Overview. The quest of Particle Physics research is to understand the fundamental particles of nature and their interactions.
|
|
- Regina Sharp
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1
2 Overview The quest of Particle Physics research is to understand the fundamental particles of nature and their interactions. Our understanding is about to take a giant leap.. the Large Hadron Collider has started. These lectures are aimed to explain the background to our current understanding and the challenges involved in bringing the LHC to fruition. along with the fruits of the first data I hope you enjoy them! Lecture 1 : Matter and Forces Lecture 2 : Electroweak Unification Lecture 3 : Beyond the Frontier.. The LHC accelerator Lecture 4 : The LHC Experiments Lecture 5 : First Results and Expectations 2
3 3
4 The Atom Photon Nucleus and electrons bound by electromagnetic force m
5 blow atom up to size of Millennium Dome... nucleus is now 3 mm across! Atoms are % empty space
6 The Atom Photon Nucleus and electrons bound by electromagnetic force m Gluon Protons and neutrons in nucleus bound by strong nuclear force m Quarks bound by the strong force. <10-15 m
7 γ e - ATOM Electrons bound to atom by electromagnetic force Binding energy 10 ev Size: Atom ~10-10 m, e - < m Charge: Atom is neutral, electron e Mass: Atom mass ~ in nucleus, m e = MeV/c 2 Chemical properties depend on Z. π NUCLEUS Nuclei held together by strong nuclear force Size: Nucleus (medium A) ~ 5fm Binding energy 0.1 MeV 1fm = m NUCLEON Protons and neutrons held together by the strong force Size: p, n ~ 1fm Charge: p +e n 0 Mass : p, n = MeV/c 2 ~ 1836 m e Binding energy 10 GeV 7
8 Energy and Mass Common practise in Particle Physics NOT to use SI units. Energies are measured in units of ev: 1 ev = Energy an electron acquires when it is accelerated through a potential difference of 1V. Common to use: KeV (10 3 ev) MeV (10 6 ev) GeV (10 9 ev) TeV (10 12 ev) Masses quoted in units of MeV/c 2 or GeV/c 2 e.g. Electron mass m e = kg = ( )( ) = ev c 2 = MeV c 2 8
9 Matter We now know that all matter is made of two types of elementary particles (spin ½ fermions): Electron e - LEPTONS: e.g. e -, ν e QUARKS: e.g. up quark (u), down quark (d) proton (uud) Quark u Proton uud And.. Antimatter 9
10 10
11 Antimatter Every matter particle has a partner which has exactly the same properties except a charge which is opposite in sign. Electron e - Positron e + Quark u Proton uud Antiquark Antiproton uud u e - E=mc 2 e + Exploit matter-antimatter annihilation to produce new particles. Energy can be transformed back into any type of mass.
12 Matter: 1 st Generation Almost all phenomena you will have encountered can be described by the interactions of FOUR spin ½ particles: THE FIRST GENERATION Particle Symbol Type Charge Units of e Electron e - Lepton -1 Neutrino ν e Lepton 0 Up Quark u Quark +2/3 Down Quark d Quark -1/3 The proton and neutron are the lowest energy states of the combination of 3 quarks: p u u d n d d u 12
13 Matter: 3 Generations Nature is not quite so simple. There are THREE generations of fundamental fermions: 1 st Generation 2 nd Generation 3 rd Generation Electron e - Muon µ - Tau τ Electron Neutrino ν e Muon Neutrino Up quark u Charm quark Down quark d Strange quark ν µ Tau Neutrino ν τ c Top quark t s Bottom quark b Each generation e.g. (µ, ν µ, c, s) is an exact copy of (e, ν e, u, d) The only difference is the mass of the particles: the 1 st generation are the lightest and the 3 rd generation are heaviest. Clear symmetry origin of 3 generations is NOT UNDERSTOOD. 13
14 3 Generations Top t Bottom b Neutrino ν τ Tau τ The heavier particles decay to lighter ones Charm c Strange s Neutrino ν µ Muon µ There are two other families of quarks and leptons, which are heavier Up u Down d Quarks Neutrino ν e Electron e Leptons All normal matter consists of u and d quarks and electrons
15 Quarks Quarks experience ALL the forces (electromagnetic, strong, weak) Spin ½ fermions Fractional charge 6 distinct flavours Quarks come in 3 colours Red, Green, Blue Quarks are confined within HADRONS e.g. u u d u d Gen. 1 st 2 nd 3 rd Flavour Charge (e) Approx. Mass (GeV/c 2 ) u +2/ d -1/ c +2/3 1.5 s -1/3 0.5 t +2/3 171 b -1/ antiquarks u,d, COLOUR is a label for the charge of the strong interaction. Unlike the electric charge of an electron (-e), the strong charge comes in 15 3 orthogonal colours RGB.
