Mid Term Review questions

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1 Mid Term Review questions Name 1. Base your answer to the following question on The graph below shows the relationship between mass and volume for three samples, A, B, and C, of a given material. Base your answers to questions 4 and 5 on the diagrams below, which represent two different solid, uniform materials cut into cubes A and B. What is the density of this material? 1) 1.0 g/cm 3 2) 5.0 g/cm 3 3) 10.0 g/cm 3 4) 20.0 g/cm 3 2. Which graph shows the most probable effect of environmental pollution on the chances of human survival? 1) 2) 3) 4) 3. Which statement about a major hurricane is an inference? 1) The windspeed is measured at 200 km/hr. 2) The central air pressure is recorded at mb. 3) A rain gauge records three inches of rain in less than one hour. 4) Damage from the storm is expected to be extensive. 4. If a parcel of air is heated, its density will 1) decrease 2) increase 3) remain the same 5. Assume cube B was broken into many irregularly shaped pieces. Compared to the density of the entire cube, the density of one of the pieces would be 1) less 2) greater 3) the same 6. From Utica, New York, Polaris is observed at an altitude of approximately 1) 43º 2) 47º 3) 75º 4) 90º 7. At which New York State location would an observer measure the highest altitude of Polaris? 1) New York City 2) Slide Mountain 3) Niagara Falls 4) Plattsburgh 8. The solid rock material that directly underlies the sediments on the ocean floor is part of the Earth's 1) lithosphere 2) hydrosphere 3) troposphere 4) outer core 9. The Earth's actual shape is most correctly described as 1) a circle 2) a perfect sphere 3) an oblate sphere 4) an eccentric ellipse Mrs. Cirillo & Mrs. Gagliardi Page

2 10.Which graph best represents the relationship between the density of a substance and its state of matter (phase) for most earth materials, excluding water? [Key: S = solid, L = liquid, G = gas] 14. Which diagram most accurately shows the cross-sectional shape of the Earth? 1) 2) 1) 2) 3) 4) 3) 4) 11. Base your answer to the following question on The graph below shows the changes in height of ocean water over the course of 2 days at one Earth location. Which statement concerning these changes is best supported by the graph? 1) The changes are cyclic and occur at predictable time intervals. 2) The changes are cyclic and occur at the same time every day. 3) The changes are noncyclic and occur at sunrise and sunset. 4) The changes are noncyclic and may occur at any time. 12. The best evidence that the Earth has a spherical shape is provided by 1) photographs of the Earth taken from space satellites 2) the amount of daylight received at the North Pole on June 21 3) the changing orbital speed of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun 4) the cyclic change of seasons 13. The Coriolis effect is a result of Earth's 1) tilted axis 2) orbital shape 3) revolution 4) rotation 15. In which two temperature zones of the atmosphere does the temperature increase with increasing altitude? 1) troposphere and stratosphere 2) troposphere and mesosphere 3) stratosphere and thermosphere 4) mesosphere and thermosphere 16. The altitude of the ozone layer near the South Pole is 20 kilometers above sea level. Which temperature zone of the atmosphere contains this ozone layer? 1) troposphere 2) stratosphere 3) mesosphere 4) thermosphere 17. Base your answer to the following question on The graph below represents percentage of elements by volume. This graph best represents the elements of the Earth's 1) lithosphere 2) hydrosphere 3) troposphere 4) stratosphere 18. Which mineral is the major component of drywall? 1) talc 2) calcite 3) muscovite mica 4) selenite gypsum Mrs. Cirillo & Mrs. Gagliardi Page

3 19. Base your answer to the following question on the contour map below, which shows a hill formed by glacial deposition near Rochester, New York. Letters A through E are reference points. Elevations are in feet. Which description best compares the gradients of this hill? 1) AE and EB have the same gradient. 2) AE has a steeper gradient than EB. 3) CE has a steeper gradient than ED. 4) CE and AE have the same gradient. 20. Approximately what percent of the Earth's radius is represented by the crust? 1) less than 1% 2) 25% 3) 50% 4) 75% 21. What time is it in Greenwich, England (at 0 longitude), when it is noon in Massena, New York? 1) 7 a.m. 2) noon 3) 5 p.m. 4) 10 p.m. 22. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below shows an observer on Earth viewing the star Polaris. 23. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below shows latitude measurements every 10 degrees and longitude measurements every 15 degrees. What is the observer's latitude? 1) 38 N 2) 38 S 3) 52 N 4) 52 S What is the latitude and longitude of point X? 1) 40 S 45 E 2) 50 N 45 W 3) 60 S 30 W 4) 75 N 30 E 24. Which of the following elements is not found in Plagioclase Feldspar? 1) Na 2) Al 3) Si 4) Pb Mrs. Cirillo & Mrs. Gagliardi Page

