Norwich City Schools Physical Setting/Earth Science 3/8/05

Transcription

1 Physical Setting/ Topic: Earth in Space 1 1.1a, b, f St. 6 Key Ideas 1, 3, 4 St. 7 Key Idea 1 Motions Enduring Understandings: Understanding of the Earth and its relationship in space aid scientists in determining the origin and evolution of Earth and the universe. The motion of a Foucault s pendulum and the Coriolis effect are the result of a planet s rotation. Essential Questions: How do the Earth and space affect one another? How has people s understanding of Earth changed over time? Why does gravitational force change? The understanding of Earth s placement in the solar system has changed over time as a result of improvements in technology and changes in perception. Kepler s Laws advanced the study of celestial motion. Time can be inferred from observations of celestial motions. Galaxies have a rotational motion. Planets rotate, revolve, and some can be observed undergoing apparent retrograde motion. There is a relationship between eccentricity and the shape of an orbit. Calculate eccentricity. Explain how distance between bodies affects orbital speed. Draw models of elliptical orbits relationship between eccentricity and the shape of an orbit. Relate angular diameter to distance between objects. Explain how orbital velocity relates to change in potential energy and kinetic energy. On a celestial sphere, identify the sun s path on the equinoxes and solstices. Locate N, E, S, and W on a celestial sphere. Determine the time or longitude at a location on Earth s surface, based on a reference point. Measure a distance in degrees east or west, on Earth s surface, based on change of time. Apply the concepts of sun s motion to shadow length and direction. Altitude Axis Contour map Field Gradient Hydrosphere Iso-surface Lithosphere Meridians Oblate spheroid Polaris (North Star) Scalar quantity Atmosphere Contour line Coordinate system Geographic poles Gravitational force 1

2 Topic: Earth in Space, con t a, b, f St. 6 Key Ideas 1, 3, 4 St. 7 Key Idea 1 1.1f Motions Enduring Understandings: Understanding of the Earth and its relationship in space aid scientists in determining the origin and evolution of Earth and the universe. The motion of a Foucault s pendulum and the Coriolis effect are the result of a planet s rotation. Essential Questions: How do the Earth and space affect one another? How has people s understanding of Earth changed over time? Why does gravitational force change? Tides are caused by gravitational interactions between the sun, Earth, and moon. The moon appears to change shape on a monthly cycle. Eclipses occur as a result of positions of Earth, moon, and sun. The altitude of Polaris varies with latitude in the northern hemisphere. Polaris is the axis of star rotation and is located at approximately 0 azimuth. Gravity varies according to the masses of, and distance between, two objects. Analyze a graph of tides. Apply the concepts to various models (i.e. winds, pendulum diagram, ocean currents). Use the ESRT to do above. Identify phases of the moon based on diagrams. Identify locations of moon phases in an Earthmoon system diagram. Identify solar and lunar eclipses in Earth-moon-sun diagrams. Determine latitude of an observer from altitude of Polaris and vice versa. Determine motion of a star toward or away from an observer based on changing wave-length of light (Doppler effect). Use ESRT to obtain data of planets and apply as appropriate. Isoline Latitude Longitude Model of Earth Parallels Prime Meridian Vector quantity 2

3 Topic: Earth in Space, con t. Standards 1, 2, 4, 7 1.2a, b, c, d Solar Systems Geology Enduring Understanding: Internal and external forces shape the Earth and other planets. Essential Questions: How and why do planets vary from one another? How do events that occur within the solar system impact the Earth? Our solar system formed about five billion years ago from a giant cloud of gas and debris. Gravity caused Earth and the other planets to become layered according to density differences in their materials. Composition of planets varies according to distance from the sun. The characteristics of the planets of the solar system are affected by each planet s location in relationship to the sun. The terrestrial planets are small, rocky, and dense. The Jovian planets are large, gaseous, and of low density. Asteroids, comets, and meteors are components of our solar system. Impact events have been correlated with mass extinction and global climatic change. Impact craters can be identified in Earth s crust. Identify planets by composition Apply data from ESRT. Compare/contrast planets according to characteristics. Identify components of the solar system. Analyze correlations and impact of solar system events upon the Earth. Angular diameter Aphelion Apparent daily motion Apparent diameter Apparent Solar Day Arc Asteroids Axis Big Bang Celestial model Celestial object Celestial sphere Centrifugal effect Comets Constellations Coriolis effect Cyclic energy transformation Eccentricity Ellipse Equinox Focus Foucault pendulum Galaxy Geocentric model Gravitation 3

