The Late Quaternary Rio Grande Delta A Distinctive, Underappreciated Geologic System
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1 The Late Quaternary Rio Grande Delta A Distinctive, Underappreciated Geologic System Thomas E. Ewing 1 and Juan L. Gonzalez 2 1 Frontera Exploration Consultants, Redland Rd., Ste. 250, San Antonio, Texas Department of Multidisciplinary Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W. University Dr., Edinburg, Texas GCAGS Explore & Discover Article #00013 * Posted September 13, * Abstract extracted from a full paper published in the GCAGS Transactions (see footnote reference below), which is available as part of the entire 2016 GCAGS Transactions volume via the GCAGS Bookstore at the Bureau of Economic Geology ( or as an individual document via AAPG Datapages, Inc. ( and delivered as an oral presentation at the 66th Annual GCAGS Convention and 63rd Annual GCSSEPM Meeting in Corpus Christi, Texas, September 18 20, ABSTRACT The delta of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo in southernmost Texas and northern Tamaulipas is one of the major deltas of North America. Over 600,000 people live on the Holocene delta and river plain, and a million more on its Pleistocene ancestors, yet geologic knowledge is limited. Combining available geologic information with global satellite photography gives a balanced view of an important delta. The Holocene delta begins at a point west of San Benito, Texas, forming a classic eastward-opening delta. Over half of the delta lies south of the present Rio Grande drainage. The delta passes westward into a floodplain that becomes entrenched into older rocks westward to Roma. In this delta, distributary channels or resacas are extremely sinuous and show a pronounced levee rise. A yazoo stream in the floodplain cuts northward across Pleistocene deposits to form a displaced delta. The delta plain is extensively modified by eolian processes. Erosion of clay-rich algal mats from exposed esteros (large, shallow ephemeral lakes) create complex clay dune deposits that form 6 m (20 ft) high hills (lomitas) on the flat plain. Dominant SE to SSE winds affect sand movement along the transgressive shorelines. Longshore movement is particularly effective on the north side of the delta, less so on the south side. The delta appears to have formed between 8000 and 3000 years BP by a robust, sediment-loaded Rio Grande. This period occurs during the Holocene Climatic Optimum, which was a dry time (altithermal) on the High Plains. Since 3000 years BP, the delta has been much less active and has been transgressed by barrier systems. The delta today is inactive, because of upstream reservoirs built since the 1940s. Before then, the river had irregular high discharge due to tropical systems and contributions from the upper Rio Grande system. The Pleistocene deltas that form the Beaumont surface underlying McAllen, Edinburg, and Harlingen probably exhibit similar landforms. Originally published as: Ewing, T. E., and J. L. Gonzalez, 2016, The late Quaternary Rio Grande Delta A distinctive, underappreciated geologic system: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 66, p
2 THE LATE QUATERNARY RIO GRANDE DELTA : A Distinctive, Underappreciated Geologic System Thomas E. Ewing tewing@fronteraexploration.com Juan Gonzalez juan.l.gonzalez@utrgv.edu 2016 GCAGS Corpus Christi, TX
3 ABSTRACT The delta of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo in southernmost Texas and northern Tamaulipas is one of the major deltas of North America. Over 600,000 people live on the Holocene delta and river plain, and a million more on its Pleistocene ancestors, yet geologic knowledge is limited. Combining available geologic information with global satellite photography gives a balanced view of an important delta. The Holocene delta begins at a point west of San Benito, Texas, forming a classic eastward-opening delta. Over half of the delta lies south of the present Rio Grande drainage. The delta passes westward into a floodplain that becomes entrenched into older rocks westward to Roma. In this delta, distributary channels or resacas are extremely sinuous and show a pronounced levee rise. A yazoo stream in the floodplain cuts northward across Pleistocene deposits to form a displaced delta. The delta plain is extensively modified by eolian processes. Erosion of clay-rich algal mats from exposed esteros create complex "clay dune" deposits that form 6 m (20-ft) high hills (lomitas) on the flat plain. Dominant SE to SSE winds affect sand movement along the transgressive shorelines. Longshore movement is particularly effective on the north side of the delta, less so on the south side. The delta appears to have formed between 8,000 and 3,000 years BP by a robust, sediment-loaded Rio Grande. This period occurs during the Holocene Climatic Optimum, which was a dry time (Altithermal) on the High Plains. Since 3,000 years BP, the delta has been much less active and has been transgressed by barrier systems. The delta today is inactive, because of upstream reservoirs built since the 1940s. Before then, the river had irregular high discharge due to tropical systems and contributions from the upper Rio Grande system. The Pleistocene deltas that form the Beaumont surface underlying McAllen, Edinburg and Harlingen probably exhibit similar landforms.
4 SUMMARY Major point-source delta in western Gulf (Late Pleistocene and Holocene) Densely settled (1-2 million people) but geologic knowledge is sparse River and valley subject to great floods, but otherwise area is semiarid Consistent SSE winds in semiarid climate generate distinctive features; lomitas (clay dunes), mudflats Transgressive shoreline system highly variable
5 Texas Gulf Coast Shorelines (From Ewing, 2016, Texas Through Time; UT Bur. Econ. Geol.)
6 Rio Grande Basin 456,000 km 3 contributing Major water sources to north, west, southwest
7 Field Trip Stops (planned)
8 RELATION TO LGM LOWSTAND??
9 Rainfall (in/yr) and Winds
10 Hurricane Beulah storm of record Hit valley in Sept (to 75 cm) rainfall 8-14 storm surge Pt Isabel and N Created river flood of 6230 m 3 /s (220,000 cfs) at Rio Grande City with dams in place! $100 million damage in US alone (prob. $5-15 billion today)
11 Delta Overview
12 Resacas and Lakes
13 Major Resacas (US Side)
14 Sinuous Channels, Upper Delta Sinuosity = 2.68 MB Width = km M Wavelength =1.6 km M Arc Height = 515 m MB Height = 3-5m Channel Width: Today 33m Historic m
15 Outer delta closeup
16 Lomitas and Esteros
17 Algal mats and clay dunes
18 Lake with dune filling R. La Pita
19 R. Cuates cut-through by lake
20 Boca Chica Dunes and Boca del Rio
21 Profiles of bay and barrier
22 Irrigation and Flood Control
23 Dams and Canals
24 Sunset, Sal del Rey
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