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1 Images from: Boston.com
2 Ireland in the shadow of a volcano: Understanding the 2010 eruption at Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland. Chris Bean, School of Geological Sciences, UCD.
3 World Quakes and Volcanoes
4 What is driving the plates? -The mantle undergoes convection - But why is the mantle hot?
5 There are two primary sources of heat: -Heat remaining from the formation of the Earth -Heat as a by-product of radio active decay By the way: In 1897, Lord Kelvin assumed that the Earth was originally molten and calculated a date based on cooling through conduction and radiation. His age for the Earth was calculated to be about million years It s actually about 4.5 billion year old (he didn t know about radioactivity)
6 Numerical Simulation of Mantle convection: From:
7 - Plate boundaries Earth s crust... * Continental (silica rich sticky granites ) * Oceanic (silica poor flowing basalts )
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11 From: Thora Arnadottir Observations from Space: Some GPS station locations in SW Iceland Remote GPS station near Katla volcano
12 Continuous GPS recordings in SW Iceland
13 Volcanoes not all the same... Most volcanoes occur near plate boundaries... But maps like this one are misleading as perhaps up to 80% of activity occurs below the oceans mainly at mid-ocean ridges (divergent boundary). Three groups of volcanoes...
14 Mt St Helens, May Trees blown over like match sticks by the blast. Note how they follow the topographic contours. Photos from USGS archive
15 If Iceland lay below the sea... What would it look like? - lava - ocean chemistry
16 But Iceland is special... Its on the ridge, but lies above the sea surface... But why was eruption so explosive, producing lots of ash?
17 Volcanic Ash what and how? -Consists of small bits of pulverised rock and glass (< 2mm in diameter). - Main causes of ash production: Gas release under decompression this is important where gas is trapped in sticky magma Thermal contraction on contact with water Steam ejection ripping particles off surrounding rock fragments steam driven explosions fragment rock. Microscope image of ash from Mt St Helens yellow scale bar is 0.5 mm wide
18 Eyjafjallajökull.
19 Formation of Surtsey
20 Schematic After Páll Einarsson.
21 Eyjafjallajökull vital stats. - Stratovolcano, 1650 m high - Crater 3-4 km in diameter - Part of a chain of volcanoes on Iceland - Nearest neighbour, Katla (about 15 km away) - Last eruption end of (lasted for just over one year).
22 Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruption -Dec 2009, thousands of small deep earthquakes detected (7-10km below volcano) - Feb 2010, inflation of the earth s crust and additional seismic activity detected - First eruption, March 20 th, occurred on the flank, not under the glacier... was an effusive fissure eruption - Second eruption, April 14 th, occurred beneath the glacier and was explosive. - June 3 rd no ash emissions, just steam.
23 Schematic After Páll Einarsson.
24 Sub Glacial Floods are a major hazard in Iceland. Gjalp, Iceland, 1996 (Image: Iceland Met Office)
25 What now?... Volcano Monitoring: Seismic system on Mt Etna Images: INGV
26 Monitoring: - Earthquakes... From: USGS
27 Monitoring: - Deformation... Satellite interferograms (after Andy Hooper).
28 Monitoring what else: - Gas and liquid chemistry - Flood monitoring (water levels) - Gravity
29 Climate change & volcanoes? - Large eruptions usually cause a short term cooling of Earth (depends on sizes of particles emitted). - Global warning is melting the glaciers that cover many of the world s high altitude / high latitude volcanoes. This decompresses the volcanoes (500 m of ice exerts pressure of about 45 time atmospheric). - But more eruptions led to more cooling (usually) so there is a feedback and predicting the outcome is very challenging.
30 What next from Iceland...? Katla? Eyjafjallajökull s big neighbour
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33 Schematic of volcano monitoring. Real-time information flows back to interpretation centres at observatories. Civil protection authorities are kept informed by observatory scientists civil protection makes the decision to evacuate or not, based on scientific advice. Monitor: -Gas output - Fluid chemistry - Deformation (GPS) - Tilt - Gravity changes - Seismic signals
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Layers of the Earth SWABT: Identify and describe the layers of the Earth and their characteristics CRUST Composition: Thickness: State of Matter: : Mostly Basalt : Mostly Granite : Crust and Upper Mantle
Earth is over 1200 km thick and has four distinct layers.
1 2.2 F e a ture s o f P la te T e c to nic s Earth is over 1200 km thick and has four distinct layers. These layers are the crust, mantle (upper and lower), outer core, and inner core. Crust outer solid