β decay relates to muons, nuclei, neutrons in examples

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2 Workshop on Rare Isotopes and Fundamental Symmetries INT University of Washington, September 2007 β decay relates to Fundamental Symmetries and Interactions Discrete Symmetries &Conservation Laws Standard Model Search for new Interactions Precision Experiments Interdisciplinary Physics muons, nuclei, neutrons in examples Klaus Jungmann, KVI, University of Groningen, NL

3 Forces and Symmetries Forces and Symmetries Lee/Yang 1956 Local Symmetries Forces fundamental interactions? Global Symmetries Conservation Laws energy momentum electric charge.. Conservation without known Symmetry lepton number charged lepton family number baryon number..

4 Properties of Known Forces? Standard Model 3 Fundamental Forces Electromagnetic Weak Strong 12 Fundamental Fermions Quarks, Leptons 13 (Gauge) Bosons γ,w +, W -, Z 0, H, 8 Gluons However many open questions Why 3 generations? Why some 30 Parameters? Why CP violation? Why us?.. Gravity not included No Combind Theory of Gravity and Quantum Mechanics

5 Fundamental Interactions Standard Model Gravitation Magnetism Electricity Strong Electro - Magnetism Maxwell Physics within the Standard Model Weak not yet known? Glashow, Salam, t'hooft, Veltman,Weinberg Electro -Weak Standard Model Speculative Models:? Grand Grant Unification Supersymmetry, Cold dark matter, Tachyons, Radiative muon generation, Technicolor, Leptoquarks, Extra gauge bosons, Extra dimensions, LeftRight Symmetry, Compositeness, Lepton flavour violation,. No Status in Physics, yet: Not even wrong

6 Experiments at the Frontiers of Standard Theory High Energy Frontier Precision Frontier High Power Frontier Muon Factory EURISOL RIA

7 Why a muon? Why more than one generation? Why not more than 3 generations? Masses?

8 Source of Fermi coupling constant G F μ lifetime μlan FAST RIKEN-RAL simplest β-decay Michel Parameters Rare decay searches new interactions μ eγ μν en μ eee μ + e - μ - e +

9 Muon lifetime Weak Interaction Strength G F best source for G F Three experiments μlan FAST RIKEN-RAL RAL goals: 1ppm FAST(2007): τ μ = (32)(15) μs G F = (9) 10-5 GeV -2 (8ppm) PDG: G F = (1) 10-5 GeV -2 (8.6 ppm) J. Berdugo et al, hep-ex/ Sensitive to Physics beyond SM Any unknown channel in muon decay G F (& many precision β-decay experiments) are off Concepts allow to search for non-exponential decay

10 Impressions of μlan and FAST Tribute to cont. facility For 1 ppm one needs particles A year has π 10 7 seconds At 2 μs lifetime pileup inevitable

11 Muon Decay: Michel Parameters TRIUMF Weak Interaction Symmetry Test: TWIST tracking of e + from polarized muon decay goal: detemine ρ, δ, P μ ξ with a relative precision at the 10-4 level ± ± ± ± ± ± W R > 420 GeV/c 2 (EW-fit W R > 715 GeV/c 2 ) Phys.Rev.Lett. 94 (2005) Phys.Rev. D71 (2005) Phys.Rev. D74 (2006) dγ ε dεdω 2 2 3(1 ε ) + ρ(4ε 3) ± P μ ξ cosθ[1 ε + δ (4 3)] ε ε = E e /E max

12 PAST RSVP program at BNL Rare μ decays PRISM/PRIME at J-PARC m/sec pulsed beam p/m < Magnet construction FUTURE μ SM SM W μ Terminated in August 2005 μ e Conversion down to νμ SU SY SU SY χ% 0 νe γ BR Δ m 2e % μ % μ% e% BR<10-12 γ e e PRESENTLY ACTIVE MEG at PSI μ eγ down to μ e Conversion down to MEG: R&D Engineering Data

13 Starting Point for New Generation μ-decay Experiments: Chance to find SUSY before LHC MuEGamma Goal see J. Hisano et al. Phys. Lett. B391, 341 (1997) R. Barbieri, L. Hall, A. Strumia, Nucl.Phys. B445, 219 (1995)

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16 β ν Correlation Measurements

