Marine and Land Active Source Seismic Imaging of mid Miocene to Holocene aged Faulting near Geothermal Prospects at Pyramid Lake, Nevada
|
|
- Harvey Stevenson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Marine and Land Active Source Seismic Imaging of mid Miocene to Holocene aged Faulting near Geothermal Prospects at Pyramid Lake, Nevada Amy Eisses 1,3, Annie Kell 1,3, Graham Kent 1,3, Neal Driscoll 2, Robert Karlin 3, Rob Baskin 4, John Louie 1,3, and Satish Pullammanappallil 5 1. Nevada Seismological Laboratory, University of Nevada, Reno; eissesa@gmail.com 2. Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego 3. Department of Geological Sciences and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno 4. United States Geological Survey, West Valley City, Utah 5. Optim Seismic Data Solutions, Reno Introduction The Pyramid Lake Basin is located along the eastern margin of the northern Walker Lane (see figure 1), a kinematically linked, en echelon system of left stepping, dextral northwest striking primarily strike slip and oblique slip faults (Faulds and Henry, 2008; Faulds et al., 2010). The Walker Lane combined with the eastern California Shear Zone unevenly accommodates 20% 25% of the motion between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate (Thatcher et al., 1999; Dixon et al., 2000; Oldow et al., 2001; Bennett et al., 2003; Hammond and Thatcher, 2004), specifically the motion between the Sierra Nevada block relative to the Great Basin (Faulds et al., 2010). The Pyramid Lake fault zone lies in a critical region in the northern Walker Lane where transtension is accommodated through a complex pattern of dextral strike slip and normal faults (Faulds et al, 2005). North of the Pyramid Lake basin dextral shear is focused in a series of mostly right lateral strike slip faults near Honey Lake (Turner et al., 2008), in contrast south of Pyramid Lake to Lake Tahoe, transtension is expressed through north south striking, normal fault bounded basins with small amounts of opening or fanning to the north that is accommodated through sinistral faulting (cite). Figure 1: Regional map of the Sierran Microplate, Basin and Range Province, and the Walker Lane Belt (Unruh et al. 2003). The Pyramid Lake basin lies within the region of the Great Basin that contains the greatest concentration of known geothermal fields in the western United States (Faulds et al., 2004). GPS geodetic data shows that extension rates are greater in the northern Walker Lane than anywhere else in the Great Basin (Kreemer et al., 2009), perhaps due to the northwest termination of the Walker Lane against the Cascade arc (Faulds et al., 2006 Faulds and Henry, 2008). Faults are known major controls on geothermal systems and extensional regimes favor dilatational normal fault systems, which increase deep fluids, and geothermal activity (Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe, 2009). The first of two main motivations for the Pyramid Lake geothermal exploration project aims to help the Paiute Tribe develop natural geothermal reservoirs. The second motivation attempts to gain a greater understanding of the tectonics and earthquake hazards in the Pyramid Lake basin and the northern Walker Lane, through advanced and economical seismic methods. 1
2 Pyramid Lake Basin Geology The Pyramid Lake fault (figure 2), which enters the basin from the south, extending along the west side of the lake, near the shoreline, changes from a dextral strike slip fault system south of the basin to include a down to the east normal component as it approaches and enters the lake. As the Pyramid Lake fault dies near mid lake, the East Pyramid Lake fault, or the Lake Range fault, becomes dominant and displays down to the west motion; thereafter, splays into a series of dextral dip slip faults on the northwest end of the lake. Strain is transferred from the Pyramid Lake fault to along the west dipping East Pyramid Lake fault, highlighting a polarity flip in fault architecture near Anahoe Island. Aster Pass is located on the northwest end of Pyramid Lake. The structure appears to control the tufa spire deposit in the area, and the geothermal system. Our investigations at Pyramid Lake are supported by the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe, with backing from the DOE Geothermal Technologies Program and the U.S. Department of the Interior Division of Energy and Mineral Development. Figure 2: Conceptualized Pyramid Lake fault showing CHIRP lines collected in summer Methods CHIRP Data Collection The seismic Compressed High Intensity Radar Pulse (CHIRP) designed by Edgetech SubScan was used to conduct the marine portion in this study. The CHIRP uses variable frequencies ranging from 500 Hz to 16 khz. The CHIRP profiles collected on Pyramid Lake used predominantly khz pulse with a 10 ms duration. In June 2010, the University of Nevada, Reno, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and the USGS, Salt Lake City collected more than 500 line kilometers of seismic CHIRP data that was then processed by the following steps: the data was converted from JSF to SEGY. Two way traveltimes were converted to depth assuming a 1500 m/s water velocity. (Dingler et al., 2009) Land Seismic Methods In the Astor Pass area, Optim SDS collected 27 kilometers of vibrator seismic acquisition in May 2010 using three heavy vibrators and 220 foot geophone spacing, and long offset recording with up to 240 channels live, TM velocity optimization from first arrivals, and 2D prestack depth migration. In total, 30 km of online profiling were completed, including Blackhawk collecting the initial line in 2006 (now Line 4) with one mini vibrator at 55 foot spacing. Lines 7 16 went through steep terrain, which prevented putting vibrators at some points. Optim SDS processed all the data (including Blackhawk s 2006 data). Three geothermal exploration wells, Aster Pass Slimhole (APS) #1, APS #2, and APS#3, were also completed by mid February
