Year 9 Revision. The exam will be based on two topics: Natural hazards and Population. The Exam

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Iris Watts
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1 Year 9 Revision The exam will be based on two topics: Natural hazards and Population This document is designed to help you revise. You should use it alongside your class notes. In places there are some notes in the text - like the example about predicting and preparing for volcanoes. Don't feel that you have to use these notes, They are there to help you if you missed a lesson or feel you want to clarify things. You don't have to revise a new case study. The Exam The exam will take 45 minute (an hour if you have extra time). It will have two sections: one on Natural Hazards and one on Population. There will be a series of questions on each. The range of marks will be from 2 to 9 marks. You are advised to spend an equal amount of time on each section. A good rule is to spend a minute a mark - so a 4 mark question should take you 4 minutes. Topic: Natural hazards What you need to know Example of type of question Types of plate boundaries and their associated hazards Prediction and preparation for one tectonic hazard An example of the causes and effects of one hazard What the plates look like and how to label them How they cause earthquakes and volcanoes A case study of how people can manage hazards The causes and effects of one hazard Draw a destructive / constructive plate boundary Why do earthquakes and volcanoes occur at destructive/constructive plate boundaries? Explain how hazards can be managed Choosing one named hazard outline its causes and effects Topic: Population What you need to know What you need to know Population Pyramids How to read and interpret population pyramids The difference between ageing and youthful popuations Demographic Transition Model What the DTM looks like and what the four stages of the model mean Label and complete the diagram of the DTM Explain the changes in the four stages of the model China s Population Policy China's One Child Policy The success and failures of this policy Describe and assess the success of the One child policy 1.Natural Hazards (i) Types of plate boundaries and their associated hazards Using your notes draw diagrams of each below. Constructive

2 Destructive You will also need to be able to write about why volcanoes and earthquakes occur at these plate boundaries (ii) Prediction and preparation for one tectonic hazard You will be asked a question about an aspect of how prediction and preparation can help people to manage hazard events. Your answer will have a better chance of scoring well if you have a case study example, like the one below This is an example of the type of case study you will need. It's not possible to prevent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. However, careful management of these hazards can minimise the damage that they cause. Prediction is the most important aspect of this, as this gives people time to evacuate the area and make preparations for the event. Predicting and preparing for volcanoes Unfortunately volcanic eruptions and earthquakes cannot be prevented. Managing hazards such as earthquakes and volcanoes can be done by: prediction and preparation. Predicting eruptions As a volcano becomes active, it gives off a number of warning signs. These warning signs are picked up by volcanologists (experts who study volcanoes) and the volcano is monitored. Key techniques for monitoring a volcano Warning signs Monitoring techniques Hundreds of small earthquakes are caused as magma rises up through cracks in the Earth's crust. Seismometers are used to detect earthquakes. Temperatures around the volcano rise as activity increases. Thermal imaging techniques and satellite cameras can be used to detect heat around a volcano. When a volcano is close to erupting it starts to release gases. The higher the sulfur content of these gases, the closer the volcano is to Gas samples may be taken and chemical sensors used to measure sulfur levels.

3 erupting. The techniques available for predicting and monitoring volcanic activity are becoming increasingly accurate. Volcanoes such as Mount St Helens in the USA and Mount Etna in Italy are closely monitored at all times. This is because they have been active in recent years and people who live nearby would benefit from early-warning signs of an eruption. However, as well as prediction, people need to be prepared for an eruption. Preparing for an eruption A detailed plan is needed for dealing with a possible eruption. Everyone who could be affected needs to know the plan and what they should do if it needs to be put into action. Planning for a volcanic eruption includes: creating an exclusion zone around the volcano being ready and able to evacuate residents having an emergency supply of basic provisions, such as food funds need to be available to deal with the emergency and a good communication system needs to be in place (iii) An example of the causes and effects of one hazard You should make notes on the causes and effects of an earthquake, volcano or tropical storm See below or use examples from your notes. Kobe, Japan, 1995 (MEDC) On 17th January 1995, an earthquake struck Kobe, a heavily populated urban area in Japan. It measured 7.4 on the Richter scale and occurred as a result of plate movement along the boundary between the Philippines Plate, Pacific Plate and Eurasian Plate. Effects Primary effects happen immediately. Secondary effects occur as a result of the primary effects. Primary effects Secondary effects people injured. Buildings and bridges collapsed despite their earthquake proof design. Buildings destroyed by fire when the gas mains fractured people left homeless and refugees moved into temporary housing. Responses These can be divided into short and long term. Short term Long term

Short term Long term People were evacuated and emergency rations provided. Rescue teams searched for survivors for 10 days. Many people moved away from the area permanently.

4 Short term Long term People were evacuated and emergency rations provided. Rescue teams searched for survivors for 10 days. Many people moved away from the area permanently. Jobs were created in the construction industry as part of a rebuilding programme. 2. Population This is a good revision site for population. ev6.shtml (i) Understand how to read and interpret population pyramids Watch this video if you want a short lesson on this: (ii) Demographic Transition Model This site, mentioned already, provides a good overview to look at alongside your notes ev4.shtml You will need to be able to draw the demographic transition model and explain the changes. Just to remind you - this is what it looks like.

(iii) China s Population Policy You will have good notes on this but if you want to review them alongside another source then this is a good site. http://www.bbc.co.

5 (iii) China s Population Policy You will have good notes on this but if you want to review them alongside another source then this is a good site. ml You will be asked to describe and assess the success of the one child policy in some way. Expect a longer question (9 marks) on this topic.

Aim: To be able to describe and explain techniques used to predict or reduce the impacts of volcanic eruptions in NAMED locations.

C/W Qu: Can we predict volcanoes? 18/10/12 Aim: To be able to describe and explain techniques used to predict or reduce the impacts of volcanic eruptions in NAMED locations. Starter: Read and correct the