Land-use planning and volcanic hazards: Opportunities for New Zealand
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1 Land-use planning and volcanic hazards: Opportunities for New Zealand Julia Becker, Wendy Saunders, Graham Leonard, David Johnston, Lower Hutt Clare Robertson, Massey University, Palmerston North
2 Presentation Outline Volcanic hazards in NZ Understanding volcanic hazards and risk Mitigating volcanic risk Land-use planning for volcanic hazards - case studies - opportunities for the future
3 Natural hazards in New Zealand 70% of NZers live within 200km of an active volcano Plus severe weather, landslides, flooding and coastal erosion
4 Volcanic hazards Ruapehu A variety of hazards are posed, including: - Ash Falls - Pyroclastic Flows / Surges - Debris Avalanches Mayon, Phillipines, C Newhall, USGS Mt St Helens
5 Ruapehu Volcanic hazards, ctd - Lava flows - Geothermal eruptions - Lahars - Tsunamis and seiches - Flooding Rotorua Hawaii
6 Understanding volcanic hazards
7 Volcano monitoring: The New Zealand GeoNet Project An integrated geological hazards monitoring and data collection system, funded over 10 years by the New Zealand Earthquake Commission (EQC) and designed, built and operated by Collect data for research with the long term aim of improving NZ s resilience to hazard events Immediate response to geological hazards events
8 What does GeoNet do? GeoNet includes real-time monitoring of: Earthquakes Volcanic unrest Tsunami Land stability Land deformation
9 Volcano Surveillance GeoNet monitors all of New Zealand s active volcanos using: - Water and gas chemistry - Volcanic earthquakes and tremor - Ground deformation - Satellite based techniques - Visual observations - Photographs - Lake, stream and spring temperatures Continual monitoring of volcanos can provide early warnings of unrest or an impending eruption.
10 Mitigating Volcanic Risk Warning Systems Warning system hardware (e.g. ERLAWS, EDS) Effective warning systems
11 Using land-use planning to mitigate volcanic risk Avoid new development in hazardous areas Additional assessment criteria for consents Employing low density development Restrict or minimise further subdivision developed areas Site key facilities out of hazardous areas Incorporate good urban design to minimise ash fall effects Plan for the disposal of volcanic debris after an eruption Plan for other land-use recovery aspects Link the above land-use planning tools in with emergency management provisions!
12 Keeping areas free of development Tongariro and Egmont (Taranaki) National Parks
13 Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument (Public Law August 26, 1982) Acquire all lands within monument boundary by donation, land exchange, or purchase. Protect natural features and processes. Provide for recreation, public safety, and scientific research. Frenzen, 2009
14 Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument Land Exchange and Acquisition Land Owner Area (Hectares) Traded for other land (Hectares) Purchased (Hectares) Donated (Hectares) Status Private Cabins and Lots (114) Completed, except one Lodges and Organization Camps Not satisfied with exchange Private Timberlands 16,011 15,258 1, Completed State Timberlands 1,731 1,641 Most completed Mining Claims & Mineral Rts 4,088 4,088 Completed Frenzen, 2009
15 Low density development around Mt Rainier, WA Facility/ Occupancy List Bonus Densities Essential Facilities Hazardous Facilities Special Occupancies Case I : Lahar Inundation Zone Case II : Lahar Inundation Zone Case III: Lahar Inundation Zone Pyroclastic Flow Hazard Zone Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed - In Travel Time Zone A Limited to 100 person - In Travel Time Zone B Limited to 500 person. In Travel Time Zone C Limited to 1,000 - In Travel Time Zone D Limited to 5,000 - In Travel Time Zone A Limited to 100 person - In Travel Time Zone B Limited to 500 person. - In Travel Time Zone C Limited to 1,000 - In Travel Time Zone D Limited to 5,000 Not allowed Not allowed Covered - In Travel Time Zone A - In Travel Time Zone Not allowed Not allowed
16 Using other mechanisms to keep development to a minimum Rotorua District Plan Alerts the public to risk, but uses another mechanism (lakes protection) to keep development low Development around the lake is required to be of low impact, low density and confined in its spread for visual amenity Relies on warning systems to evacuate the population
17 Mt Usu, Hokkaido, Japan Following a pyroclastic eruption in 2000: - Zoning to keep new development and key sites out of destructive areas - Relocated buildings - Engineering solutions - Emergency management - Park created for education
18 Using urban design to mitigate ash effects, Kagoshima, Japan Gutter-free roofs Prevents collection of ash in gutters & associated blockages and corrosion Ash resistant roofing tiles Heavy duty rubber window and door seals to prevent ash entering houses Large overhanging roofs over balconies
19 Conclusions Opportunities exist to make better use of land-use planning to mitigate volcanic risk We should begin discussions on how to better make use of this tool: - What s viable and what s not? - What level of risk are we willing to accept?
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