4 Base your answers to questions 25 and 26 on the topographic map below. Points A through I are locations on the map. Elevations are shown in meters. 25. In which section of the map is the highest elevation located? 1) northeast 2) northwest 3) southeast 4) southwest 26. Which locations have the same elevation? 1) A and C 2) B and E 3) C and I 4) F and G 27. At which latitude is the Sun directly overhead on certain days of the year? 1) 23.5 N 2) 42 N 3) 66.5 N 4) 90 N 28. The best evidence that the distance between the Moon and the Earth varies is provided by the apparent change in the Moon's 1) shape 2) diameter 3) altitude 4) phase 29. Which motion causes the constellation Orion to be visible at midnight from New York State in winter but not in summer? 1) rotation of Earth 2) rotation of Orion 3) revolution of Earth 4) revolution of Orion 30. Which type of rock most likely contains fossils? 1) scoria 2) gabbro 3) schist 4) shale Mrs. Cirillo & Mrs. Gagliardi Page

5 31. The topographic map below shows two hills labeled A and B. The tributary streams labeled X and Y have the same volume of water. Which statement is best supported by the map? 1) Hill A is higher than hill B. 2) Hill B is higher than hill A. 3) Stream X flows faster than stream Y. 4) Stream Y flows faster than stream X. 32. Base your answer to the following question on The constellation Pisces changes position during a night, as shown in the diagram below. Which motion is mainly responsible for this change in position? 1) revolution of Earth around the Sun 2) rotation of Earth on its axis 3) revolution of Pisces around the Sun 4) rotation of Pisces on its axis 33. Most rock gypsum is formed by the 1) heating of previously existing foliated bedrock 2) cooling and solidification of lava 3) compaction and cementation of shells and skeletal remains 4) chemical precipitation of minerals from seawater Mrs. Cirillo & Mrs. Gagliardi Page

6 Base your answers to questions 34 through 36 on the diagram below, which represents Earth revolving around the Sun. Letters A, B, C, and D represent Earth's location in its orbit on the first day of the four seasons. NP represents the North Pole. 36. Which diagram best represents the Sun's apparent path as seen by an observer at 43.5 N latitude on December 21? 1) 2) 3) 34. If the tilt of Earth's axis were decreased from 23.5 to 15, New York State's winters would become 1) warmer, and summers would become cooler 2) warmer, and summers would become warmer 3) cooler, and summers would become cooler 4) cooler, and summers would become warmer 35. Which location in Earth's orbit represents the first day of summer in New York State? 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 4) 37. The diagram below represents a simple geocentric model. Which object is represented by the letter X? 1) Earth 2) Sun 3) Moon 4) Polaris Mrs. Cirillo & Mrs. Gagliardi Page

7 38. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below shows Earth as viewed from space. Which season is beginning in the Northern Hemisphere? 1) spring 2) summer 3) fall 4) winter 39. What is the best way to determine if a mineral sample is calcite or quartz? 1) Observe the color of the mineral. 2) Place the mineral near a magnet. 3) Place a drop of acid on the mineral. 4) Measure the mass of the mineral. 40. Base your answer to the following question on The photograph below shows a piece of halite that has been recently broken. 41. A camera was placed in an open field and pointed toward the northern sky. The lens of the camera was left open for a certain amount of time. The result is shown in the photograph below. The angle of the arc through which two of the stars appeared to move during this time exposure is shown. Which physical property of halite is demonstrated by this pattern of breakage? 1) hardness 2) streak 3) cleavage 4) luster How many hours was the lens left open to produce the photograph? 1) 12 2) 2 3) 6 4) 4 Mrs. Cirillo & Mrs. Gagliardi Page

8 42. Base your answer to the following question on the drawings of six sedimentary rocks labeled A through F. Which two rocks are composed primarily of quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals? 1) rock salt and conglomerate 2) rock salt and breccia 3) sandstone and shale 4) sandstone and limestone 43. The diagram below shows a heavy mass moving back and forth in a straight-line direction. The apparent direction of movement changes over time. 45. Base your answer to the following question on The diagrams below show the crystal shapes of two minerals. This device provides evidence that 1) Earth rotates 2) Earth's axis is tilted 3) Earth revolves 4) Earth has a magnetic pole 44. A student obtains a cup of quartz sand from a beach. A saltwater solution is poured into the sand and allowed to evaporate. The mineral residue from the saltwater solution cements the sand grains together, forming a material that is most similar in origin to 1) an extrusive igneous rock 2) an intrusive igneous rock 3) a clastic sedimentary rock 4) a foliated metamorphic rock Quartz and halite have different crystal shapes primarily because 1) light reflects from crystal surfaces 2) energy is released during crystallization 3) of impurities that produce surface variations 4) of the internal arrangement of the atoms 46. Particles of sediment collected from a lake bottom averaged 1.2 centimeters in diameter. If left on the lake bottom to become buried by more sediment and compressed into rock, these particles would form 1) sandstone 2) conglomerate 3) quartzite 4) granite 47. Which intrusive igneous rock could be composed of approximately 60% pyroxene, 25% plagioclase feldspar, 10% olivine, and 5% amphibole? 1) granite 2) rhyolite 3) gabbro 4) basalt Mrs. Cirillo & Mrs. Gagliardi Page

