Paper Reference. Paper Reference(s) 1312/4H Edexcel GCSE Geography A Higher Tier. Monday 11 June 2007 Afternoon Time: 1 hour 15 minutes

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1 Centre No. Paper Reference Surname Initial(s) Candidate No H Signature Paper Reference(s) 1312/4H Edexcel GCSE Geography A Higher Tier Paper 4H Monday 11 June 2007 Afternoon Time: 1 hour 15 minutes Examiner s use only Team Leader s use only Question Number Blank Materials required for examination Nil Items included with question papers Map and Photograph Booklet Instructions to Candidates In the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname, initials and signature. Check that you have the correct question paper. Answer two questions. You must choose either Question 1 (Managing the Environment) or Question 2 (Managing Hazards) and either Question 3 (Managing Tourism) or Question 4 (Managing Urban Areas). Do not use pencil. Use blue or black ink. For each section, indicate which question you are answering by marking the box ( ). If you change your mind, put a line through the box ( ) and then indicate your new question with a cross ( ). Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper. Include diagrams in your answers, where these are helpful. Information for Candidates The marks for individual questions and the parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2). There are 4 questions in this question paper. The total mark for this paper is 60. There are 36 pages in this question paper. Any pages are indicated. The following abbreviations are used throughout this paper: LEDC: Less Economically Developed Country MEDC: More Economically Developed Country. Advice to Candidates You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas, descriptions and arguments clearly and logically, including your use of grammar, punctuation and spelling. This publication may be reproduced only in accordance with Edexcel Limited copyright policy Edexcel Limited. Printer s Log. No. M25654A W850/S1312/ /5/5 *M25654A0136* Total Turn over

2 Answer EITHER Question 1 OR Question 2. Write your answers in the spaces provided. If you answer Question 1 put a cross in this box. 1. (a) Study Figure 1a. It gives information about the destruction of the Amazon Rainforest, a fragile environment. Year Area of Amazon Rainforest cut down (square kilometres) Cattle ranching is a major cause of the destruction of the Amazon Rainforest. Cattle ranchers cut down the rainforest to grow grass for cattle. Many important species of plants have been destroyed. The soil is easily washed away by heavy rain because it is not protected by the trees. Figure 1a (i) The rainforest is a fragile environment. Define the term fragile environment. (ii) How has cattle ranching damaged the rainforest s fragile environment? (2) 2 *M25654A0236*

3 (iii) Another way that a fragile environment can be damaged is by resource exploitation. How might resource exploitation affect a fragile environment? (3) *M25654A0336* 3 Turn over

4 (b) Study Figure 1b. It gives information about the effects of flooding in India in July 2004, an LEDC. NEPAL Cutting down trees caused rain water to enter rivers quicker. Dam burst R.Brahmaputra BHUTAN R.Ganges B A BANGLADESH 170 people died INDIA N BAY of BENGAL Key facts about the effects of flooding in areas A and B: 500 people died 1950 km of road destroyed 2000 cattle died 479 schools damaged houses damaged 2 million people homeless hectares of fertile farming land lost Key Boundaries of countries Sea 1cm 100km Areas affected by floods in July 2004 Figure 1b (i) What was the size of area A affected by the flooding?... square kilometres 4 *M25654A0436*

5 (ii) How many people died in area A?... (iii) What environmental factor led to flooding in area A? (iv) Suggest two reasons why people still continue to live here. (2) (v) What effect will the flood have on the economy of areas A and B? (2) (vi) Explain the physical factors that cause floods like this to occur. (4) *M25654A0536* 5 Turn over

6 (c) Rivers can be managed to limit the effects of flooding. Choose a river management scheme that you have studied. Chosen river management scheme... Explain the river management techniques that have been used on your chosen river. (5) 6 *M25654A0636*

7 (d) Choose a stretch of coastline or coastal area that you have studied where cliff recession is occurring or has occurred. Chosen case study... Describe the physical and human effects of this cliff recession and explain the management techniques that have been used to control the cliff recession in this area. *M25654A0736* 7 Turn over

8 (8) Q1 (Total 30 marks) 8 *M25654A0836*

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10 Answer EITHER Question 1 OR Question 2. Write your answers in the spaces provided. If you answer Question 2 put a cross in this box. 2. (a) Study Figure 2a. It shows the distribution of plate boundaries, volcanoes and earthquakes in New Zealand. New Zealand Indo-Australian Plate North Island 60mm Pacific Plate N South Island 30mm Scale Kms Key 60mm Figure 2a major volcanoes earthquakes 2005 movement of plates and average annual movement plate boundary A plate boundary B (i) Name the type of plate boundary at A. 10 *M25654A01036*

11 (ii) How much movement will there be along boundary A in 10 years? Circle the correct answer. 60 millimetres 60 centimetres 60 metres (iii) Describe the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes shown in Figure 2a. (3) (iv) Why are there no volcanoes on plate boundary B? *M25654A01136* 11 Turn over

