Increasingly technological

Transcription

1 QU: How can tectonic events be managed? AIM: To explain the approaches to tectonic hazard prediction, monitoring and event modification. Hazard Modification, Mitigation and Adaption Modify the loss Modify Vulnerability Modify the event Modify the cause Aid supplies Insurance cover Self help schemes Prediction and warning. Education to prevent hazard becoming a disaster. Land use zoning Hazard resistent designs. Engineered defences Prevent the hazard Only really possible for minor secondary impacts eg. landslides. Increasingly technological ST: Stick your copy of the above diagram in your book. a - You are the Government of an LIC. List the bullet points which you consider are most achievable. b - As an LIC which stage/stages are most difficult to take action on and why? EXT: Who (players) can help LIC's with some of these modifications?

2 The Swiss cheese model of accident causation illustrates that, although many layers of defence and modification lie between hazards and disasters, there are flaws in each layer that, if aligned, can allow the disaster to occur. Hence even in HIC's disasters are possible. However the more you do towards modifying the risks the less likely that a disaster will occur. EG: NEPAL 2105 Earthquake Christchurch, NZ, 2011 Poorly distributed aid Modify the loss Local community had no knowledge of emergency procedures. Swiss Cheese Model People were uninsured in poorer suburbs This meant that they stood to lose a great deal and were vulnerable. vulnerability event However most buildings still stood due to code enforcements so material goods only were lost. DISASTER AVERTED. They were living in isolated areas prone to landslides Consequently the impacts of the EQ were exacerbated by this lack of resiliance. = DISASTER This shows how HIC often avoid disaster due to having less holes in each level of their modification.

3 Pressure release model Hazard Modification can be linked with the PRM as they seek to alter Root and Dynamic causes. A grade!!

4 Park Model A grade!! Hazard modification can also be linked to the Park model. Levels of modification can positively impact disruption and recovery rates.

5 Earthquake proof buldings Move somewhere else Insurance Land use zoning, keep key infrastructure away from most vulnerable areas. Evacuation procedures Aid provision Education Earthquake Tsunami Volcano Monitor gas and earthquake activity. Install seismographs Tsunami wall Divert lava flows TASK: List the actions on this slide that a) Modify loss, b) Modify vulnerability, c) Modify the event, d) Modify the cause Ext: Why is it easier to alter Human systems than natural ones?

6 Hazard Modification, Mitigation and Adaption Modify the loss Modify Vulnerability Modify the event Modify the cause Aid supplies Insurance cover Self help schemes Prediction and warning. Education to prevent hazard becoming a disaster. Land use zoning Hazard resistent designs. Engineered defences Prevent the hazard Only really possible for minor secondary impacts eg. landslides. Increasingly technological So how do we do modify vulnerability and modify the event for Volcanoes and earthquakes?

7 In modern Volcanology it is no longer enough to say 'a volcano on this type of plate boundary will do this'. Different volcanoes act in different ways just look at Eyjafjallajökull and it's ash cloud. Volcano prediction now aims to say 'what will THIS particular volcano do'. Role of Scientists - The above statement is relatively new thinking. Task - DVD 48. Complete notes on the sheet. Add to this when revising by reading the resource slides at the end of this lesson.

8 How can volcanoes be monitored or predicted? Task: On your own copy, match the pictures to the correct descriptions. (Extension: Without any of this technology what could be done to predict eruptions?) Global Positional Systems GPS stations situated around the volcano can indicate the slightest movements in the crust which could mean an eruption. Gas emmissions Levels of SO and CO can increase shortly before an eruption suggesting an event is about to occur. 2 2 Groundwater measurements can be measured for changes in temperature or chemical structure and can indicate pressure building towards an eruption. Tilt Meters Acts like a giant spirit level. Magma rising below the volcano can deform the sides causing the ground angle to alter. These readings can indicate a future eruption. Infra red imaging observations of the earths surface temperature from space can detect rising magma below the surface helping predict an eruption. Seismographs Rising magma can force rocks apart creating hundreds of small shallow focus earthquakes. These can indicate an eruption is on the way.

9 Equipment used to monitor volcanoes Infra red imaging observations of the earths surface temperature from space can detect rising magma below the surface helping predict an eruption. Tilt Meters Acts like a giant spirit level. Magma rising below the volcano can deform the sides causing the ground angle to alter. These readings can indicate a future eruption. Gas emmissions Levels of SO and CO can increase shortly before an eruption suggesting an event is about to occur. 2 2 Groundwater measurements can be measured for changes in temperature or chemical structure and can indicate pressure building towards an eruption. Seismographs Rising magma can force rocks apart creating hundreds of small shallow focus earthquakes. These can indicate an eruption is on the way. Global Positional Systems GPS stations situated around the volcano can indicate the slightest movements in the crust which could mean an eruption.

10 Extra reading

11 Homework - Comparing events and success of hazard management. (pg.s 27,28 30,31, 32 from Lizard book needed. Compare the 3 case studies. 1 - List actions or lack of, in modifying losses, vulnerability and the event. A comprehensive set of notes tabled as below is a suggestion. Actions to Modify losses Actions to Modify vulnerability Actions to Modify event Haiti EQ 2010 (LIC) China EQ 2008 (NEE) Japan EQ/Tsunami 2011 (HIC) 2 - Assess the role governments as key players in each of Haiti, China and Japan. For each country, identify examples of (a) poor governance) (b) good governance (c) what actions should be taken in the future. Why put the effort in? Look what this home work revises and recaps!! As well as giving you more case study material.

12 The following 8 slides are further information for your own reading around the subject. Download the PDF from the school website, read and take relevent notes.

13 GPS monitoring equipment located near Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland. Placed by Lancaster University

14 Hazard mapping - informs land use zoning

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