Evidence for plate tectonics

Transcription

1 Evidence for plate tectonics See class powerpoint Printed tables 2x essay Qs markschemes Discuss/Evaluate the evidence for plate tectonics

2 Discuss/evaluate the evidence for plate tectonics

3 Essay: To what extent does the location of Eqs and volcanoes support the theory of plate tectonics?

4 Some really useful figs: % of EQs at plate boundaries. % of deep focus EQs and % of shallow/medium around the Pacific plate. Other key location = alpine Himalayan belt = % shallow/medium EQs Intraplate EQs (not on plate boundaries) = % E.g. of intraplate EQ that did a lot of damage Gujarat 2001 old fault line reactivated. 7.7 of moment Mag scale 20,000 people died as 50 multistory buildings collapsed. Nuclear testing carried out by N. Korea.

5 Some really useful figs: 97% of EQs at plate boundaries. 100% of deep focus EQs and 70% of shallow/medium around the Pacific plate. Other key location = alpine Himalayan belt = 23% shallow/medium EQs Intraplate EQs (not on plate boundaries = 3% E.g. of intraplate EQ that did a lot of damage Gujarat 2001 old fault line reactivated. 7.7 of moment Mag scale 20,000 people died as 50 multistory buildings collapsed. Nuclear testing carried out by N. Korea.

6 Some really useful figures on volcanoes % volcanoes on plate boundaries. Which plate boundaries? % volcanoes not on plate boundaries. Where are they?

7 Features and processes at plate boundaries Complete the two columns 1 st for features and processes. 2 nd for example

8 2 new volcano examples?

9 Types of volcanoes? Causes of explosive eruptions? Where? Example? Causes of effusive eruptions? Where? Example? Volcanoes at hotspots? Example?

10 Size and shape of different types of volcanoes? Which are bigger Shield vs Stratovolcanoes? What are the biggest type of volcano? How big? Example? What shape are they?

11 VEI: combines what and what? Examples? 0 4 8

12 Volcanic hazards what and example? L P L G T A F T

13 Causes of earthquakes: (with examples?)

14 Shallow/deep focus EQs Shallow focus = how deep? Example? Deep focus how deep? Example?

15 Earthquake measurement scales who am I?

16 The effects of EQs on landforms and landscapes What should you talk about?

17 Hazards generated by EQs GS GD L L A T1 T2 F

18 Crowd sourced data What is it? Relies on people with mobile devised performing tasks on their phones which can be located through GPS. E.g. reporting information after a natural disaster so an idea can be created of the worst hit areas and where aid is needed most without actually visiting the areas

19 Big data Big Data technologies can play a role in: monitoring hazards determining the exposure of human societies to disaster risk tracking impacts of disasters and monitoring recovery efforts mitigating vulnerabilities; and strengthening resilience of communities. Particularly interesting is the role of Big Data for detecting earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, as well as forecasting future occurrence of such hazards. Earthquakes Even if science is clear about the impossibility of predicting earthquakes, the detection of such events increasingly leverages data from sensors and digital social data. The combined application of accelerometers in mobile phones and computers with cloud computing can help faster detection of their occurrence. bridging traditional seismic stations with innovative data sources. In 2009 the group demonstrated that it is possible to detect small earthquakes through a global network of computers connected via the Internet, highlighting the existing capacity to develop rapid earthquake early warning systems at relatively low cost thanks to distributed data collected from the Internet.

20 GIS Advantages of GIS Provides ability to show lots of information on one map. Information can be linked together to help identify spatial patterns / support analysis of data. More and more people have access to GIS (eg iphones) GIS used by many public services to improve services offered. GPS combined with GIS has made travelling between places easier. Disadvantages of GIS May require expensive software and a computer which needs keeping updated. Some software is complicated to use / may require training. If too many layers of data are added to a map it can be difficult to interpret. GIS produces maps - but skills are still required to interpret the maps in a geographical context.

21 What can GIS do for disaster relief? Rapid identification of potential shelter/housing locations (schools, libraries, churches, public buildings) appropriate for supporting affected populations. Determine how many tents will be needed based on the location of populations affected by the disaster. Analyze areas where large numbers of refugees can establish camps out of harm s way that are accessible for supply delivery and have access to water and other resources necessary to support large numbers of people.