Volcanoes. Table of Contents Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Volcanic Eruptions Volcanic Landforms
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1 Volcanoes Table of Contents Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Volcanic Eruptions Volcanic Landforms
2 What is a volcano? cone Conduit Or Pipe vent Side vent Central vent Crater A volcano is a vent or 'chimney' that connects molten rock (magma) from within the Earth s crust to the Earth's surface. The volcano includes the surrounding cone of erupted material. Magma vs Lava Magma chamber
3 Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics The Ring of Fire The Ring of Fire is a belt of volcanoes that circles the Pacific Ocean. As with most of Earth s volcanoes, these volcanoes form along boundaries of tectonic plates.
4 Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Volcanoes and Diverging Boundaries Volcanoes will form along mid-ocean ridges. Along the rift valley lava pours out of the cracks in the ocean floor. On land you can find them forming along the Great Rift Valley in East Africa.
5 Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Volcanoes and Converging Boundaries Volcanoes often form where two plates collide. At a deep ocean trench (oceanic crusts) Water causes the magma to cool down which will then rise up making a volcano. This forms an Island Arc, which follows the curve of the trench. This also occurs where oceanic plates subduct under continental, like South America and the Andes Mountains and Pacific Northwest/Mount Rainier
6 Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Hot Spot The Hawaiian Islands have formed one by one as the Pacific plate drifts slowly over a hot spot. This process has taken millions of years. Due to the motion of the Pacific plate which of the Hawaiian Islands Is the oldest and which is the youngest? Why?
7 Volcanic Eruptions Inside a Volcano A volcano is made up of many different parts.
8 What happens when a volcano erupts? Hot, molten rock (magma) is buoyant (has a lower density than the surrounding rocks) and will rise up through the crust to erupt on the surface. -Same principle as hot air rising, e.g. how a hot air balloon works When magma reaches the surface it depends on how easily it flows (viscosity) and the amount of gas (H 2 O, CO 2, S) it has in it as to how it erupts. Large amounts of gas and a high viscosity (sticky) magma will form an explosive eruption! -Think about shaking a carbonated drink and then releasing the cap. Small amounts of gas and (or) low viscosity (runny) magma will form an effusive (QUIET) eruption -Where the magma just trickles out of the volcano (lava flow).
9 Volcanic Eruptions Magma Composition Magma varies in composition. It is classified according to the amount of silica it contains. The less silica that the magma contains, the more easily it flows.
10 Effusive (Quiet) Eruptions Effusive eruptions are characterized by outpourings of lava on to the ground.
11 Explosive Eruptions Explosive volcanic eruptions can be catastrophic Erupt 10 s-1000 s km 3 of magma Send ash clouds >25 km into the stratosphere Have severe environmental and climatic effects Hazardous!!! Above: Large eruption column and ash cloud from an explosive eruption at Mt Redoubt, Alaska
12 Explosive Eruptions cont. Three products from an explosive eruption Ash fall Pyroclastic flow Pyroclastic surge Pyroclastic flows on Montserrat, buried the capital city.
13 Volcanic Hazards Pyroclastic flow Lahars/Mud flows Pyroclastic fall Lava flow Noxious Gas Earthquakes
14 Pyroclastic Flow For example, eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD destroyed the city of Pompeii On August 24, 79AD Mount Vesuvius literally blew its top, erupting tonnes of molten ash, pumice and sulfuric gas miles into the atmosphere. Pyroclastic flows flowed over the city of Pompeii and surrounding areas.
15 Pyroclastic Flow - direct impact
16 Volcanic Eruptions Cascade Volcanoes The Cascade volcanoes have formed as the Juan de Fuca plate sinks beneath the North American plate.
17 Stages of Volcanic Activity Active volcano; has had at least one eruption during the past 1,000 to 10,000 years and in the future. Dormant Volcano; an active volcano that is not erupting but should erupt again. It erupted more than 10,000 years ago.
18 Stages of Volcanic Activity Extinct volcanoes; a volcano that has not erupted nor will it erupt because there is no lava flow, i.e.; Hawaiian Islands Extinct volcano, Mount Bosavi, On the New Guinea mainland
19 Volcanic Eruptions Mt. Rainier Mount Rainier is part of the Cascade volcanoes. All past eruptions of Mount Rainier have included ash and lava.
20 Volcanic Landforms How a Caldera Forms A caldera is a hole left when a volcano collapses. What is happening in the sequence of diagrams?
21 Volcanic Landforms Volcanic Mountains Lava from volcanoes cools and hardens to form lava plateaus and three types of mountains.
22 Cinder cone volcanoes Steep cone shaped hill or small mountain. Magma has high silica content (thick and sticky) Produces ash, cinders and bombs. Hundreds of meters high.
23 Composite (Stratovolcano) volcanoes Silica content of magma can vary Lava flows and explosive eruptions can alternate. Tall, cone shaped mountains layers of lava and ash Thousands of meters tall Mount Fuji and Mount St. Helens
24 Shield volcanoes Spots on Earth s surface where lava has steadily flowed up making a volcano of many hardened layers of lava Gently sloping mountain formed over a hot spot rising thousands of meters up. Example; islands of Hawaii.
25 Lava plateaus Forms after millions of years Lava that flows from several long cracks in an area Can travel far before cooling and solidifying
26 Volcanic Landforms Use the graphic organizer to compare and contrast two types of volcanoes.
27 Volcanic Landforms Volcanic Necks, Dikes, and Sills Magma that cools and hardens into rock before reaching the surface forms volcanic necks, dikes, and sills.
28 Volcanic Landforms Batholiths Batholiths are common in the western United States.
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