Volcanoes. volcanic hazards. Image courtesy of USGS.
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1 Volcanoes volcanic hazards
2 Volcanic hazards
3 Pyroclastic flows and surges
4 Pyroclastic flows and surges PYROCLAST: all solid fragments ejected from volcanoes PYROCLASTIC FLOW: A flow of hot gas and volcanic material ranging from vesiculated, low-density pumice to unvesiculated, dense clasts which tends to follow topographic lows (i.e., valleys) as it moves; contains 10 s% by volume of solid PYROCLASTIC SURGE: A turbulent, low-density, highvelocity part of a pyroclastic flow - it is not constrained by topography as a pyroclastic flow; contains 0.1-1% by volume of solids
5 Pyroclastic flows and surges This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. plume Please see Pyroclastic flows and surges in: Houghton, B., H. Rymer, J. Stix, S. McNutt, H. Sigurdsson. Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. San Diego, Calif. : Academic, c2000. ISBN: surge flow
6 Pyroclastic flows and surges This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see Pyroclastic flows and surges in: Houghton, B., H. Rymer, J. Stix, S. McNutt, H. Sigurdsson. Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. San Diego, Calif. : Academic, c2000. ISBN:
7 Pyroclastic flows and surges SPEED: >10m/s to 300m/s (>36km/h to 1080km/h) TEMPERATURE: C DISTANCE TRAVELLED: kilometers to 10 s of kilometers (depends on H, the height drop); H/L is
8 Collapse of the eruption column
9 Directed eruption
10 Lateral explosion from a summit dome This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see the image on:
11 Gravitational collapse of lava dome
12 Pyroclastic flow damage
13 Destruction by direct impact
14 Destruction by direct impact This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see the image on:
15 Sediment deposits
16 Melting of ice and snow
17 Burning of forests, crops, buildings
18 Pyroclastic flow mitigation
19 Pyroclastic flow mitigation
20 Volcanic hazards
21 Lahars This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions.
22 Lahars DEBRIS FLOW: Viscous, flowing slurry of rock fragments containing 10 to 25 wt % of water - solid material carries the water, water lubricates the flow HYPERCONCENTRATED FLOW: Turbulent flow of water mixed with enough sediments (60-75 wt %) to possess some yield strength LAHAR: Indonesian term that describes a hot or cold mixture of water and rock fragments flowing down the slopes of a volcano and/or adjacent river valleys - comprises debris and hyperconcentrated flows
23 Lahars SPEED: 10 s to ~200 km/h TEMPERATURE: <100 C DISTANCE TRAVELLED: kilometers to 10 s of kilometers BEHAVIOR/PROCESSES: erosion and bulking
24 Causes of Lahars
25 Lahars
26 Lahars
27 Destruction by direct impact
28 Buried villages and towns
29 Deposition of sediments
30 Temporary blockage of streams
31 Lahar Mitigation -Recognizing old lahar deposits -Delineating lahar paths -Monitoring -Communication -Structural measures -Temporary refuges
32 Volcanic hazards
33 Lava flows
34 Lava flows LAVA FLOW: Outpouring of molten rock from a vent or fissure spreading along the ground
35 aa lava Lava flows with extremely irregular surfaces, usually covered with fragments of broken crust that are typically decimeter thick
36 pahoehoe lava Lava flows with smooth, continuous surfaces
37 blocky lava Lava flows with fractured surfaces, usually covered by debris up to meters across.
38 lava flow properties This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see Lava Flows Table in: Houghton, B., H. Rymer, J. Stix, S. McNutt, H. Sigurdsson. Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. San Diego, Calif. : Academic, c2000. ISBN:
39 lava flow properties This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see Lava Flow Properties Table in: Houghton, B., H. Rymer, J. Stix, S. McNutt, H. Sigurdsson. Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. San Diego, Calif. : Academic, c2000. ISBN:
40 hazards: bury structures and infrastructures
41 hazards: burning and melting
42 hazards: jökulhlaups
43 lava diversion
44 Volcanic hazards
45 Volcanic ash hazards to aviation Mitigation color coded warning: volcanic activity reports:
46 MIT OpenCourseWare Science and Policy of Natural Hazards Spring 2010 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit:
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