3 Results CHIRP Results The CHIRP data profiles collected span the full lake in a north south and east west orientation as shown in figure 2 by the white lines. The profiles show a combination of Figure 3: East west CHIRP profile in the north end of Pyramid Lake basin. This image shows a series of dip slip faults that could control fluid behavior. Gas is seen in the west side of the basin and a slide in the east. normal, strike slip and obliqueslip faults. These faults are Recent in age. CHIRP profiles show that the northern end of the Pyramid Lake basin has a denser fault network of normal and oblique slip motion than the rest of the lake. The eastern edge of the lake is significantly deeper than the western edge indicating high amounts of deformation on the East Pyramid Lake fault. Figure 3 shows a network of dip slip faults believed to control the geothermal fluids, which created the Needles and other tufa mounds in and around Figure 4: East West CHIRP profile directly south of Anahoe Island showing the structural architectures that control the island. The strike slip fault to the east produces the shallow channel to the east of Anahoe Island and the normal fault controls the deep basin shown. The inferred fluid path follows the dilatational fault and there is also gas to the west that could be controlled by a normal fault that the gas prevents imaging. The sediment that has filled the normal fault gives evidence of a classical growth fault. Pyramid Lake. The eastern side of the lake has a possible earthquake induced landslide imaged by previously collected bathymetry and also seen on the eastern edge of the D01L01 profile and others. Through the CHIRP lines it is apparent that Anahoe Island is the fulcrum for the polarity flip observed from the north and south within the basin. In Day06Line12 profile (figure 4) it can be seen that Anahoe Island is bounded to the west by a western dipping normal fault causing the deep basin shown. The eastern side of the island is bounded by a strike slip fault that produces the shallow channel. 3
4 CHIRP profiles that span the lake in north to the south orientation (figure 5) show the change in deformation styles between the north end of the lake and the south end which corresponds to the change in strain partitioning or a polarity flip from the predominantly strike slip motion in the south end to dip slip motion in the north end of the basin. This change in deformation style correlates to a change in basin geometry where south of Anahoe Island the basin is narrow and northwest oriented while north of the island the basin becomes wider and changes to a north south alignment. Figure 5: North south CHIRP profile on the western side of Anahoe Island highlighting the change in deformation style and basin geometry between the north end of the basin and the south. Layers south of Anahoe Island dip west while sediment layers north of the island dip towards the east. Land Seismic Results The on land seismic survey shows clear images of the structure of normal faults that likely also have a dextral component in Astor Pass (Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe, 2009). The results display stratigraphic terminations and intersecting fault planes. Two Tertiary faults were previously known through geologic mapping of surficial expression (cite). These two dip slip faults, one east dipping shown in pink in figure 6, and one west dipping shown in blue, were imaged, sometimes directly (point A) in the seismic profiles. A new east west striking, north dipping fault, shown in green, was interpreted in three lines. The drilling logs confirmed that the wells went into Sierra granite at ~4000 foot depth. Figure 6: View from the northwest showing all three fault sets with the east dipping fault (shown in pink) directly imaged at point A. The newly discovered north dipping fault is shown in green and the west dipping fault in blue. This is consistent with faulting being Tertiary in age since the Sierra granite is the bottom of the Tertiary volcanic stratigraphic column. 4
5 Discussion and Conclusion Using marine and land seismic surveys, we have imaged two distinct phases of faulting, including early Walker Lane extension and shear as seen in mid Miocene volcanics, followed by a more recent episode of faulting, best seen in the Pyramid Lake CHIRP profiles. The most recent phase of faulting was not imaged in the land seismic data owing to the combined effect of minimal offsets (i.e., tens of meters) across stratigraphic layers and the vibrator source that was tuned to look more deeply into the crust to image the episodes of mid Miocene faulting. Results from the wells drilled at Astor Pass so far suggest that geothermal fluids are most likely moving through late Pleistocene to Holocene aged faults and not through mid Miocene aged conduits. The tufa mounds were created by the more recent episode of strikeslip and normal faulting, assumed to extend on land surrounding the basin. This observation is further evidence that the younger, dilatational faults are the conduits for the geothermal fluid in the basin. 5
6 References Adams, K. D., and S. G. Wesnousky, Shoreline processes and the age of the Lake Lahontan highstand in the Jessup embayment, Nevada, GSA Bulletin, 110, Adams, K. D., S. G. Wesnousky, and B G. Bills (1999). Isostatic rebound, active faulting, and potential geomorphic effects in the Lake Lahontan basin, Nevada and California, GSA Bulletin, 111, Anderson, L.W., and F. F. Hawkins (1984). Recent Holocene strike slip faulting, Pyramid Lake fault zone, western Nevada, Geology 12, Bell, E. J., and D. B. Slemmons (1979). Recent Crustal Movement in the Central Sierra Nevada Walker Lane Region of California Nevada: Part II, the Pyramid Lake Right Slip Fault Zone Segment of the Walker Lane, Tectonophysics, 52, Bell, J. W., and A. R. Ramelli, A (2009). Active Fault Controls at High Temperature Geothermal Sites: Prospecting for New Faults, Geothermal Resources Council Transactions. 