16 Leptons Particles which DO NO INTERACT via the STRONG interaction. Spin ½ fermions 6 distinct FLAVOURS 3 charged leptons: e -, µ -, τ - µ and τ unstable 3 neutral leptons: ν e, ν µ, ν τ Neutrinos are stable and (almost?) massless ν e mass < 3 ev/c 2 ν µ mass < 0.17 MeV/c 2 Gen. 1 st 2 nd 3 rd Flavour Charge (e) Approx. Mass e (MeV/c 2 ) ν e 0 Massless? µ ν µ 0 Massless? τ ν τ 0 Massless? ν τ mass < 18.2 MeV/c 2 +antimatter partners, e +, ν e Charged leptons only experience the electromagnetic and weak forces Neutrinos only experience the weak force 16
17 Hadrons Single free quarks are NEVER observed, but are always CONFINED in bound states, called HADRONS. Macroscopically hadrons behave as point-like COMPOSITE particles. Hadrons are of two types: MESONS (qq) Bound states of a QUARK and an ANTIQUARK All have INTEGER spin 0, 1, 2, Bosons e.g. π + ( ud) charge = +2/3e + 1/3e = +1e π ud charge = -2/3e 1/3e = -1e BARYONS (qqq) Bound states of 3 QUARKS All have HALF-INTEGER spin 1/2, 3/2, Fermions e.g. ( ) ( ) n ( udd) p uud q q q q q PLUS ANTIBARYONS (qqq) e.g. p ( uud) n ( udd) 17
18 Periodic Table of the Elements Only three elements are formed in the Big Bang Differences between materials are due simply to the number of protons and electrons in their atoms.
19 19
20 Forces Classical Picture: A force is something which pushes matter around and causes objects to change their motion (Newtons II). e.g. Electromagnetic forces arise via the action at a distance of the electric and magnetic fields. Newton: that a body can act upon another at a distance, through a vacuum, without the mediation of anything else,, is to me a great absurdity 20
21 Forces Quantum Mechanically: Forces arise due to exchange of VIRTUAL FIELD QUANTA (Gauge Bosons): second quantization. Field strength at any point is uncertain Number of quanta emitted and absorbed Massless particle e.g. photon 21
22 Strong Forces Weak e Polonium Astatine Electromagnetism Gravity
23 Gauge Bosons GAUGE BOSONS mediate the fundamental forces Spin 1 particles (i.e. Vector Bosons) No generations The manner in which the Gauge Bosons interact with the leptons and quarks determines the nature of the fundamental forces. Force Boson Spin Strength Mass (GeV/c 2 ) Strong Gluon g 1 1 Massless Electromagnetic Photon γ Massless Weak W and Z W ±, Z , 91 Gravity Graviton? Massless 23
24 Range of Forces The range of a force is directly related to the mass of the exchanged bosons. Force Strong Range ~ 1 mass Strong (Nuclear) Electromagnetic Range (m) Weak Gravity Force (GeV/fm) Weak Force Gravitational Force Electromagnetic Force Strong Force (hadrons) Strong Force (quarks) Distance (fm) Due to quark confinement, nucleons start to experience the strong interaction at ~ 2 fm 24
25 The Standard Model Spin ½ Fermions LEPTONS QUARKS Charge (units of e) /3-1/3 PLUS antileptons and antiquarks. Spin 1 Bosons Mass (GeV/c 2 ) Gluon g 0 STRONG Photon γ 0 EM W and Z Bosons W ±, Z /80.3 WEAK The Standard Model also predicts the existence of a spin 0 HIGGS BOSON which gives all particles their masses via its interactions. 25
26 The Standard Model of Particle Physics Explains all the data we have so far. but there are many unanswered questions...
27 27
28 Theoretical Framework Macroscopic Microscopic Slow Classical Mechanics Quantum Mechanics Fast Special Relativity Quantum Field Theory The Standard Model is a collection of related QUANTUM FIELD THEORIES that describe particle interactions. ELECTROMAGNETISM: QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS (QED) 1948 Feynman, Schwinger, Tomonaga (1965 Nobel Prize) ELECTROMAGNETISM: ELECTROWEAK UNIFICATION +WEAK 1968 Glashow, Weinberg, Salam (1979 Nobel Prize) STRONG: QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS (QCD) 1974 Politzer, Wilczek, Gross (2004 Nobel Prize) 28
29 Feynman Diagrams Richard Feynman devised a pictorial method for calculating the interaction between fundamental particles ELECTROMAGNETIC e - e - q STRONG q Quark-antiquark annihilation p p u u n d d d u Electron-proton scattering g W WEAK Neutron decay e - p 29
30 Summary of Standard Model Vertices ELECTROMAGNETIC STRONG WEAK CC WEAK NC (QED) (QCD) γ W Z 0 γ g W Z0 +antiparticles 30
31 31
32 QED Quantum Electrodynamics is the theory of the electromagnetic interaction Some QED processes : Compton Scattering γ e - γ e - γ γ e e e Pair production γ e + e - Nucleus e + e Annihilation 32
33 Discovery of Quarks Virtual γ carries energy and momentum e - e - Large momentum small wavelength Large energy high frequency Photon oscillates rapidly in space and time probes short distances and short time. p p Small E,p Rutherford Scattering E, p increases Excited states Large E,p Elastic scattering from quarks in proton dσ dω λ<< size of proton SLAC e - scattering (1972) Expected Rutherford scattering E = 8 GeV Angle (radians) 33
34 Rutherford 1911 SLAC
35 Experimental Tests of QED QED is an extremely successful theory tested to very high precision. Example: Magnetic moments of e ±, µ ± : For a point-like spin ½ particle: Dirac Equation However, higher order terms introduce an anomalous magnetic moment i.e. g not quite 2. v v O(1) O(α) O(α 4 ) diagrams 35
36 O(α 3 ) g e 2 2 g e 2 2 = ( ± 0.041) = ( ± 0.3) Experiment Theory Agreement at the level of 1 in QED provides a remarkable precise description of the electromagnetic interaction! 36