4 Topic: Earth in Space, con t. Standards 1, 2, 4, 7 1.2a, b, c, d Solar Systems Geology Enduring Understanding: Internal and external forces shape the Earth and other planets. Essential Questions: How and why do planets vary from one another? How do events that occur within the solar system impact the Earth? Star brightness is a function of size, temperature, and distance from the observer. The universe is a vast and estimated to be over ten billion years old. The current theory is that the universe was created from an explosion called the Big Bang. Evidence for this theory includes: Cosmic background radiation A red-shift (the Doppler effect) in the light from very distant galaxies. Analyze the H, R diagram. Explain the Big Bang Theory with supporting details. Heliocentric model High noon Inertia Kinetic energy Mean Solar Day Meteor Nuclear Fusion Orbit Orbital velocity (speed) Perihelion Phases (of the moon) Potential energy Red-shift Revolution Rotation Satellite Solar System Solstice Sunspots Terrestrial model Tides Time Year Zenith point 4

5 Topic: Earth Composition 3.1a, b St. 1 St. 6 Key Ideas: 1, 3 St. 7 Key Ideas: 1, 2 Minerals Essential Understanding: Minerals are a foundation on which modern societies are built. Essential Question: Why are minerals so crucial to our world? A mineral is a naturally occurring solic with definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. Minerals have physical properties determined by their chemical composition and crystal structure. Minerals can be identified by well-defined physical and chemical properties, such as cleavage, fracture, color, density, hardness, streak, luster, crystal shape, and reaction with acid. Chemical composition and physical properties determine how minerals are used by humans. Minerals are formed as a result of specific environmental conditions. Distinguish between mineral and non-mineral. Compare/contrast between a mineral and nonmineral. Identify how minerals are used by humans. Define conditions that result in mineral formation. Use ESRT to identify minerals and their use. Given two of the three factors, calculate the third in the D=M/V relationship. (Density equals mass per unit volume.) Atom Atomic number Beds Cleavage Compounds Constituent unit Crystal Crystallization Electors Evaporate Extrusive igneous rock Igneous rock Intrusive igneous rock Luster Mineral Monomineralic Nonsedimentary rock Polymineralic Precipitation Recrystallization Rock-forming mineral Silicone-oxygen tetrahedron Specific gravity Texture 5

6 Topic: Earth Composition, con t. 1.2j 3.1c St.1 Key Idea: 2 St. 6 Key Ideas: 2, 4 St. 7 Key Idea: 1 Rocks Enduring Understanding: The forces that shape and form the planet determine the type of rock that is formed. Essential Question: How does pressure and temperature affect rocks? Rocks are usually composed of one or more minerals. Rocks are classified by their origin, mineral content, and texture. Conditions that existed when a rock formed can be inferred from the rock s mineral content and texture. The properties of rocks determine how they are used and also influence land usage by humans. Rocks can be recycled into other types of rocks. Interpret the rock cycle diagram. Read and interpret the appropriate charts on ESRT. Use a key to identify rocks. Classify various types of rocks. Describe forces that created rocks. Describe and sort various types of rocks according to texture and composition. Atomic mass Banding Cementation Color Compression Contact Metamorphic Zone Crystalline Distorted structure Element Extrusion Hardness Intrusion Isotopes Metamorphic rock Molecules Neutrons Organic Precipitate (To) Protons Rock cycle (The) Sedimentary rock Solidification Strata 6

7 Topic: The Earth s Crust 1.2g 2.1 s, t, v, w, Surface Processes Enduring Understanding: The Earth s crust is affected by it environment. Essential Question: Which forces shape the Earth s surface? Weather is effected by climate. Exposure to the atmosphere and hydrosphere involves both the physical and chemical breakdown of material. Soil is a by-product of weathering and biological activity. The end result of weathering is the dissolution of the materials that form rock into ionic solution. Transportation of rock material is the result of: -Gravity -Water erosion -Wind and ice erosion -Running water -Man s activities Deposition of particles in a medium is affected by size, shape, density, and velocity. Analyze and measure Earth s materials to obtain: - -Evidence of weathering - Evidence of erosion Draw inferences from observations about the factors that effect erosion. Analyze and measure deposition of particles in a medium and draw inferences. Draw inferences about the character of a system. Explain: - Erosionaldepostional change - Dominant process - Erosionaldepostioinal inference - Dynamic equilibrium - Energy relationships See next page. 7