33, Briggs, R. W., and S. G. Wesnousky (2005). Late Pleistocene and Holocene Paleoearthquake Activity of the Olinghouse Fault Zone, Nevada, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 95, Brothers, D. S., G. M. Kent, N. W. Driscoll, S. B. Smith, R. Karlin, J. A. Dingler, A. J. Harding, G. G. Seitz, and J. M. Babcock (2009). New Constraints on Deformation, Slip Rate, and Timing of the Most Recent Earthquake on the West Tahoe Dollar Point Fault, Lake Tahoe Basin, California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 99, Brothers, D. S., N. W. Driscoll, G. M. Kent, A. J. Harding, J. M. Babcock, and R. L. Baskin, Tectonic evolution of the Salton Sea inferred from seismic reflection data, Nature Geoscience, online. Dingler, J., G. Seitz, N. Driscoll, and G. Kent (unpublished). New Quantitative Constrains on Holocene Slip Rate And Surface Displacement Along The Southern San Andreas Fault In Mecca Hills Using Ground Based Terrestrial Laser Scanning. Drakos, P. S. (2007). Tertiary stratigraphy and structure of the southern Lake Range, northwest Nevada: Assessment of kinematic links between strike slip and normal faults in the northern Walker Lane [M.S. thesis]: University of Nevada, Reno Faulds, J. E., C. D. Henry, and N. H. Hinz (2005). Kinematics of the northern Walker Lane: An incipient transform fault along the Pacific North American plate boundary, Geology. 33, Faulds J. E., C. D. Henry, N. H. Hinz, P. S. Drakos and B. Delwiche (2005). Transect across the northern Walker Lane, northwest Nevada and northest California: An incipient transform fault along the Pacific North American plate boundary, Geological Society of America Field Guide 6, p
7 Faulds, J. E., and C. D. Henry (2008). Tectonic influences on the spatial and temporal evolution of the Walker Lane: An incipient transform fault along the evolving Pacific North American plate boundary, Arizona Geological Society Digest 22, p Kent, G. M., J. M, Babcock, N. W. Driscoll, A. J. Harding, J. A. Dingler, G. G. Seitz, J. V. Gardner, L. A. Mayer, C. R. Goldman, A. C. Heyvaert, R. C. Richards, R. Karlin, C. W. Morgan, P. T. Gates, P, and L. A. Owen (2005). 60 k.y. record of extension across the western boundary of the Basin and Range province: Estimate of slip rates from offset shoreline terraces and a catastrophic slide beneath Lake Tahoe, Geology. 33, Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe, Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada Reno, Optim Software and Data Solutions, and Ehni Enterprises (2009). Comprehensive Evaluation of the Geothermal Resource Potential within the Pyramid lake Paiute Reservation. Submitted to U.S. Department of Energy Recovery Act: Geothermal Technologies Program. Sanders, C. O., and D. B. Slemmons (1996). Geomorphic Evidence for Holocene Earthquakes in the Olinghouse Fault Zone, Western Nevada, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 86, Turner, R., R. D. Koehler, R. W. Briggs, and S. G. Wesnousky (2008). Paleoseismic and Slip Rate Observations along the Honey Lake Fault Zone, Northeastern California, USA, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 98, Vice, G. S. (2008). Structural controls on the Astor Pass Terraced Hills geothermal system in a region of strain transfer in the western Great Basin, northwestern Nevada [M.S. thesis]: University of Nevada, Reno Vice, G. S., J. E. Faulds, W. J. Ehni, and M. F. Coolbaugh (2007). Structural controls on a blind geothermal system in the northern Pyramid Lake area, northwestern Nevada, Geothermal Resources Council Transactions 31, p
NOTICE CONCERNING COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS
NOTICE CONCERNING COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS This document may contain copyrighted materials. These materials have been made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, but may not be used
More informationSummary. Introduction
John N. Louie*, Nevada Seismological Laboratory, University of Nevada, Reno; Satish K. Pullammanappallil and William Honjas, Optim, Reno, Nevada Summary In the geothermal fields of the Great Basin physiographic
More informationGeothermal Resource Characterization and Evaluation at Astor Pass, Nevada
GRC Transactions, Vol. 36, 2012 Geothermal Resource Characterization and Evaluation at Astor Pass, Nevada Donald M. Reeves 1, Greg Pohll 1, Brad Lyles 1, Jim Faulds 2, John Louie 3, Bill Ehni 4, Chris
More informationStructural deformation across the southwest Mina deflection, California-Nevada: Field studies in the Huntoon Springs area.
Structural deformation across the southwest Mina deflection, California-Nevada: Field studies in the Huntoon Springs area. Eliya R. Hogan Advisor: Jeff Lee Introduction and purpose of study: The Mina deflection
More informationStructural Controls of a Blind Geothermal System in the Northern Pyramid Lake Area, Northwestern Nevada
GRC Transactions, Vol. 31, 2007 Structural Controls of a Blind Geothermal System in the Northern Pyramid Lake Area, Northwestern Nevada Garrett S. Vice 1, James E. Faulds 1, William J. Ehni 2, and Mark
More informationFollow this and additional works at: Part of the Earth Sciences Commons
Trinity University Digital Commons @ Trinity Geosciences Faculty Research Geosciences Department 2008 Modern strain localization in the central Walker Lane, western United States: Implications for the
More informationTargeting of Potential Geothermal Resources in the Great Basin from Regional Relationships between Geodetic Strain and Geological Structures
Targeting of Potential Geothermal Resources in the Great Basin from Regional Relationships between Geodetic Strain and Geological Structures Geoffrey Blewitt and Mark Coolbaugh Great Basin Center for Geothermal
More informationExploring the Relationship between Geothermal Resources and Geodetically Inferred Faults Slip Rates in the Great Basin
Exploring the Relationship between Geothermal Resources and Geodetically Inferred Faults Slip Rates in the Great Basin William C. Hammond, Corné Kreemer, Geoff Blewitt Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology
More informationTHE PYRAMID LAKE PAIUTE RESERVATION, WESTERN NEVADA (USA): EXPLORATION FOR BLIND GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS IN A TRANSTENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT TRANSFER ZONE
THE PYRAMID LAKE PAIUTE RESERVATION, WESTERN NEVADA (USA): EXPLORATION FOR BLIND GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS IN A TRANSTENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT TRANSFER ZONE James Faulds 1, Peter Drakos 1, Garrett Vice 1, Brett
More informationA Revised Interpretation of 3D Seismic Data, Hawthorne Army Depot, Nevada: Faulted Basin Reflections or Sill Intrusions?