37 37
38 QCD QED: is the quantum theory of the electromagnetic interaction. mediated by massless photons photon couples to electric charge strength of interaction: α = g 2 = e 2 ~ QCD: is the quantum theory of the strong interaction. mediated by massless gluons gluon couples to strong charge, called COLOUR only quarks have non-zero COLOUR, therefore only quarks feel the strong interaction. Quarks carry COLOUR (red, green, blue) Antiquarks carry ANTI-COLOUR (anti-red, anti-green, anti-blue) strength of interaction: α s = g s 2 ~ 1 38
39 Gluons QCD looks like a stronger version of QED. However, there is one BIG difference and that is GLUONS also carry COLOUR. GLUONS CAN INTERACT WITH OTHER GLUONS 3 GLUON VERTEX 4 GLUON VERTEX Example: Gluon-gluon scattering gg gg 39
40 Confinement NEVER OBSERVE single FREE quarks or gluons. Quarks are always confined within hadrons This is a consequence of the strong interaction of gluons. Qualitatively, compare QCD with QED: QCD Colour field QED Electric field Self interactions of the gluons squeeze the lines of force into a narrow tube or STRING. The string has a tension and as the quarks separate the string stores potential energy. Energy stored per unit length in field ~ constant Energy required to separate two quarks is infinite. Quarks always come in 40 combinations with zero net colour charge CONFINEMENT.
41 Jets Consider the quark, anti-quark pair produced in e + e - annihilation: As the quarks separate, the energy in the colour field ( string ) starts to increase linearly with separation. When the energy stored exceeds 2m q, new quark, anti-quark pairs can be created. As energy decreases hadrons (mainly mesons) freeze out 41
42 As quarks separate, more quark, anti-quark pairs are produced. This process is called HADRONIZATION. Start out with quarks and end up with narrowly collimated JETS of HADRONS. JET JET Typical event The hadrons in a quark (antiquark) jet follow the direction of the original quark (antiquark). Consequently, is observed as a pair of back-to-back jets. 42
43 Evidence for Gluons In QED, electrons can radiate photons. In QCD, quarks can radiate gluons. Example: In QED we can detect the photons. In QCD, we never see free gluons due to confinement. Experimentally, detect gluons as an additional jet: 3-JET events. 43
44 Discovery of gluons (1978) LEP Event (1990) 44
45 Summary So far we have discussed the fundamental particles (quarks and leptons) the forces of nature (electromagnetism, strong, weak and gravity) the force carriers (photon, gluon, W and Z and the graviton) the theory of electromagnetism (Quantum Electrodynamics) the theory of the strong interaction (Quantum Chromodynamics) Next lecture we will discuss The Weak Force and Electroweak Unification 45
1. Introduction. Particle and Nuclear Physics. Dr. Tina Potter. Dr. Tina Potter 1. Introduction 1
1. Introduction Particle and Nuclear Physics Dr. Tina Potter Dr. Tina Potter 1. Introduction 1 In this section... Course content Practical information Matter Forces Dr. Tina Potter 1. Introduction 2 Course
More information1 Introduction. 1.1 The Standard Model of particle physics The fundamental particles
1 Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to provide a brief introduction to the Standard Model of particle physics. In particular, it gives an overview of the fundamental particles and the relationship
More informationNuclear and Particle Physics 3: Particle Physics. Lecture 1: Introduction to Particle Physics February 5th 2007
Nuclear and Particle Physics 3: Particle Physics Lecture 1: Introduction to Particle Physics February 5th 2007 Particle Physics (PP) a.k.a. High-Energy Physics (HEP) 1 Dr Victoria Martin JCMB room 4405
More informationPhysics 4213/5213 Lecture 1
August 28, 2002 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction Physics 4213/5213 Lecture 1 There are four known forces: gravity, electricity and magnetism (E&M), the weak force, and the strong force. Each is responsible
More informationMost of Modern Physics today is concerned with the extremes of matter:
Most of Modern Physics today is concerned with the extremes of matter: Very low temperatures, very large numbers of particles, complex systems Æ Condensed Matter Physics Very high temperatures, very large
More information4. The Standard Model
4. The Standard Model Particle and Nuclear Physics Dr. Tina Potter Dr. Tina Potter 4. The Standard Model 1 In this section... Standard Model particle content Klein-Gordon equation Antimatter Interaction
More informationMost of Modern Physics today is concerned with the extremes of matter:
Most of Modern Physics today is concerned with the extremes of matter: Very low temperatures, very large numbers of particles, complex systems Æ Condensed Matter Physics Very high temperatures, very large
More informationParticle Physics Lectures Outline
Subatomic Physics: Particle Physics Lectures Physics of the Large Hadron Collider (plus something about neutrino physics) 1 Particle Physics Lectures Outline 1 - Introduction The Standard Model of particle
More informationReview Chap. 18: Particle Physics
Final Exam: Sat. Dec. 18, 2:45-4:45 pm, 1300 Sterling Exam is cumulative, covering all material Review Chap. 18: Particle Physics Particles and fields: a new picture Quarks and leptons: the particle zoo
More information1. What does this poster contain?