8 Topic: The Earth s Crust, con t. 2.1 l, n, o, p, u Dynamic Crust Enduring Understanding: The Earth s crust is affected by it environment. Essential Question: Are we careless choosing to live where we do? There is evidence of crustal movement. Deformed rock strata, displaced fossils, and strata provide evidence of minor crustal changes. Major crustal changes are related to: - Zones of crustal activity - Geosynclines - Vertical crust movements - Ocean floor spreading - Continental drift - Drifting of magnetic poles. Earthquakes are the result of energy moving within the Earth. There are theories of crustal change: - Mantle convection cells - Geo syncline - Isostacy Explain minor and major crustal movements. Describe how major crustal movements are related to the causes. Describe earthquake waves: - Primary - Secondary - Surface Explain knowledge of crustal change. See next page. 8

9 Topic: The Earth s Crust -Vocabulary Chemical weathering Deposition Dynamic equilibrium Erosional-depostional process Horizontal sorting Predominant agent Residual sediment Sediment Settling rate Soil formation Soil solution Stream bed Transported soil Transporting system Weathering Colloid (clay) Displaced sediments Erosion Graded bedding Physical weathering Quiet medium Residual soil Sedimentation Settling time Soil horizon Sorting of sediments Transported sediment Transporting agents Vertical sorting Asthenosphere Continental crust Convergent Plate Boundary Divergent Plate Boundary Epicenter Focus Geosyncline Isostasy Longitudinal waves (L-waves) Mid-ocean ridge Ocean-floor spreading Original horizontality Plate tectonics Primary waves (compressional wave) (Pwaves) Reversal of Earth s magnetic polarity Reverse fault Seismic waves Shear wave (S-waves) Strata Tilted strata Bench mark Continental drift Crust Earthquake Fault Folded strata Inner core Lithosphere Mantle Moho (Mohorovicic Discontinuity) Oceanic crust Outer core Seismograph Shadow zone Subsidence 9

10 Topic: Energy 2.1a, k 2.2a, b, d St. 7 Key Ideas: 1, 2 Energy Sources Heat Transfer Insolation Enduring Understanding: Energy is converted into various forms which impact the Earth. Essential Questions: Changes affect the Earth. What causes energy? There are two main sources of energy: External (sun) Internal Energy is transferred by three mechanisms: Radiation Conduction Convection Energy transfer is from source to sink. Nearly all energy is supplied by the sun. Insulation heats Earth s surface and atmosphere unevenly. Predict the type of energy transfer from different energy sources. Use the appropriate ESRT charts. Describe the 3 forms of heat transfer. Distinguish between different sources of energy. Identify and describe ways that energy is transferred. Relate heating on the Earth s surface to weather conditions. Identify the causes of uneven heating of Earth s atmosphere and surface, (i.e. surface characteristics, atmospheric characteristics, angle, and duration of sunlight (latitude and seasons). Absolute zero Absorption of solar energy Angle of isolation Conduction Convection Dynamic equilibrium Electromagnetic energy Energy Friction Heat of fusion Greenhouse effect Incident isolation Intensity of insulation Perpendicular insulation Potential energy Radiative balance Reflection Scattering Solar energy Source (heat) Temperature Wavelength 10

11 Topic: Weather St. 1 St. 2 Key Ideas: 1, 2, 3 Key Idea: 2 2.1c, d, e, f, g, h St. 6 Key Ideas: 1, 5, 6 Atmospheric Properties Weather Variables Enduring Understanding: There are many forces that shape the Earth s weather. Essential Question: How do atmospheric properties affect weather? Essential Question: What causes weather and wind patterns? Atmospheric properties vary between atmospheric layers. Weather occurs in the troposphere. The ozone layer absorbs ultra violet rays, which protects Earth. Weather is a result of interaction of temperature, air pressure, and moisture in the air. Winds are a result of differences in air pressure. The magnitude of energy changes is proportional to the energy released. Air temperature changes adiabatically as the air rises and sinks. Interpret the layers of atmospheric charts on the ESRT. Identify the location of stratosphere given appropriate information. Determine wind direction based on temperature and/or air pressure differences. Read and interpret lapse rate chart. Read and interpret the barometric pressure and temperature charts. Describe relationships between temperature, pressure, humidity, dew point and precipitation. Use DP and RH charts. Absorption Aerosols Calorie Conservation of energy Direct (vertical) rays Earth energy Electromagnetic spectrum Equinox Heat energy Heat of vaporization Kinetic energy Insolation Latent heat Phase change Radiation Random reflection Refraction Sink (heat) Solstice Specific heat Terrestrial radiation 11