A Revised Interpretation of 3D Seismic Data, Hawthorne Army Depot, Nevada: Faulted Basin Reflections or Sill Intrusions? Annie Kell Hills 1, Louie, J. 1, Kent, G. 1, Pullammanappallil, S. 2, Sabin, A.
More informationABSTRACT. * ,
Geothermal systems in the Great Basin, western United States: Modern analogues to the roles of magmatism, structure, and regional tectonics in the formation of gold deposits Mark F. Coolbaugh* Great Basin
More informationExploring the Relationship between Geothermal Resources and Geodetically Inferred Faults Slip Rates in the Great Basin
GRC Transactions, Vol. 31, 2007 Exploring the Relationship between Geothermal Resources and Geodetically Inferred Faults Slip Rates in the Great Basin William C. Hammond, Corné Kreemer, and Geoff Blewitt
More informationRegional Patterns of Geothermal Activity in the Great Basin Region, Western USA: Correlation With Strain Rates
GRC Transactions, Vol. 36, 2012 Regional Patterns of Geothermal Activity in the Great Basin Region, Western USA: Correlation With Strain Rates James E. Faulds, Nicholas Hinz, Corné Kreemer, and Mark Coolbaugh
More informationTECTONIC DEFORMATION OF A LACUSTRINE MUDSTONE AT SODA LAKE GEOTHERMAL FIELD, WESTERN NEVADA, USA, FROM 3D SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
TECTONIC DEFORMATION OF A LACUSTRINE MUDSTONE AT SODA LAKE GEOTHERMAL FIELD, WESTERN NEVADA, USA, FROM 3D SEISMIC INTERPRETATION T. Kent 1,2, and J. N. Louie 1 (Presenter) 1 Nevada Seismological Laboratory
More informationActivity Pacific Northwest Tectonic Block Model
Activity Pacific Northwest Tectonic Block Model The Cascadia tectonic margin is caught between several tectonic forces, during the relentless motions of the giant Pacific Plate, the smaller subducting
More informationSeparating Tectonic, Magmatic, Hydrological, and Landslide Signals in GPS Measurements near Lake Tahoe, Nevada-California
Separating Tectonic, Magmatic, Hydrological, and Landslide Signals in GPS Measurements near Lake Tahoe, Nevada-California Geoffrey Blewitt, Corné Kreemer, William C. Hammond, & Hans-Peter Plag NV Geodetic
More informationEarth Science, (Tarbuck/Lutgens) Chapter 10: Mountain Building
Earth Science, (Tarbuck/Lutgens) Chapter 10: Mountain Building 1) A(n) fault has little or no vertical movements of the two blocks. A) stick slip B) oblique slip C) strike slip D) dip slip 2) In a(n) fault,
More informationJohn Shaw CRUSTAL DEFORMATION MODEL: OBLIQUE CONVERGENCE IN THE INNER CALIFORNIA BORDERLANDS ACCOMMODATED BY ACTIVE STRIKE-SLIP AND REVERSE FAULTS
CRUSTAL DEFORMATION MODEL: OBLIQUE CONVERGENCE IN THE INNER CALIFORNIA BORDERLANDS ACCOMMODATED BY ACTIVE STRIKE-SLIP AND REVERSE FAULTS August 2013 SONGS SSC SSHAC Workshop # 2 (August 12-14, 2013) Crustal
More informationAnalysis of Vertical Velocities from BARGEN Continuous GPS Data at Yucca Mountain, Southern Nevada
Analysis of Vertical Velocities from BARGEN Continuous GPS Data at Yucca Mountain, Southern Nevada Emma Hill and Geoffrey Blewitt Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology/178 University of Nevada, Reno Reno,
More informationJames E. Faulds and Nicholas H. Hinz. Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015 Favorable Tectonic and Structural Settings of Geothermal Systems in the Great Basin Region, Western USA: Proxies for Discovering
More informationGlobal Tectonics. Kearey, Philip. Table of Contents ISBN-13: Historical perspective. 2. The interior of the Earth.
Global Tectonics Kearey, Philip ISBN-13: 9781405107778 Table of Contents Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Historical perspective. 1.1 Continental drift. 1.2 Sea floor spreading and the birth of plate tectonics.
