observes optical rotation in chemical isomers 1924: Laporte introduces idea of parity conservation in quantum mechanics (x, y) ( x, y) Vector interaction
44 History of parity 1786: Kant debates the nature of incongruent counterparts 1848: Pasteur observes optical rotation in chemical isomers 1924: Laporte introduces idea of parity conservation in quantum mechanics (x, y) ( x, y) Axial vector interaction
45 History of parity 1786: Kant debates the nature of incongruent counterparts 1848: Pasteur observes optical rotation in chemical isomers 1924: Laporte introduces idea of parity conservation in quantum mechanics Intrinsic parity helicity or handedness
46 History of parity 1786: Kant debates the nature of incongruent counterparts 1848: Pasteur observes optical rotation in chemical isomers 1924: Laporte introduces idea of parity conservation in quantum mechanics Intrinsic parity helicity or handedness
47 History of parity Kant debates the nature of incongruent counterparts Pasteur observes optical rotation in chemical isomers Laporte introduces idea of parity conservation in quantum mechanics Wigner proves Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism conserve parity : 1848: 1924: 1927: 1953: Experiments indicate weak interaction is (S,T) 1953: Dalitz points out puzzle : vs same half life, same mass, same charge,...
48 Is parity always conserved? Prompted Lee and Yang to note:... existing experiments do indicate parity conservation in strong and electromagnetic interactions, but that for weak interactions... parity conservation is so far only an extrapolated hypothesis, unsupported by experimental evidence. Feynman bets parity stays conserved
49 C.S. Wu's experiment e direction is a vector: p = x/ t p spin is an axial vector: J = r p J 'mirror' d l r o w world ' 'regular If there is a correlation between p and J, parity is not conserved!
50 Feynman loses $50 Parity is NOT conserved in weak interactions!
51 Now the question is... The standard model of particle physics assumes the weak interaction is V A which maximally violates parity (not V 0.1A, for example) Are there any V + A components we just haven't seen yet? Is Nature truly left handed, or is it ambidextrous? Why would it care whether a process occured in the mirror world or not?
52 Nuclear physics continues the search Nuclear decay: Textbook assumptions: decay occurs from rest decay occurs from a point source the particles escape without distortions the polarization is perfect
53 Magneto optical traps Steven Chu 1997 Claude Cohen Tannoudji William Philips For development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light Textbook assumptions: decay occurs from rest decay occurs from a point source the particles escape without distortions the polarization is perfect?
54 A vapour cell MOT Laser excites atomic transitions: + I ion beam I + + excited states ground state
55 Basic idea behind any trap Speed dependent force: dampens the motion and slows particles down Position dependent force: defines where particles get trapped E.g.: Ball in a valley... with friction
56 How does a MOT work? Speed dependent force: the Doppler effect Position dependent force: magnetic fields make absorption rate depend on distance from centre Lab frame: Atom's frame: The Doppler effect changes rate of absorbing laser beam
57 Atom photon interactions vs. ℏ k ~ 1.5 ev/c M v ~ 45 kev/c
58 Atom photon interactions vs. Cycling transitions!!
59 Just in case you thought it was easy...!!
60 A double MOT system Traps provide a backing free, cold (~1mK), localized (~1mm3) source of short lived radioactive atoms Detect pe and precoil deduce p v!
61 Measuring polarized asymmetries et d a l o p et d r o t ec ti a z ri o s i x na r o t ec
62 E field The neutrino asymmetry OP beam recoil ion e
63 E field The neutrino asymmetry OP beam recoil ion e
64 The neutrino asymmetry E field Clean measurement with coincidence condition! OP beam recoil ion e
65 Results B = This is about 20x better than Wu's experiment, but that was a long time ago...
66 Current limits proton proton colliders Left Right Mixing Angle
67 Current limits neutrino nucleon scattering Left Right Mixing Angle
68 Current limits muon decay Left Right Mixing Angle
69 Current limits superallowed decay
70 Current limits world average of decay
71 Current limits world average of neutron decay
72 Current limits result using trapped 37K
73 Current limits expected results with improved 37K experiment
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