9 48. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below shows three stages in the formation of a specific rock. Which rock is formed as a result of these three stages? 1) limestone 2) gneiss 3) schist 4) coal 49. The flowchart below illustrates the change from melted rock to basalt. The solidification of the melted rock occurred 1) slowly, resulting in fine-grained minerals 2) slowly, resulting in coarse-grained minerals 3) rapidly, resulting in coarse-grained minerals 4) rapidly, resulting in fine-grained minerals 50. Wavy bands of light and dark minerals visible in gneiss bedrock probably formed from the 1) cementing together of individual miner grains 2) cooling and crystallization of magma 3) evaporation of an ancient ocean 4) heat and pressure during metamorphism 51. Which nonfoliated rock forms only in a zone of contact metamorphism? 1) conglomerate 2) hornfels 3) pegmatite 4) quartzite 52. Which sequence of change in rock type occurs as shale is subjected to increasing heat and pressure? 1) shale schist phyllite slate gneiss 2) shale slate phyllite schist gneiss 3) shale gneiss phyllite slate schist 4) shale gneiss phyllite schist slate 53. Rocks are classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic based primarily on their 1) texture 2) crystal or grain size 3) method of formation 4) mineral composition 54. Where are the Earth's sedimentary rocks generally found? 1) in regions of recent volcanic activity 2) deep within the Earth's crust 3) along the mid-ocean ridges 4) as a thin layer covering much of the continents 55. In which part of the Earth are felsic rocks most likely to be found? 1) continental crust 2) oceanic crust 3) plastic mantle 4) rigid mantle 56. A huge undersea earthquake off the Alaskan coastline could produce a 1) tsunami 2) cyclone 3) hurricane 4) thunderstorm 57. The granitic bedrock of the continental crust is classified as 1) felsic, with a density of 2.7 g/cm 3 2) felsic, with a density of 3.0 g/cm 3 3) mafic, with a density of 2.7 g/cm 3 4) mafic, with a density of 3.0 g/cm 3 Mrs. Cirillo & Mrs. Gagliardi Page

10 58. Which statement about the formation of a rock is best supported by the rock cycle? 1) Magma must be weathered before it can change to metamorphic rock. 2) Sediment must be compacted and cemented before it can change to sedimentary rock. 3) Sedimentary rock must melt before it can change to metamorphic rock. 4) Metamorphic rock must melt before it can change to sedimentary rock. 59. The rock between 2,900 kilometers and 5,200 kilometers below the Earth's surface is inferred to be 1) an iron-rich solid 2) an iron-rich liquid 3) a silicate-rich solid 4) a silicate-rich liquid 60. Active volcanoes are most abundant along the 1) edges of tectonic plates 2) eastern coastline of continents 3) 23.5 N and 23.5 S parallels of latitude 4) equatorial ocean floor 61. The fact that S-waves are unable to travel through the Earth's outer core supports the inference that the outer core is 1) composed of iron and nickel 2) more dense than the inner core 3) hotter than the rock's melting point 4) in the solid state of matter 62. Beneath which surface location is Earth's crust the thinnest? 1) East Pacific Ridge 2) the center of South America 3) Old Forge, New York 4) San Andreas Fault 63. What happens to the density and temperature of rock within Earth s interior as depth increases? 1) density decreases and temperature decreases 2) density decreases and temperature increases 3) density increases and temperature increases 4) density increases and temperature decreases 64. Scientists have inferred the structure of Earth s interior mainly by analyzing 1) the Moon s interior 2) the Moon s composition 3) Earth s surface features 4) Earth s seismic data 65. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows a cutaway view of Earth in which the interior layers are visible. The paths of earthquake waves generated at point X are shown. A, B, C, and D are locations of seismic stations on Earth's surface, and point E is located in Earth's interior. Both P-waves and S-waves were received at seismic stations A and B, but only P-waves were received at seismic stations C and D. Which statement best explains why this occurred? 1) S-waves are much weaker than P-waves. 2) S-waves travel faster than P-waves. 3) The liquid outer core prevents S-waves from traveling to seismic stations C and D. 4) The solid outer core prevents S-waves from traveling to seismic stations C and D. 66. The first S-wave arrived at a seismograph station 11 minutes after an earthquake occurred. How long after the arrival of the first P-wave did this first S -wave arrive? 1) 3 min 15 s 2) 4 min 55 s 3) 6 min 05 s 4) 9 min 00 s Mrs. Cirillo & Mrs. Gagliardi Page