More informationSeismic reflection imaging of the Mount Rose fault zone, Reno, Nevada
Seismic reflection imaging of the Mount Rose fault zone, Reno, Nevada Project Award Number: # G09AP00071 Submission date: November 30, 2010 CGISS Technical Report 10-01 Lee M. Liberty Center for Geophysical
More informationMIGRATING SWARMS OF BRITTLE-FAILURE EARTHQUAKES IN THE LOWER CRUST BENEATH MAMMOTH MOUNTAIN, CALIFORNIA
MIGRATING SWARMS OF BRITTLE-FAILURE EARTHQUAKES IN THE LOWER CRUST BENEATH MAMMOTH MOUNTAIN, CALIFORNIA David Shelly and David Hill GRL, October 2011 Contents Tectonic Setting Long Valley Caldera Mammoth
More informationEarthquakes and Earthquake Hazards Earth - Chapter 11 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College
Earthquakes and Earthquake Hazards Earth - Chapter 11 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College What Is an Earthquake? An earthquake is the vibration of Earth, produced by the rapid release of energy.
More informationStructural Constraints of Buffalo Valley Hot Springs, North-Central Nevada
GRC Transactions, Vol. 39, 2015 Structural Constraints of Buffalo Valley Hot Springs, North-Central Nevada Danielle D. Molisee and John W. Bell Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada,
More information3. PLATE TECTONICS LAST NAME (ALL IN CAPS): FIRST NAME: PLATES
LAST NAME (ALL IN CAPS): FIRST NAME: PLATES 3. PLATE TECTONICS The outer layers of the Earth are divided into the lithosphere and asthenosphere. The division is based on differences in mechanical properties
More informationDynamic Crust Practice
1. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents the distance and age of ocean-floor bedrock found on both sides
More informationOverview of Seismic Source Characterization for the Diablo Canyon Power Plant
Overview of Seismic Source Characterization for the Diablo Canyon Power Plant Steve Thompson (LCI and SSC TI Team), for SWUS GMC Workshop 1, March 19, 2013 Questions from TI Team Summarize tectonic setting.
More informationContemporary Tectonics and Seismicity of the Teton and Southern Yellowstone Fault Systems- Phase I
University of Wyoming National Park Service Research Center Annual Report Volume 4 4th Annual Report, 1980 Article 16 1-1-1980 Contemporary Tectonics and Seismicity of the Teton and Southern Yellowstone
More informationEarthquakes Chapter 19
Earthquakes Chapter 19 Does not contain complete lecture notes. What is an earthquake An earthquake is the vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy Energy released radiates in all directions
More informationGPS Strain & Earthquakes Unit 4: GPS strain analysis examples Student exercise
GPS Strain & Earthquakes Unit 4: GPS strain analysis examples Student exercise Example 1: Olympic Peninsula Name: Please complete the following worksheet to estimate, calculate, and interpret the strain
More informationCHAPTER 1 BASIC SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE TERMINOLGY. Earth Formation Plate Tectonics Sources of Earthquakes...
CHAPTER 1 BASIC SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE TERMINOLGY Earth Formation... 1-2 Plate Tectonics... 1-2 Sources of Earthquakes... 1-3 Earth Faults... 1-4 Fault Creep... 1-5 California Faults... 1-6 Earthquake
More informationEgbert Jolie 1, James Faulds 2, Inga Moeck 1.
PROCEEDINGS, Thirty-Seventh Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 30 - February 1, 2012 SGP-TR-194 THE DEVELOPMENT OF A 3D STRUCTURAL-GEOLOGICAL
More informationOverview of the Seismic Source Characterization for the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station
Overview of the Seismic Source Characterization for the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station Scott Lindvall SSC TI Team Lead Palo Verde SSC SSHAC Level 3 Project Tuesday, March 19, 2013 1 Questions from
More informationGeologic Structures. Changes in the shape and/or orientation of rocks in response to applied stress
Geologic Structures Changes in the shape and/or orientation of rocks in response to applied stress Figure 15.19 Can be as big as a breadbox Or much bigger than a breadbox Three basic types Fractures >>>
More informationFrom Punchbowl to Panum: Long Valley Volcanism and the Mono-Inyo Crater Chain
From Punchbowl to Panum: Leslie Schaffer E105 2002 Final Paper Long Valley Volcanism and the Mono-Inyo Crater Chain Figure 1. After a sequence of earthquakes during the late 1970 s to the early 1980 s
More informationActive Tectonics. Earthquakes, Uplift, and Landscape. Edward A. Keller University of California, Santa Barbara
Prentice Hall Earth Science Series SUB Gottingen 214 80416X, im ^, 2002 A 7883 lllllllilwii Active Tectonics Earthquakes, Uplift, and Landscape Second Edition V Edward A. Keller University of California,
More informationDescription of faults
GLG310 Structural Geology Description of faults Horizontal stretch Crustal thickness Regional elevation Regional character Issues Normal Thrust/reverse Strike-slip >1 1 in one direction and < 1 in
More informationLife after Cal: Adapting to Change and Enjoying your Time in Graduate School
Life after Cal: Adapting to Change and Enjoying your Time in Graduate School Tyler Seaman Fall 2013 http://eps.berkeley.edu/~brimhall/alumni_student_forum/website_alumni_student_forum.htm Outline! Background!