17 TRIμP New Interactions in Nuclear β-decay In Standard Model: Weak Interaction is V-A In general β-decay could be also S, P, T β + Vector [Tensor] [ ] ν e Scalar [Axial vector] [ ] β + ν e ν s practically not measureable measure recoil nucleus instead recoil nucleus at low energy (< 250 ev)

18 Traps for Weak Interaction Physics Atom traps : - TRIUMF-ISAC, 38m K, βν-correlation (J. Behr et al.) A. Gorelov et al., Phys.Rev.Lett (2005) - LBNL & UC Berkeley, 21 Na, βν-correlation (S.J. Freedman et al.) N. Scielzo et al. Phys.Rev.Lett (2004) - LANL Los Alamos, 82 Rb, β-asymmetry (D. Vieira et al.) S.G. Crane et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 2967 (2001) - KVI-Groningen, Na, Ne, Mg, a &D-coefficients (K. Jungmann et al.) G.P. Berg et al., NIM A560: ,2006. Ion traps : - LPC-Caen, 6 He, βν-correlation (O. Naviliat-Cuncic et al.) R. Rodrigueuz et al., NIM A565, 876 (2006) - WITCH, Leuven-ISOLDE, 35 Ar, βν-correlation (N. Severijns et al.) S. Coeck et al. NIM A 574, 370 (2007) - CPT-trap Argonne, 14 O, βν-correlation (G. Savard et al.) G. Savard et al., Hyperfine Interactions132, 221 (2001) - ISOLTRAP-CERN, mass for decays (K. Blaum et al.) A. Kellerbauer, AIP Conf. 152(2006), K. Blaum, Phys. Rep. 425, 1 (2005) - YFLTRAP, mass for decays (J. Äystö et al.) T. Eronen et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, (2006)

19 Some TRAPS for β ν-correlation Measurements TRIUMF TRINAT 21 Na 38m K Berkeley? a SM = a exp a SM = a exp LPC-CAEN GANIL CERN 6 He : first data -systematics: rf-field (main part) 35 Ar : first data run on Ar

20 Weak Interaction Experiments Presently molecular formation in trap is the favored explanation. from Severijns, Beck, Naviliat/ nucl-ex/

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22 Production Target Magnetic Separator Ion Catcher RFQ Cooler MOT Beyond the Standard Model TeV Physics AGOR cyclotron Nuclear Physics Atomic Physics Particle Physics MeV kev ev mev nev Magnetic separator D Q Q D 3M s W beam TRIμP Facility Q Q Ion catcher (thermal ioniser or gas-cell) RFQ cooler/buncher Q MOT Q D D Q Q Production target AGOR cyclotron MOT Low energy beam line

23 TRIμP Separator commissioning Other isotopes produced: 12 N, 12 B, 19 Ne, 20 Na, 22 Mg, 42 Ti, 213 Ra Detector 1 < 0.05%, stable Dispersive plane Bρ = p/q v A/Z TOF A/Z ΔE A 2 Yield of 21 Na at the focal plane: /kw {@ 1 atm H 2 } Now achieved: > 99% 21 Na

24 TRIμP First Completed Experiment β 12 B 12 C 3 α 98.16(4) 96.20(10) 0.53(3) 0.106(5) 2.95(15) 10-4 S. G. Pedersen, H. Fynbo et al., PoS (NIC-IX) 244 (2006) Preliminary β 12 N 12 C 3 α 1.26(6) 0.52(3) 0.119(6) quantitative implantation in active zone of KVI

25 TRIμP Ion Catcher High efficiency for Na isotopes: Thermal Ioniser Gas stopper a generic solution Recent results on stopping in cooled Helium gas (RIASH, P.Dendooven FOM projectruimte) Water cooling system Extraction Electrode -10 kv 21 Na beam D.J. O. R. Morrissey, Dermois, Kirchner, L. Huisman NSCL GSI Filaments ~2800 K W foils ~1 μm W cavity ~3000 K

26 TRIμP Thermal Ionizer Results 100 Na-21 Dec 06 ε~ 50% Thermal Ionizer Na-21 Efficiency Na-20 for Na-20 TI Transmission transmission efficiency [%] [%] kev γ s delayed α s Temperature [C] Temperature [ C]

27 Production Target Magnetic Separator Ion Catcher RFQ Cooler MOT AGOR cyclotron Nuclear Physics Atomic Physics MeV kev ev mev TRIμP Facility Magnetic separator D Q Q D Q Q Ion catcher (thermal ioniser or gas-cell) Q Q D D Q Q Production target AGOR cyclotron Beyond the Standard Model TeV Physics Particle Physics nev RFQ cooler/buncher MOT MOT 3M s Na 100 Low energy W beam All key elements work line individually to specs