12 Topic: Weather, con t. St. 1 St. 2 Key Ideas: 1, 2, 3 Key Idea: 2 2.1c, d, e, f, g, h St. 6 Key Idea: 1, 5, 6 Air Masses/Fronts Weather Forecasting Enduring Understanding: There are many forces that shape the Earth s weather. Essential Question: How does temperature and pressure determine air flow? Essential Question: How do events in one geographical area affect another? Distribution of land and oceans modifies the wind. Air masses gain the properties of their source region. A front is the boundary between two air masses. The type of front is determined by the relative locations of air masses. The greater the differences between two air masses at front, the greater the severity of weather changes. Describe properties and name air masses by source region. Diagram fronts and label associated air masses. Describe typical weather changes at frontal boundaries. Use ESRT (synoptic data) to draw station models and interpret information from weather maps. Construct and read isolines. Use weather map data, to draw locations of fronts. See next page. Changing weather variables (including the jet stream) can be used to forecast weather. Accurate weather forecasting can minimize property damage and loss of life. Compare and contrast hurricanes (storm surge) and tornadoes. Discuss appropriate safety precautions for various weather phenomena. 12

13 Topic: Weather Vocabulary Absolute humidity Air mass Anticyclone Barometric pressure Cold front Condensation nuclei Continental polar air mass (cp) Convention cell (current) Cyclone Divergence Evaportranspiration High Isobar Low Maritime polar air mass (mp) Moisture Occluded front Precipitation Pressure gradient Relative humidity Saturation point Stationary front Track (or storm track) Visibility Water cycle (or hydrologic cycle) Weather Adiabatic changes Air pressure Atmospheric variables Cloud Condensation Condensation surface Continental tropical air mass (ct) Convergence Dew point temperature Evaporation Frictional drag High pressure Isotherm Low pressure Maritime tropical air mass (mt) Moisture capacity Planetary wind belts Present weather Probability of occurrence Saturation Source region Sublimation Temperature Transpiration Warm front Water vapor Wind 13

14 Topic: Earth s History 1.2 f, h, i, j Enduring Understanding: There are many forces that shape our world. Essential Questions: How do rocks tell a story? Why does this planet have free oxygen in its atmosphere while others don t? How do we determine a rock s age? How is time determined from rocks? How do we know what happened in the past, prior to humans? Oxygen is the result of life. Evolution is preserved in rocks. History is written in stone. There is a correlation between rocks and/or events at different locations that is determined by using rock and fossil evidence. Evolutionary concepts drive scientific theories. Actual geologic ages can be measured using radioactive decay. Identify and distinguish: -Relative dating -Absolute dating Explain and understand: -Superpostioning Compare/contrast and Identify principles of intrusion and extrusion. Calculate age using radioactive data. Describe oxygen build up in the atmosphere. Describe a geologic column, how it is compiled and what it represents. Absolute age Bedrock Carbon-14 (radiocarbon dating) Cenozoic era Correlation Extrusion Fossil Geologic Time Scale Half-life Index fossil Intrusion Isotope Joint Mesozoic Era Organic Evolution Outcrop Precambrian Era Principle of superposition Radioactive dating Radioactive decay Relative age Rock formation Species Unconformity Uniformitarianism Uranium-238 Vein Volcanic ash Walking the outcrop 14

15 Essential Questions for Lessons within Units. Earth in Space How have Kepler s Laws advanced the study of celestial motion? How do motions of sun and stars vary over day and year in a predictable manner? How can we derive time based on observations of celestial motions? What causes the moon to appear to change shape? What causes the different eclipses? How do the motions of planets differ? What causes tides? How do galaxies move? How can we prove Earth rotates? Why do stars have different arrays of brightness? Earth Composition What is a mineral? How are minerals identified? How do minerals form? What is a rock? How are rocks formed? How are rock types related? Energy How does the Earth get its energy? Weather What are the properties of atmosphere? Why is the ozone layer s protection so important? What factors determine weather? How do weather factors interact? Why is it colder at the top of a mountain than at the bottom, since warm air rises? How do air masses and fronts affect weather? How can data about the weather lead to useable predictions about it? 15