This poster presents the elementary constituents of matter (the particles) and their interactions, the latter having other particles as intermediaries. These elementary particles are point-like and have
More informationFundamental Particles and Forces
Fundamental Particles and Forces A Look at the Standard Model and Interesting Theories André Gras PHYS 3305 SMU 1 Overview Introduction to Fundamental Particles and Forces Brief History of Discovery The
More informationModern Physics: Standard Model of Particle Physics (Invited Lecture)
261352 Modern Physics: Standard Model of Particle Physics (Invited Lecture) Pichet Vanichchapongjaroen The Institute for Fundamental Study, Naresuan University 1 Informations Lecturer Pichet Vanichchapongjaroen
More informationFACULTY OF SCIENCE. High Energy Physics. WINTHROP PROFESSOR IAN MCARTHUR and ADJUNCT/PROFESSOR JACKIE DAVIDSON
FACULTY OF SCIENCE High Energy Physics WINTHROP PROFESSOR IAN MCARTHUR and ADJUNCT/PROFESSOR JACKIE DAVIDSON AIM: To explore nature on the smallest length scales we can achieve Current status (10-20 m)
More informationINTRODUCTION TO THE STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS
INTRODUCTION TO THE STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS Class Mechanics My office (for now): Dantziger B Room 121 My Phone: x85200 Office hours: Call ahead, or better yet, email... Even better than office
More informationParticle Physics Outline the concepts of particle production and annihilation and apply the conservation laws to these processes.
Particle Physics 12.3.1 Outline the concept of antiparticles and give examples 12.3.2 Outline the concepts of particle production and annihilation and apply the conservation laws to these processes. Every
More informationDEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS
DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS LSN 7-3: THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER Questions From Reading Activity? Essential Idea: It is believed that all the matter around us is made up of fundamental
More informationElementary Particle Physics Glossary. Course organiser: Dr Marcella Bona February 9, 2016
Elementary Particle Physics Glossary Course organiser: Dr Marcella Bona February 9, 2016 1 Contents 1 Terms A-C 5 1.1 Accelerator.............................. 5 1.2 Annihilation..............................
More informationQuantum Numbers. Elementary Particles Properties. F. Di Lodovico c 1 EPP, SPA6306. Queen Mary University of London. Quantum Numbers. F.
Elementary Properties 1 1 School of Physics and Astrophysics Queen Mary University of London EPP, SPA6306 Outline Most stable sub-atomic particles are the proton, neutron (nucleons) and electron. Study
More informationParticle Physics. Tommy Ohlsson. Theoretical Particle Physics, Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
Particle Physics Tommy Ohlsson Theoretical Particle Physics, Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden International Baccalaureate T. Ohlsson (KTH) Particle Physics 1/
More informationTHE STANDARD MODEL OF MATTER
VISUAL PHYSICS ONLINE THE STANDARD MODEL OF MATTER The "Standard Model" of subatomic and sub nuclear physics is an intricate, complex and often subtle thing and a complete study of it is beyond the scope
More informationPG lectures- Particle Physics Introduction. C.Lazzeroni
PG lectures- Particle Physics Introduction C.Lazzeroni Outline - Properties and classification of particles and forces - leptons and hadrons - mesons and baryons - forces and bosons - Relativistic kinematics
More informationMatter: it s what you have learned that makes up the world Protons, Neutrons and Electrons
Name The Standard Model of Particle Physics Matter: it s what you have learned that makes up the world Protons, Neutrons and Electrons Just like there is good and evil, matter must have something like
More informationLecture PowerPoint. Chapter 32 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli
Lecture PowerPoint Chapter 32 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the
More informationNeutrino Physics. Kam-Biu Luk. Tsinghua University and University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Neutrino Physics Kam-Biu Luk Tsinghua University and University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 4-15 June, 2007 Outline Brief overview of particle physics Properties of
More informationAn Introduction to Modern Particle Physics
An Introduction to Modern Particle Physics Mark Thomson University of Cambridge ALEPH DALI 3 Gev EC 6 Gev HC Run=56698 Evt=7455 Y" RO TPC 1cm 0 1cm 1cm 0 1cm X" Z0
More informationParticle Physics A short History
Introduction to Experimental Particle Physics Heavily indebted to 1. Steve Lloyd Queen Mary s College, London 2004 2. Robert S. Orr University of Toronto 2007 3. Z. Vilakazi University of Cape Town -2006
More informationChapter 32 Lecture Notes
Chapter 32 Lecture Notes Physics 2424 - Strauss Formulas: mc 2 hc/2πd 1. INTRODUCTION What are the most fundamental particles and what are the most fundamental forces that make up the universe? For a brick
More informationIntroduction. Read: Ch 1 of M&S
Introduction What questions does this field address? Want to know the basic law of nature. Can we unify all the forces with one equation or one theory? Read: Ch 1 of M&S K.K. Gan L1: Introduction 1 Particle