More informationPlate Tectonics. entirely rock both and rock
Plate Tectonics I. Tectonics A. Tectonic Forces are forces generated from within Earth causing rock to become. B. 1. The study of the origin and arrangement of Earth surface including mountain belts, continents,
More informationLab 1: Plate Tectonics April 2, 2009
Name: Lab 1: Plate Tectonics April 2, 2009 Objective: Students will be introduced to the theory of plate tectonics and different styles of plate margins and interactions. Introduction The planet can be
More information8.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
8.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS In November 2008, Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) informed the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) that preliminary results from the Diablo Canyon Power Plant (DCPP) Long
More informationStructural investigations of Great Basin geothermal fields: Applications and implications
Structural investigations of Great Basin geothermal fields: Applications and implications James E. Faulds and Nicholas H. Hinz Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 Mark
More informationUniversity of Nevada, Reno. Comparing Deformation at Soda Lake Geothermal Field from GPS and 3D Seismic, Nevada
Draft March 14, 2013 University of Nevada, Reno Comparing Deformation at Soda Lake Geothermal Field from GPS and 3D Seismic, Nevada A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
More informationEarthquakes. Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy
Earthquakes Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy The amount of energy released determines the magnitude of the earthquake Seismic waves carry the energy away from its origin Fig. 18.1 Origin
More informationBasin & Range / Mojave Desert
Basin & Range / Mojave Desert Basin & Range vs. Great Basin 1 2/20/2016 An overview of the last horst Basin and Range / Mojave Desert Summary: Granitic, volcanic, marine sedimentary, non marine sedimentary,
More informationGeo736: Seismicity and California s Active Faults Introduction
Geo736: Seismicity and California s Active Faults Course Notes: S. G. Wesnousky Spring 2018 Introduction California sits on the boundary of the Pacific - North American plate boundary (Figure 1). Relative
More informationDirected Reading. Section: How Mountains Form MOUNTAIN RANGES AND SYSTEMS. Skills Worksheet
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: How Mountains Form 1. How high is Mount Everest? a. about 1980 km above sea level b. more than 8 km below sea level c. more than 8 km above sea level d. more
More informationEarthquake Hazards in Douglas County
Earthquake Hazards in Douglas County Craig M. depolo Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Nevada Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee August 9, 2012 Earthquake Truths The consequences of bad earthquakes
More informationA) B) C) D) 4. Which diagram below best represents the pattern of magnetic orientation in the seafloor on the west (left) side of the ocean ridge?
1. Crustal formation, which may cause the widening of an ocean, is most likely occurring at the boundary between the A) African Plate and the Eurasian Plate B) Pacific Plate and the Philippine Plate C)
More information24. Ocean Basins p
24. Ocean Basins p. 350-372 Background The majority of the planet is covered by ocean- about %. So the majority of the Earth s crust is. This crust is hidden from view beneath the water so it is not as
More informationGeothermal Systems: Geologic Origins of a Vast Energy Resource
Geothermal Systems: Geologic Origins of a Vast Energy Resource Energy From the Earth Energy-Land-Water Connections Speaker Series James E. Faulds, PhD Nevada State Geologist and Professor Nevada Bureau
More informationDeformation of Rocks. Orientation of Deformed Rocks
Deformation of Rocks Folds and faults are geologic structures caused by deformation. Structural geology is the study of the deformation of rocks and its effects. Fig. 7.1 Orientation of Deformed Rocks
More informationLecture # 6. Geological Structures
1 Lecture # 6 Geological Structures ( Folds, Faults and Joints) Instructor: Dr. Attaullah Shah Department of Civil Engineering Swedish College of Engineering and Technology-Wah Cantt. 2 The wavy undulations
More informationEarthquakes. Building Earth s Surface, Part 2. Science 330 Summer What is an earthquake?
Earthquakes Building Earth s Surface, Part 2 Science 330 Summer 2005 What is an earthquake? An earthquake is the vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy Energy released radiates in all
More informationDynamic Crust Regents Review
Name Dynamic Crust Regents Review Base your answers to questions 1 through 3 on the table below, which lists the location of some earthquakes, their Richter magnitude, and their year of occurrence. Data
More informationSeismic Reflection Imaging across the Johnson Ranch, Valley County, Idaho
Seismic Reflection Imaging across the Johnson Ranch, Valley County, Idaho Report Prepared for the Skyline Corporation Lee M. Liberty Center for Geophysical Investigation of the Shallow Subsurface (CGISS)
More informationPlate Tectonics Tutoiral. Questions. Teacher: Mrs. Zimmerman. Plate Tectonics and Mountains Practice Test
Teacher: Mrs. Zimmerman Print Close Plate Tectonics and Mountains Practice Test Plate Tectonics Tutoiral URL: http://www.hartrao.ac.za/geodesy/tectonics.html Questions 1. Fossils of organisms that lived
More informationRegional deformation and kinematics from GPS data
Regional deformation and kinematics from GPS data Jessica Murray, Jerry Svarc, Elizabeth Hearn, and Wayne Thatcher U. S. Geological Survey Acknowledgements: Rob McCaffrey, Portland State University UCERF3
More informationStructural Style and Tectonic Evolution of the Nakhon Basin, Gulf of Thailand
Structural Style and Tectonic Evolution of the Nakhon Basin, Gulf of Thailand Piyaphong Chenrai Petroleum Geoscience Program, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok
More informationRegional Geodesy. Shimon Wdowinski. MARGINS-RCL Workshop Lithospheric Rupture in the Gulf of California Salton Trough Region. University of Miami
MARGINS-RCL Workshop Lithospheric Rupture in the Gulf of California Salton Trough Region Regional Geodesy Shimon Wdowinski University of Miami Rowena Lohman, Kim Outerbridge, Tom Rockwell, and Gina Schmalze
More informationPlate Tectonics. Structure of the Earth
Plate Tectonics Structure of the Earth The Earth can be considered as being made up of a series of concentric spheres, each made up of materials that differ in terms of composition and mechanical properties.