12 (v) Explain two precautionary methods that have been used on buildings to limit the damage caused by earthquakes. Method 1... Method 2... (4) 12 *M25654A01236*

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14 (b) Study Figure 2b. It gives information about the effects of the Orissa Cyclone on India, an LEDC. N INDIA Coast supports fishermen Jagatsingpur 9000 dead Bay of Bengal Mangrove forests which protected the coast had been cut down Rich, fertile soils, good for farming Key facts about the area affected by the Orissa Cyclone: cattle killed dead 7.5 million homeless 3 million homes damaged schools damaged Fishermen lost 5000 boats Cyclone damage 70 billion rupees Key area affected by Orissa Cyclone Sea Kms Figure 2b 14 *M25654A01436*

15 (i) What was the size of the area affected by the cyclone?... square kilometres. (ii) How many people died in the affected area outside Jagatsingpur? (iii) What environmental factor led to damage on the coast? (iv) Suggest two reasons why people still continue to live in the affected area? (2) (v) What effect will the cyclone have on the economy of the area? (2) *M25654A01536* 15 Turn over

16 (c) Tropical storms have an impact on people and the environment. Choose a tropical storm that you have studied in an MEDC. Chosen tropical storm... Explain the impact (effect) of the storm on the people. (5) 16 *M25654A01636*

17 (d) Choose a volcanic eruption that you have studied. Name of chosen volcanic eruption... Describe the short term (immediate) responses made by the people in the area and the aid given to the people and explain the long term recovery of the area affected by the volcanic eruption. *M25654A01736* 17 Turn over

18 (8) Q2 (Total 30 marks) 18 *M25654A01836*

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20 Answer EITHER Question 3 OR Question 4. Write your answers in the spaces provided. If you answer Question 3 put a cross in this box. 3. (a) Study Photographs A and B. They show tourists who live in the UK on holiday abroad. There are many ways of classifying tourism (i) Photograph A is an example of passive tourism. Why? (ii) State another example of passive tourism. (iii) Classify the holiday shown in Photograph B. Justify your answer. (3) 20 *M25654A02036*

21 (iv) How does the growth in tourism in an area lead to an increase in employment in the tertiary sector? (3) (v) Sustainable strategies are being used to reduce environmental damage to tourist areas as in Photograph B. Describe these strategies. (2) *M25654A02136* 21 Turn over

22 (b) Study Figure 3. It is a pictogram which shows the growth of world tourism from 1945 to Key = 50 million 1955 = 25 million 1965 Year Figure 3 (i) How many tourists were there in 1965? *M25654A02236*

23 (ii) Which ten year period saw the greatest increase in tourism?... (iii) Explain two reasons for the growth shown on Figure 3. (4) (iv) In some years the number of international tourists drops. Suggest why this might happen. *M25654A02336* 23 Turn over

24 (c) Mountain areas have been developed as tourist areas. Choose a mountain area you have studied Chosen mountain area... Describe the physical and human attractions which have led to its development as a tourist area. (5) 24 *M25654A02436*

25 (d) Coastal areas have been developed as tourist areas. Choose a coastal area that you have studied. Chosen coastal area... Describe the positive and negative impacts (effects) of tourism on the environment in your chosen area and explain the effects of tourism in this area on different groups of people. *M25654A02536* 25 Turn over

26 (8) Q3 (Total 30 marks) 26 *M25654A02636*

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28 Answer EITHER Question 3 OR Question 4. Write your answers in the spaces provided. If you answer Question 4 put a cross in this box. 4. (a) Study Photographs C and D. They show two contrasting zones of an urban area in an MEDC. (i) One urban zone is shown in Photograph C. Name the urban zone.... (ii) State two features common to this urban zone. (2) (iii) Sustainable strategies are being used to improve the quality of life in this urban zone. Describe these strategies. (3) 28 *M25654A02836*

29 (iv) Another urban zone is shown in Photograph D. Name the urban zone.... (v) Justify your answer to part (iv). (3) *M25654A02936* 29 Turn over

30 (b) Study Figure 4. It is a pictogram which shows the percentage of the world s population living in urban areas from 1945 to Key = 5% = 2.5% Year Figure 4 (i) What percentage of the world s population was living in urban areas in 1945?... (ii) Which ten year period saw the greatest increase in population living in urban areas? *M25654A03036*

31 (iii) Explain two reasons for the increase shown on Figure 4. (4) (iv) What is the term given for the increasing proportion of people living in urban areas? *M25654A03136* 31 Turn over

32 (c) Choose an urban area that has been polluted. Chosen urban area... Describe the causes of pollution in this urban area. (5) 32 *M25654A03236*

33 (d) Urban areas in LEDCs are undergoing rapid growth. Choose an urban area in an LEDC that you have studied. Chosen urban area... Describe the reasons for and the results of this rapid growth and explain how growth is being managed in your chosen urban area. *M25654A03336* 33 Turn over

34 (8) Q4 END (Total 30 marks) TOTAL FOR PAPER: 60 MARKS 34 *M25654A03436*

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