Offshore Evidence for Uplift Rate Boundaries. Hans AbramsonWard Diablo Canyon SSHAC SSC Workshop 2 November 7, 2012
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1 Offshore Evidence for Uplift Rate Boundaries Hans AbramsonWard Diablo Canyon SSHAC SSC Workshop 2 November 7, 2012
2 Questions asked by the TI team Discuss your ability to distinguish and correlate offshore terraces/submerged shoreline angles; Address alternative models and considerations for the ages of offshore marine terraces/shoreline angles; and Discuss the evidence for uplift rate boundaries seen in the data and implications for the location of dip-slip faults.
3 Submerged marine terraces The continental shelf is a broad, sloping, erosional surface. Are the bumps on the surface just noise or is there richness in the bumps?
4 Key Data Sources Considered in Shoreline fault report: Seafloor multibeam echo sounding (MBES) data (CSU Monterey Bay; R. Kvitek): Seismicity (Hardebeck, 2010): 2D Seismic-reflection data (Sliter et al., 2009): pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1100/ Acquired since release of Shoreline fault report (AB1632): 2D/3D Pt. Buchon seismic-reflection data (PG&E, forthcoming) 3D Pt. San Luis seismic-reflection data (PG&E, forthcoming)
5 Submerged marine terraces are identified on shelf offshore of the DCPP Characterized by platforms that are relatively flatter than surrounding shelf that are backed by relatively steeper slopes (paleosea cliffs)
6 Submerged marine terraces are identified on shelf offshore of the DCPP Variable geomorphic expression. Many possible paleoshorelines are identified that could result from differential erosion instead of paleosea-level stillstands. Details of the mapping criteria are presented in the Shoreline Fault Zone report (PG&E, 2011)
7 Submerged marine terraces are identified on shelf offshore of the DCPP Key analyses are based on the paleoshorelines that crosscut rock structure, exhibit the best geomorphic expression, and are best correlated Profile Location
8 Profile Line Distribution of Submerged Marine Terraces Islay Shelf: Relatively steep and narrow (~ % gradient) Dominated by Tertiary sedimentary rock, Storm pattern from NW delivers more wave energy DCPP Santa Rosa Reef Shelf: Relatively flat and wide (~ % gradient) Mixed lithology including KJf and Cretaceous sandstone, Despite morphological differences, submerged shoreline angles are reliable indicators of relative paleosea levels
9 Ages of Submerged marine terraces: Key Assumptions and Uncertainties Transgression re-set geomorphology to some extent. How much? Sinuous channels carved by subaerial erosion were not removed by the transgression. Channels less evident near shore, suggesting removal by wave erosion during the Holocene highstand. Coincident with wide, shallow Holocene wave-cut platform. Sinuous channel Holocene erosion has likely removed pre-existing features near the shore
10 Ages of submerged marine terraces are estimated by comparison to Quaternary sea level curves Post-transgression mechanism is abrupt sea level rise abandoning the active seacliff Geomorphology of seacliff likely to be muted by erosion at wave base as sea level passes. Pre-Transgression Geomorphic signature likely muted due to erosion during transgression Uncertainty in actual age but broad ranges may be estimated Unlikely to be preserved in very weak rock (e.g, melange) mechanism may be: 1. Erosion during highstand, lowstand, or stillstand 2. Result of multiple occupations.