More informationAn Introduction to Particle Physics
An Introduction to Particle Physics The Universe started with a Big Bang The Universe started with a Big Bang What is our Universe made of? Particle physics aims to understand Elementary (fundamental)
More informationOption 212: UNIT 2 Elementary Particles
Department of Physics and Astronomy Option 212: UNIT 2 Elementary Particles SCHEDULE 26-Jan-15 13.00pm LRB Intro lecture 28-Jan-15 12.00pm LRB Problem solving (2-Feb-15 10.00am E Problem Workshop) 4-Feb-15
More informationParticle Physics. All science is either physics or stamp collecting and this from a 1908 Nobel laureate in Chemistry
Particle Physics JJ Thompson discovered electrons in 1897 Rutherford discovered the atomic nucleus in 1911 and the proton in 1919 (idea of gold foil expt) All science is either physics or stamp collecting
More informationThe Standard Model (part I)
The Standard Model (part I) Speaker Jens Kunstmann Student of Physics in 5 th year at Greifswald University, Germany Location Sommerakademie der Studienstiftung, Kreisau 2002 Topics Introduction The fundamental
More informationParticle Physics Lecture 1 : Introduction Fall 2015 Seon-Hee Seo
Particle Physics Lecture 1 : Introduction Fall 2015 Seon-Hee Seo Particle Physics Fall 2015 1 Course Overview Lecture 1: Introduction, Decay Rates and Cross Sections Lecture 2: The Dirac Equation and Spin
More informationCosmology and particle physics
Cosmology and particle physics Lecture notes Timm Wrase Lecture 5 The thermal universe - part I In the last lecture we have shown that our very early universe was in a very hot and dense state. During
More informationPhysics 7730: Particle Physics
Physics 7730: Particle Physics! Instructor: Kevin Stenson (particle physics experimentalist)! Office: Duane F317 (Gamow tower)! Email: kevin.stenson@colorado.edu! Phone: 303-492-1106! Web page: http://www-hep.colorado.edu/~stenson/!
More informationFundamental Forces. David Morrissey. Key Concepts, March 15, 2013
Fundamental Forces David Morrissey Key Concepts, March 15, 2013 Not a fundamental force... Also not a fundamental force... What Do We Mean By Fundamental? Example: Electromagnetism (EM) electric forces
More informationPhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
OR K π 0 + µ + v ( µ ) M. (a) (i) quark antiquark pair OR qq OR named quark antiquark pair 0 (iii) us (b) (i) Weak any of the following also score mark: weak interaction weak interaction force weak nuclear
More informationA Tour of the Standard Model of Elementary Particles and Fields
A Tour of the Standard Model of Elementary Particles and Fields What Do We Know About the Fundamental Structure of Nature and How Do We Know It? Dr. Michael G. Strauss The University of Oklahoma Elementary
More informationThe Standard Model. 1 st 2 nd 3 rd Describes 3 of the 4 known fundamental forces. Separates particle into categories
The Standard Model 1 st 2 nd 3 rd Describes 3 of the 4 known fundamental forces. Separates particle into categories Bosons (force carriers) Photon, W, Z, gluon, Higgs Fermions (matter particles) 3 generations
More informationPHY-105: Introduction to Particle and Nuclear Physics
M. Kruse, Spring 2011, Phy-105 PHY-105: Introduction to Particle and Nuclear Physics Up to 1900 indivisable atoms Early 20th century electrons, protons, neutrons Around 1945, other particles discovered.
More informationOption 212: UNIT 2 Elementary Particles
Department of Physics and Astronomy Option 212: UNIT 2 Elementary Particles SCHEDULE 26-Jan-15 13.pm LRB Intro lecture 28-Jan-15 12.pm LRB Problem solving (2-Feb-15 1.am E Problem Workshop) 4-Feb-15 12.pm
More information9.2.E - Particle Physics. Year 12 Physics 9.8 Quanta to Quarks
+ 9.2.E - Particle Physics Year 12 Physics 9.8 Quanta to Quarks + Atomic Size n While an atom is tiny, the nucleus is ten thousand times smaller than the atom and the quarks and electrons are at least
More informationLecture 02. The Standard Model of Particle Physics. Part I The Particles
Lecture 02 The Standard Model of Particle Physics Part I The Particles The Standard Model Describes 3 of the 4 known fundamental forces Separates particles into categories Bosons (force carriers) Photon,
More informationParticles. Constituents of the atom
Particles Constituents of the atom For Z X = mass number (protons + neutrons), Z = number of protons Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons number but different number of neutrons. charge Specific
More informationElementary (?) Particles
Elementary (?) Particles Dan Styer; 12 December 2018 This document summarizes the so-called standard model of elementary particle physics. It cannot, in seven pages, even touch upon the copious experimental
More informationIntroduction to Elementary Particle Physics. Note 01 Page 1 of 8. Natural Units
Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics. Note 01 Page 1 of 8 Natural Units There are 4 primary SI units: three kinematical (meter, second, kilogram) and one electrical (Ampere 1 ) It is common in the
More informationThe Four Fundamental Forces. The Four Fundamental Forces. Gravitational Force. The Electrical Force. The Photon (γ) Unification. Mass.