More informationNOTICE CONCERNING COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS
NOTICE CONCERNING COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS This document may contain copyrighted materials. These materials have been made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, but may not be used
More informationGeology 15 West Valley College. Exam IV: Sierra Nevada
Geology 15 West Valley College Name Exam IV: Sierra Nevada 1) On the diagram above, where is the Arc- Trench Gap? a. 1 and 3 c. 7 and 8 d. 6 e. 5 and 10 2) On the diagram above, where is the subduction
More informationFault Imaging with High-Resolution Seismic Reflection for Earthquake Hazard and Geothermal Resource Assessment in Reno, Nevada
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL.???, XXXX, DOI:10.1029/, 1 2 3 Fault Imaging with High-Resolution Seismic Reflection for Earthquake Hazard and Geothermal Resource Assessment in Reno, Nevada R. N.
More informationGreat Basin Center for Geothermal Energy
University of Nevada, Las Vegas Digital Scholarship@UNLV Nevada Renewable Energy Consortium Meeting Nevada Renewable Energy Consortium Meeting 2010 Aug 20th, 9:45 AM - 10:10 AM Great Basin Center for Geothermal
More informationSTRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT AND 3D GEOLOGICAL MODELING OF THE BRADY'S GEOTHERMAL AREA, CHURCHILL COUNTY (NEVADA, USA): A PRELIMINARY REPORT
PROCEEDINGS, Thirty-Fifth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 1-3, 2010 SGP-TR-188 STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT AND 3D GEOLOGICAL MODELING OF THE BRADY'S
More informationGeologic Trips San Francisco and the Bay Area
Excerpt from Geologic Trips San Francisco and the Bay Area by Ted Konigsmark ISBN 0-9661316-4-9 GeoPress All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced without written permission in writing,
More informationEarthquakes in Barcelonnette!
Barcelonnette in the Ubaye valley : the landscape results of large deformations during the alpine orogene (40 5 Myr in this area) and the succession of Quaternary glaciations. The sedimentary rocks are
More informationMap shows 3 main features of ocean floor
Map shows 3 main features of ocean floor 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 3 Marine Provinces 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Chapter 3 Overview The study of bathymetry determines ocean depths and ocean
More informationFORCES ON EARTH UNIT 3.2. An investigation into how Newton s Laws of Motion are applied to the tectonic activity on Earth.
FORCES ON EARTH UNIT 3.2 An investigation into how Newton s Laws of Motion are applied to the tectonic activity on Earth. USE THESE NOTES: OUR HOME PLANET EARTH: What do you know about our planet? SO.HOW
More informationEarthquakes Earth, 9th edition, Chapter 11 Key Concepts What is an earthquake? Earthquake focus and epicenter What is an earthquake?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Earthquakes Earth, 9 th edition, Chapter 11 Key Concepts Earthquake basics. "" and locating earthquakes.. Destruction resulting from earthquakes. Predicting earthquakes. Earthquakes
More informationUNIT 6 PLATE TECTONICS
UNIT 6 PLATE TECTONICS CONTINENTAL DRIFT Alfred Wegner proposed the theory that the crustal plates are moving over the mantle. He argued that today s continents once formed a single landmass, called Pangaea
More informationChapter Overview. Bathymetry. Measuring Bathymetry. Measuring Bathymetry
CHAPTER 3 Marine Provinces Chapter Overview The study of bathymetry determines ocean depths and ocean floor topography. Echo sounding and satellites are efficient bathymetric tools. Most ocean floor features
More informationGeneral Geologic Setting and Seismicity of the FHWA Project Site in the New Madrid Seismic Zone
General Geologic Setting and Seismicity of the FHWA Project Site in the New Madrid Seismic Zone David Hoffman University of Missouri Rolla Natural Hazards Mitigation Institute Civil, Architectural & Environmental
More informationTopic 12: Dynamic Earth Pracatice
Name: Topic 12: Dynamic Earth Pracatice 1. Earth s outer core is best inferred to be A) liquid, with an average density of approximately 4 g/cm 3 B) liquid, with an average density of approximately 11
More informationFault Specific, Dynamic Rupture Scenarios for Strong Ground Motion Prediction
Fault Specific, Dynamic Rupture Scenarios for Strong Ground Motion Prediction H. Sekiguchi Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan Blank Line 9 pt Y. Kase Active Fault and Earthquake
More informationSeismic Reflection and Magnetotelluric Imaging of Southwestern Dixie Valley Basin, Nevada
GRC Transactions, Vol. 40, 2016 Seismic Reflection and Magnetotelluric Imaging of Southwestern Dixie Valley Basin, Nevada Jeff Unruh 1, Brian Gray 1, Karen Christopherson 2, Satish Pullammanappallil 3,
More informationChapter 02 The Sea Floor
Chapter 02 The Sea Floor Multiple Choice Questions 1. One of the following is not one of the world's major ocean basins: A. Atlantic Ocean B. Arctic Ocean C. Indian Ocean D. Antarctic Ocean E. Pacific
More informationBathymetry Measures the vertical distance from the ocean surface to mountains, valleys, plains, and other sea floor features
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 CHAPTER 3 Marine Provinces Chapter Overview The study of bathymetry determines ocean depths and ocean floor topography. Echo sounding and satellites are efficient bathymetric tools.