11 67. Fossils of marine plants and animals are found in the bedrock of mountains many thousands of feet above sea level. The most likely reason for this observation is that 1) the mountains were part of a mid-ocean ridge 2) the ocean level has dropped several thousand feet 3) forces within the Earth caused uplift 4) transported materials were deposited at high elevations 68. Base your answer to the following question on The map below shows the location of an earthquake epicenter in New York State. Seismic stations A, B, and C received the data used to locate the earthquake epicenter. The seismogram recorded at station A would show the 1) arrival of P-waves, only 2) earliest arrival time of P-waves 3) greatest difference in the arrival times of P -waves and S-waves 4) arrival of S-waves before the arrival of P-waves 69. A P-wave takes 8 minutes and 20 seconds to travel from the epicenter of an earthquake to a seismic station. Approximately how long will an S-wave take to travel from the epicenter of the same earthquake to this seismic station? 1) 6 mm 40 sec 2) 9 mm 40 sec 3) 15 mm 00 sec 4) 19 mm 00 sec 70. Which difference between gabbro bedrock and granite bedrock causes seismic waves to travel faster in gabbro than in granite? 1) Gabbro is more dense than granite. 2) Gabbro has greater permeability than granite. 3) Gabbro has a darker color than granite. 4) Gabbro is made of smaller mineral grains than granite. 71. A seismograph station recorded the arrival of the first P-wave at 7:32 p.m. from an earthquake that occurred 4000 kilometers away. What time was it at the station when the earthquake occurred? 1) 7:20 p.m. 2) 7:25 p.m. 3) 7:32 p.m. 4) 7:39 p.m. 72. A seismographic station determines that its distance from the epicenter of an earthquake is 4,000 kilometers. If the P-wave arrived at the station at 10:15 a.m., the time of the earthquake's origin was 1) 10:02 a.m. 2) 10:08 a.m. 3) 10:10 a.m. 4) 10:22 a.m. 73. When two tectonic plates collide, oceanic crust usually subducts beneath continental crust because oceanic crust is primarily composed of igneous rock that has 1) low density and is mafic 2) low density and is felsic 3) high density and is mafic 4) high density and is felsic 74. Which coastal area is most likely to experience a severe earthquake? 1) east coast of North America 2) east coast of Australia 3) west coast of Africa 4) west coast of South America 75. Convection currents in the plastic mantle are believed to cause divergence of lithospheric plates at the 1) Peru-Chile Trench 2) Mariana Trench 3) Canary Islands Hot Spot 4) Iceland Hot Spot Mrs. Cirillo & Mrs. Gagliardi Page

12 76. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below, which shows the boundary between two lithospheric plates. Point X is a location in the continental lithosphere. The depth below Earth's surface is labeled in kilometers. Between which two lithospheric plates could this boundary be located? 1) South American Plate and African Plate 2) Scotia Plate and Antarctic Plate 3) Nazca Plate and South American Plate 4) African Plate and Arabian Plate 77. The theory of continental drift suggests that the 1) continents moved due to changes in the Earth's orbital velocity 2) continents moved due to the Coriolis effect caused by the Earth's rotation 3) present-day continents of South America and Africa are moving toward each other 4) present-day continents of South America and Africa once fit together like puzzle parts Mrs. Cirillo & Mrs. Gagliardi Page

13 78. Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows the depths of selected earthquakes along the crustal plate boundary near the west coast of South America. Letters A, B, C, and D are epicenter locations along a west-to-east line at the surface. The relative depth of each earthquake is indicated. The earthquake beneath epicenter D occurred in which part of Earth s interior? 1) crust 2) rigid mantle 3) asthenosphere 4) stiffer mantle Mrs. Cirillo & Mrs. Gagliardi Page

14 79. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below shows the magnetic polarity preserved by minerals within the bedrock of the oceanic crust near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Letters A, B, C, and D represent locations in the ocean-floor bedrock. The most recently formed bedrock is found at location 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D Mrs. Cirillo & Mrs. Gagliardi Page

15 80. Base your answer to the following question on the map of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge shown below. Points A through D are locations on the ocean floor. Line XY connects locations in North America and Africa. In which cross section do the arrows best show the convection occurring within the asthenosphere beneath line XY? 1) 2) 3) 4) only multiple choice questions Mrs. Cirillo & Mrs. Gagliardi Page

16 Answer Key Mid Term Review Questions Mrs. Cirillo & Mrs. Gagliardi Page