The Four Fundamental Forces What are the four fundamental forces? The Four Fundamental Forces What are the four fundamental forces? Weaker Stronger Gravitational, Electromagnetic, Strong and Weak Nuclear
More informationFUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES CLASSIFICATION! BOSONS! QUARKS! FERMIONS! Gauge Bosons! Fermions! Strange and Charm! Top and Bottom! Up and Down!
FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES CLASSIFICATION! BOSONS! --Bosons are generally associated with radiation and are sometimes! characterized as force carrier particles.! Quarks! Fermions! Leptons! (protons, neutrons)!
More informationInteractions and Fields
Interactions and Fields Quantum Picture of Interactions Yukawa Theory Boson Propagator Feynman Diagrams Electromagnetic Interactions Renormalization and Gauge Invariance Strong Interactions Weak and Electroweak
More informationBosons in the Zoo of Elementary Particles
Bosons in the Zoo of Elementary Particles Daniele Sasso * Abstract In this paper we want to raise the question concerning the physical identity of bosons and the function that they perform in the Non-Standard
More informationcgrahamphysics.com Particles that mediate force Book pg Exchange particles
Particles that mediate force Book pg 299-300 Exchange particles Review Baryon number B Total # of baryons must remain constant All baryons have the same number B = 1 (p, n, Λ, Σ, Ξ) All non baryons (leptons
More informationThe God particle at last? Astronomy Ireland, Oct 8 th, 2012
The God particle at last? Astronomy Ireland, Oct 8 th, 2012 Cormac O Raifeartaigh Waterford Institute of Technology CERN July 4 th 2012 (ATLAS and CMS ) A new particle of mass 125 GeV I The Higgs boson
More informationThe Discovery of the Higgs Boson: one step closer to understanding the beginning of the Universe
The Discovery of the Higgs Boson: one step closer to understanding the beginning of the Universe Anna Goussiou Department of Physics, UW & ATLAS Collaboration, CERN Kane Hall, University of Washington
More informationSome fundamental questions
Some fundamental questions What is the standard model of elementary particles and their interactions? What is the origin of mass and electroweak symmetry breaking? What is the role of anti-matter in Nature?
More informationEssential Physics II. Lecture 14:
Essential Physics II E II Lecture 14: 18-01-16 Last lecture of EP2! Congratulations! This was a hard course. Be proud! Next week s exam Next Monday! All lecture slides on course website: http://astro3.sci.hokudai.ac.jp/~tasker/teaching/ep2
More informationThe Scale-Symmetric Theory as the Origin of the Standard Model
Copyright 2017 by Sylwester Kornowski All rights reserved The Scale-Symmetric Theory as the Origin of the Standard Model Sylwester Kornowski Abstract: Here we showed that the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST)
More informationElectron-positron pairs can be produced from a photon of energy > twice the rest energy of the electron.