More informationLecture Marine Provinces
Lecture Marine Provinces Measuring bathymetry Ocean depths and topography of ocean floor Sounding Rope/wire with heavy weight Known as lead lining Echo sounding Reflection of sound signals 1925 German
More informationP128 Subsurface Fault and Colluvial Wedge Detection Using Resistivity, Refraction Tomography and Seismic Reflection
P128 Subsurface Fault and Colluvial Wedge Detection Using Resistivity, Refraction Tomography and Seismic Reflection S.M. Hanafy* (King Abdullah University of Science & Technology) SUMMARY Electric resistivity
More informationERSC 1P92 Assignment 2. Locating plate boundaries on Trafalmador.
ERSC 1P92 Assignment 2. Locating plate boundaries on Trafalmador. The aim of this assignment is to identify plate boundaries and the location of various geological features on the basis of the spatial
More informationBeneath our Feet: The 4 Layers of the Earty by Kelly Hashway
Beneath our Feet: The 4 Layers of the Earty by Kelly Hashway The Earth is more than a giant ball made up of dirt, rocks, and minerals. The Earth may look like a giant ball from when looking at it from
More informationExternal Grant Award Number 01HQAG0009 WESTERN GREAT BASIN SEISMIC NETWORK OPERATIONS. December 1, 2000 to November 30, 2001
External Grant Award Number 01HQAG0009 WESTERN GREAT BASIN SEISMIC NETWORK OPERATIONS December 1, 2000 to November 30, 2001 Glenn P. Biasi University of Nevada Reno Seismological Laboratory MS-174 Reno,
More informationCopyright McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education Tibetan Plateau and Himalaya -southern Asia 11.00.a VE 10X
More information6. In the diagram below, letters A and B represent locations near the edge of a continent.
1. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents the distance and age of ocean-floor bedrock found on both sides
More informationCrustal Boundaries. As they move across the asthenosphere and form plate boundaries they interact in various ways. Convergent Transform Divergent
Name: Date: Period: Plate Tectonics The Physical Setting: Earth Science CLASS NOTES Tectonic plates are constantly moving and interacting As they move across the asthenosphere and form plate boundaries
More informationHosgri-San Simeon Fault Zone Geologic Slip Rate
Hosgri-San Simeon Fault Zone Geologic Slip Rate Insert picture(s) here Kathryn Hanson AMEC E&I Diablo Canyon SSHAC Project SSC Workshop 2 November 7, 2012 What insights have your geologic investigations
More informationGPS Strain & Earthquakes Unit 5: 2014 South Napa earthquake GPS strain analysis student exercise
GPS Strain & Earthquakes Unit 5: 2014 South Napa earthquake GPS strain analysis student exercise Strain Analysis Introduction Name: The earthquake cycle can be viewed as a process of slow strain accumulation
More informationParts of the Sevier/ Laramide Orogeny
Parts of the Sevier/ Laramide Orogeny AA. Accretionary Prism BB. Forearc Basin Sediment scraped off of subducting plate Sediment derived from the volcanic arc CC. Volcanic Arc Magmatic intrusion into the
More informationMAR110 Lecture #5 Plate Tectonics-Earthquakes
1 MAR110 Lecture #5 Plate Tectonics-Earthquakes Figure 5.0 Plate Formation & Subduction Destruction The formation of the ocean crust from magma that is upwelled into a pair of spreading centers. Pairs
More informationApparent and True Dip
Apparent and True Dip Cross-bedded building stone. The contact immediately below A appears to dip gently to the right, but at B, the contact appears to dip to the left. But it's not a syncline! Both of
More informationGPS strain analysis examples Instructor notes
GPS strain analysis examples Instructor notes Compiled by Phil Resor (Wesleyan University) This document presents several examples of GPS station triplets for different tectonic environments. These examples
More informationCrustal Deformation Earth - Chapter Pearson Education, Inc.
Crustal Deformation Earth - Chapter 10 Structural Geology Structural geologists study the architecture and processes responsible for deformation of Earth s crust. A working knowledge of rock structures
More informationTopic 5: The Dynamic Crust (workbook p ) Evidence that Earth s crust has shifted and changed in both the past and the present is shown by:
Topic 5: The Dynamic Crust (workbook p. 65-85) Evidence that Earth s crust has shifted and changed in both the past and the present is shown by: --sedimentary horizontal rock layers (strata) are found
More informationLateral extrusion and tectonic escape in Ilan Plain of northeastern Taiwan
Lateral extrusion and tectonic escape in Ilan Plain of northeastern Taiwan Angelier, J., Chang, T.Y., Hu, J.C., Chang, C.P., Siame, L., Lee, J.C., Deffontaines, B., Chu, H.T, Lu, C.Y., Does extrusion occur
More informationBefore Plate Tectonics: Theory of Continental Drift
Before Plate Tectonics: Theory of Continental Drift Predecessor to modern plate tectonics Shape and fit of the continents was the initial evidence Snider-Pelligrini (1858) Taylor (1908) Wegner (1915) Fig.
More informationTopics Laramide Orogeny: Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene Reading: GSA DNAG volume 3, Ch. 6
Topics Laramide Orogeny: Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene Reading: GSA DNAG volume 3, Ch. 6 Late Cretaceous to early Eocene New patterns developed 5 main regions Tectonic interpretations Post-Laramide events
More information