28 New Interactions in Nuclear β-decay In Standard Model: Weak Interaction is V-A In general β-decay could be also S, P, T Vector [Tensor] β + ν e Scalar [Axial vector] β + ν e

29 Principle : MOT + RIMS (dn/de) de Not SM β detector SM MeV MCP stop -V 0 0 +V 0 V 0 (kev) start TOF E // X,Y E

30 TRIμP Observables in 21 Na decay dn/de r de (MeV - ev -1 ) 0

31 TRIμP Observables in 21 Na decay / α dn/de r de β (MeV -1 ev -1 % -1 ) -10-7

32 New Interactions in Nuclear β-decay In Standard Model: Weak Interaction is V-A In general β-decay could be also S, P, T Vector [Tensor] ν e Scalar [Axial vector] 21 Na Berkeley: Scielzo,Freedman, β + Fujikawa, Vetter PRL 93, (2004) β + a exp = (91) a theor = 0.558(6) ν e?? 38m K TRIUMF A. Gorelov et al. PRL 94, (2005) a exp = (30)(37) a theor = 1

33 β ν Asymmetry a in in Na decay (?) Before any serious conclusions: e + /(e + +γ) branching ratio needed to be re-measured 5 disagreeing values existed New measurement (Caen,Bordeaux,KVI) First user TRIμP facility at KVI L. Achouri et al. preliminary: 4.85(12) % New publication 21 Na e + e + γ 21 Ne (Texas A&M) V.E. Iacob et al., Phys.Rev.C74, (2006) final value: 4.74(4) % No change to SM discrepancy

34 β ν Asymmetry a measurements reasonable to start a program with From Sverijns, Beck, Naviliat-Cuncic, Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 991 (2006)

35 TRIμP β ν Asymmetry a KVI Large MOT vacuum Chamber Reaction Microscope Resolution in Ion-Na charge transfer reactions Δv = 3 m/s ΔE = 1 mev Collector MOT Position Sensitive Scintillation β-counter

36 TRIμP New Interactions in Nuclear β-decay In Standard Model: Weak Interaction is V-A In general β-decay could be also S, P, T β + Vector [Tensor] [ ] ν e Scalar [Axial vector] [ ] β + ν e R and D test both Time Reversal Violation D most potential R scalar and tensor (EDM, a) technique D measurements yield a, A, b, B

37 β Asymmetry

38 KU Leuven β Asymmetry

39 β Asymmetry A measurements 60 Co From Sverijns, Beck, Naviliat-Cuncic, Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 991 (2006)

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42 D Coefficient in Neutron Decay Neutrons: D = (58) Final State Interaction ~10-5 Nuclei (19Ne): D = (6) Final State Interaction ~10-4

43 R coefficient in Neutron decay Goal: 0.5% Nuclei ( 8 Li): R = (22) Final State Interaction ~ R coefficient and EDMs similar sensitive to New Physics

44 Neutrinoless Double β-decay

45 ν Dirac Neutrinoless Double β-decay (A,Z) (A,Z+2) + 2e - 1/T 1/2 = G 0ν (E 0,Z) M GT + (g V /g A ) 2 M F 2 <m ν >2 4 to 6 σ effect claimed by part of 76 Heidelberg-Moscow As in 76 Ge confirmation/clearrejection clearrejection 76 Ge of Heidelberg-Moscow needed 76 independent experiment(s) with different Se technologies required need nuclear matrix 2β(0ν): elements 2n 2p + 2e - ββ(0ν) Klapdor et al., 2001 ν Majorana MAJORANA SuperNEMO / MOON CUORE T ν / > y(90% C.L.) < m ν > < ev The present best limit (Heidelberg-Moscow,IGEX).

46 KVI /RCNP + theory 2β0ν Matrixelements Big Bite Spectrometer 3 He t d 2 He muon capture

47 There are plenty of opportunities to search for New Interactions in β-decays in particular with trapped and stored particles. Precision Experiments are indispensable. Experiment and Theory both needed - Guidance and Interpretation Choose the right Experiments Systematics and Statistics crucial many particles in many rounds. Low Energy precision work is complementary to High Energy direct searches. High Power Sources needed.

48 Thank YOU!