Particle Physics Positron - discovered in 1932, same mass as electron, same charge but opposite sign, same spin but magnetic moment is parallel to angular momentum. Electron-positron pairs can be produced
More informationHc 5: Outline. Book by Tipler, chapter 12.2
Hc 5: Outline Introduc:on Produc:on and iden:fica:on of par:cles Basic concepts: par:cle- an:par:cle, leptons and hadrons Fundamental interac:ons and force carriers Conserva:on laws and symmetries The
More informationWesley Smith, U. Wisconsin, January 21, Physics 301: Introduction - 1
Wesley Smith, U. Wisconsin, January 21, 2014 Physics 301: Introduction - 1 Physics 301: Physics Today Prof. Wesley Smith, wsmith@hep.wisc.edu Undergraduate Physics Colloquium! Discussions of current research
More informationBeyond the standard model? From last time. What does the SM say? Grand Unified Theories. Unifications: now and the future
From last time Quantum field theory is a relativistic quantum theory of fields and interactions. Fermions make up matter, and bosons mediate the forces by particle exchange. Lots of particles, lots of
More informationA few thoughts on 100 years of modern physics. Quanta, Quarks, Qubits
A few thoughts on 100 years of modern physics Quanta, Quarks, Qubits Quanta Blackbody radiation and the ultraviolet catastrophe classical physics does not agree with the observed world Planck s idea: atoms
More informationLecture 2: The First Second origin of neutrons and protons
Lecture 2: The First Second origin of neutrons and protons Hot Big Bang Expanding and cooling Soup of free particles + anti-particles Symmetry breaking Soup of free quarks Quarks confined into neutrons
More informationSaturday Morning Physics -- Texas A&M University. What is Matter and what holds it together? Dr. Rainer J. Fries. January 27, 2007
Saturday Morning Physics -- Texas A&M University Particles and Forces What is Matter and what holds it together? Dr. Rainer J. Fries January 27, 2007 Zooming in on the World around us Particles and Forces
More informationSaturday Morning Physics -- Texas A&M University Dr. Rainer J. Fries
Saturday Morning Physics -- Texas A&M University Particles and Forces What is Matter and what holds it together? Dr. Rainer J. Fries January 27, 2007 Zooming in on the World around us Particles and Forces
More informationParticles and Forces
Particles and Forces Particles Spin Before I get into the different types of particle there's a bit more back story you need. All particles can spin, like the earth on its axis, however it would be possible
More informationEarlier in time, all the matter must have been squeezed more tightly together and a lot hotter AT R=0 have the Big Bang
Re-cap from last lecture Discovery of the CMB- logic From Hubble s observations, we know the Universe is expanding This can be understood theoretically in terms of solutions of GR equations Earlier in
More information6. QED. Particle and Nuclear Physics. Dr. Tina Potter. Dr. Tina Potter 6. QED 1
6. QED Particle and Nuclear Physics Dr. Tina Potter Dr. Tina Potter 6. QED 1 In this section... Gauge invariance Allowed vertices + examples Scattering Experimental tests Running of alpha Dr. Tina Potter
More informationM. Cobal, PIF 2006/7. Quarks
Quarks Quarks Quarks are s = ½ fermions, subject to all kind of interactions. They have fractional electric charges Quarks and their bound states are the only particles which interact strongly Like leptons,
More informationThe Physics of Particles and Forces David Wilson
The Physics of Particles and Forces David Wilson Particle Physics Masterclass 21st March 2018 Overview David Wilson (TCD) Particles & Forces 2/30 Overview of Hadron Spectrum Collaboration (HadSpec) scattering
More informationChapter 46. Particle Physics and Cosmology
Chapter 46 Particle Physics and Cosmology Atoms as Elementary Particles Atoms From the Greek for indivisible Were once thought to be the elementary particles Atom constituents Proton, neutron, and electron
More informationThe Electro-Strong Interaction
The Electro-Strong Interaction Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Lattice
More informationElementary particles, forces and Feynman diagrams
Elementary particles, forces and Feynman diagrams Particles & Forces quarks Charged leptons (e,µ,τ) Neutral leptons (ν) Strong Y N N Electro Magnetic Y Y N Weak Y Y Y Quarks carry strong, weak & EM charge!!!!!
More informationElementary particles and typical scales in high energy physics
Elementary particles and typical scales in high energy physics George Jorjadze Free University of Tbilisi Zielona Gora - 23.01.2017 GJ Elementary particles and typical scales in HEP Lecture 1 1/18 Contents
More informationThe God particle at last? Science Week, Nov 15 th, 2012
The God particle at last? Science Week, Nov 15 th, 2012 Cormac O Raifeartaigh Waterford Institute of Technology CERN July 4 th 2012 (ATLAS and CMS ) A new particle of mass 125 GeV Why is the Higgs particle
More informationThe Building Blocks of Nature
The Building Blocks of Nature PCES 15.1 Schematic picture of constituents of an atom, & rough length scales. The size quoted for the nucleus here (10-14 m) is too large- a single nucleon has size 10-15
More informationFXA Candidates should be able to :
1 Candidates should be able to : MATTER AND ANTIMATTER Explain that since protons and neutrons contain charged constituents called quarks, they are therefore, not fundamental particles. Every particle
More informationQuantum ChromoDynamics (Nobel Prize 2004) Chris McLauchlin
Quantum ChromoDynamics (Nobel Prize 2004) Chris McLauchlin Outline The Four Fundamental Forces The Strong Force History of the Strong Force What These People Did Experimental Support 1 Fundamental Forces
More informationGeneral and Inorganic Chemistry I.