11 Post-glacial sea level history
12 Statistical combination of global eustatic sea level records (Stanford et al., 2012) Re calibrated original radiocarbon dates Removed samples deemed to be low quality (e.g. wood chunk) Developed Monte Carlo simulations of sea level curves that best fit remaining data sets Best candidates for development of post-glacial terraces are at the onset of MWP 1a and 1b
13 Exploring mechanism of terrace formation: Formation during post-glacial transgression Stillstand and abrupt sea level rise, uniform shelf slope
14 Exploring mechanism of terrace formation: Formation during post-glacial transgression Stillstand and abrupt sea level rise, uniform shelf slope
15 Exploring mechanism of terrace formation: Formation during post-glacial transgression Stillstand and abrupt sea level rise, uniform shelf slope
16 Exploring mechanism of terrace formation: Formation during post-glacial transgression Stillstand and abrupt sea level rise, uniform shelf slope
17 Exploring mechanism of terrace formation: Formation during post-glacial transgression Stillstand and abrupt sea level rise, uniform shelf slope
18 Exploring mechanism of terrace formation: Formation during post-glacial transgression Stillstand and abrupt sea level rise, uniform shelf slope
19 Exploring mechanism of terrace formation: Formation during post-glacial transgression Stillstand and abrupt sea level rise, uniform shelf slope
20 Exploring mechanism of terrace formation: Formation during post-glacial transgression Stillstand and abrupt sea level rise, uniform shelf slope
21 Exploring mechanism of terrace formation: Formation during post-glacial transgression Stillstand and abrupt sea level rise, uniform shelf slope
22 Exploring mechanism of terrace formation: Formation during post-glacial transgression Longer duration of stillstand results in wider platform Stillstand and abrupt sea level rise, uniform shelf slope
23 Exploring mechanism of terrace formation: Erosion of older terraces by transgression Pre-existing terrace, uniform sea level rise
24 Exploring mechanism of terrace formation: Erosion of older terraces by transgression Pre-existing terrace, uniform sea level rise
25 Exploring mechanism of terrace formation: Erosion of older terraces by transgression Pre-existing terrace, uniform sea level rise
26 Exploring mechanism of terrace formation: Erosion of older terraces by transgression Pre-existing terrace, uniform sea level rise
27 Exploring mechanism of terrace formation: Erosion of older terraces by transgression Pre-existing terrace, uniform sea level rise
28 Exploring mechanism of terrace formation: Erosion of older terraces by transgression Pre-existing terrace, uniform sea level rise
29 Exploring mechanism of terrace formation: Erosion of older terraces by transgression Pre-existing terrace, uniform sea level rise
30 Exploring mechanism of terrace formation: Erosion of older terraces by transgression Pre-existing terrace, uniform sea level rise
31 Exploring mechanism of terrace formation: Erosion of older terraces by transgression Pre-existing terrace, uniform sea level rise
32 Exploring mechanism of terrace formation: Erosion of older terraces by transgression Pre-existing terrace, uniform sea level rise
33 Exploring mechanism of terrace formation: Erosion of older terraces by transgression Platform width is largely preserved Pre-existing terrace, uniform sea level rise
34 Islay Shelf shoreline correlation North??? (m)
35 Depth (m) Islay Shelf: Flight of 7 or more submerged terraces observed Best expressed terraces occur at depths of about 22 and 27 m below sea level
36 Santa Rosa Reef Shelf shoreline correlation South???? Depth (m)
37 0 Santa Rosa Reef Shelf: Flight of 11 or more submerged terraces observed Best expressed terraces occur at depths of about 20, 29, 40, 45, and 82 m below sea level
38 Depth (m) Islay Shelf: Santa Rosa Reef Shelf: Differences in number of submerged shorelines preserved, and depths of the best-preserved shorelines suggest that the two shelf segments have undergone different histories of terrace formation. Best explained by differences in uplift rate
39 Recognition of uplift boundary Separate flights of strandlines suggest the presence of an uplift boundary offshore between Islay and Santa Rosa Reef shelves Matches well with observation that onshore marine terraces change elevation across uplift boundary, which was inferred to be a crustal fault, the San Luis Bay fault Potential uplift rates are based on correlation with marine terraces onshore
40 Potential terrace ages on Islay Shelf (0.2 mm/yr uplift rate) > 70 ka > 30 ka
41 Potential terrace ages on Santa Rosa Reef Shelf (0.06 mm/yr uplift rate) Uplift of Shelf Segments > 70 ka > 30 ka
42 Offshore extension of uplift boundary is supported by deformation of MIS 5A marine terrace platform
43 Wave-cut platform offshore of Olson Hill is probable remnant of MIS 5a platform
44 Position of Uplift boundary? Offshore extension of uplift boundary is supported by deformation of MIS 5A marine terrace platform
45 Possible position of uplift boundary Exact location of uplift boundary between two shelf segments is not well constrained by terrace correlations: Alternative 1: Uplift boundary extends west from offshore of Olson Hill to Hosgri fault. Approximately coincides with magnetic lineament and west-trending geologic structures Alternative 2: Uplift boundary underlies sandy region west of DCPP Null hypothesis that there is no uplift boundary is not supported by terrace correlations.
46 Conclusions Numerous submerged terraces are distinguished offshore of DCPP with variable geomorphic expression Relatively shallower terraces with relatively wide wavecut platforms are best interpreted as pre-dating the post-glacial transgression Distinct suites of submerged terraces indicate two separate shelf segments uplifting at different rates Boundary between the shelf segments extends west from onshore traces of San Luis Bay fault Correlation of submerged terraces across Shoreline and Pt. Buchon faults indicates an absence of vertical separation on those structures
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