General and Inorganic Chemistry I. Lecture 2 István Szalai Eötvös University István Szalai (Eötvös University) Lecture 2 1 / 44 Outline 1 Introduction 2 Standard Model 3 Nucleus 4 Electron István Szalai
More informationAn Introduction to Modern Particle Physics
An Introduction to Modern Particle Physics Mark Thomson University of Cambridge Y Z X Science Summer School: 30 th July - 1 st August 2007 1 Course Synopsis Introduction : Particles and Forces - what are
More informationWeak Interactions. The Theory of GLASHOW, SALAM and WEINBERG
Weak Interactions The Theory of GLASHOW, SALAM and WEINBERG ~ 1959-1968 (Nobel 1979) Theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction, transmitted by exchange of intermediate vector bosons mass
More informationChapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Fundamental Forces Particle physics is concerned with the fundamental constituents of matter and the fundamental forces through which the fundamental constituents interact among
More informationPhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1
Q1. (a) The K meson has strangeness 1. State the quark composition of a meson... State the baryon number of the K meson... (iii) What is the quark composition of the K meson?.... The figure below shows
More informationKern- und Teilchenphysik I Lecture 13:Quarks and QCD
Kern- und Teilchenphysik I Lecture 13:Quarks and QCD (adapted from the Handout of Prof. Mark Thomson) Prof. Nico Serra Dr. Patrick Owen, Dr. Silva Coutinho http://www.physik.uzh.ch/de/lehre/phy211/hs2016.html
More informationDEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING
DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING Electron scattering off nucleons (Fig 7.1): 1) Elastic scattering: E = E (θ) 2) Inelastic scattering: No 1-to-1 relationship between E and θ Inelastic scattering: nucleon gets
More informationHigh Energy Physics. Lecture 9. Deep Inelastic Scattering Scaling Violation. HEP Lecture 9 1
High Energy Physics Lecture 9 Deep Inelastic Scattering Scaling Violation HEP Lecture 9 1 Deep Inelastic Scattering: The reaction equation of DIS is written e+ p e+ X where X is a system of outgoing hadrons
More informationParticle Physics. experimental insight. Paula Eerola Division of High Energy Physics 2005 Spring Semester Based on lectures by O. Smirnova spring 2002
experimental insight e + e - W + W - µνqq Paula Eerola Division of High Energy Physics 2005 Spring Semester Based on lectures by O. Smirnova spring 2002 Lund University I. Basic concepts Particle physics
More informationParticle physics: what is the world made of?
Particle physics: what is the world made of? From our experience from chemistry has told us about: Name Mass (kg) Mass (atomic mass units) Decreasing mass Neutron Proton Electron Previous lecture on stellar
More informationThe Particle World. This talk: What is our Universe made of? Where does it come from? Why does it behave the way it does?
The Particle World What is our Universe made of? Where does it come from? Why does it behave the way it does? Particle physics tries to answer these questions. This talk: particles as we understand them
More informationWeak interactions and vector bosons
Weak interactions and vector bosons What do we know now about weak interactions? Theory of weak interactions Fermi's theory of weak interactions V-A theory Current - current theory, current algebra W and
More informationLecture 26 Fundamentals of Physics Phys 120, Fall 2015 Quantum Fields
Lecture 26 Fundamentals of Physics Phys 120, Fall 2015 Quantum Fields A. J. Wagner North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102 Fargo, December 3, 2015 Overview Quantized Fields: the reason for particles
More informationParticle + Physics at ATLAS and the Large Hadron Coillder
Particle + Physics at ATLAS and the Large Hadron Coillder Discovering the elementary particles of the Universe Kate Shaw The International Centre for Theoretical Physics + Overview Introduction to Particle
More informationElectroweak Physics. Krishna S. Kumar. University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Electroweak Physics Krishna S. Kumar University of Massachusetts, Amherst Acknowledgements: M. Grunewald, C. Horowitz, W. Marciano, C. Quigg, M. Ramsey-Musolf, www.particleadventure.org Electroweak Physics
More information.! " # e " + $ e. have the same spin as electron neutrinos, and is ½ integer (fermions).
Conservation Laws For every conservation of some quantity, this is equivalent to an invariance under some transformation. Invariance under space displacement leads to (and from) conservation of linear
More informationModern physics 1 Chapter 13
Modern physics 1 Chapter 13 13. Particle physics Particle studied within the ATLAS-project CERN In the beginning of 1930, it seemed that all the physics fundaments was placed within the new areas of elementary
More informationThe Building Blocks of Nature
The Building Blocks of Nature PCES 4.61 Schematic picture of constituents of an atom, & rough length scales. The size quoted for the nucleus here (10-14 m) is too large- a single nucleon has size 10-15
More informationPH5211: High Energy Physics. Prafulla Kumar Behera Room: HSB-304B
PH5211: High Energy Physics Prafulla Kumar Behera E-mail:behera@iitm.ac.in Room: HSB-304B Information Class timing: Wed. 11am, Thur. 9am, Fri. 8am The course will be graded as follows: 1 st quiz (20 marks)
More informationLecture 01. Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics
Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics Particle Astrophysics Particle physics Fundamental constituents of nature Most basic building blocks Describe all particles and interactions Shortest length
More informationThe Origin of the Visible Mass in the Universe
The Origin of the Visible Mass in the Universe Or: Why the Vacuum is not Empty Ralf Rapp Cyclotron Institute + Physics Department Texas A&M University College Station, USA Cyclotron REU Program 2007 Texas
More informationExam Results. Force between charges. Electric field lines. Other particles and fields
Exam: Exam scores posted on Learn@UW No homework due next week Exam Results F D C BC B AB A Phy107 Fall 2006 1 Particles and fields We have talked about several particles Electron,, proton, neutron, quark
More informationAtomic emission & absorption spectra
Name: Date: Modern Physics Models of the Atom The word atom comes from the Greek word atomos meaning indivisible We now know that this model of the atom is not accurate JJ Thompson Experiment and atomic
More information