Floods Lecture #21 20

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1 Floods 20 Lecture #21

2 What Is a Flood? Def: high discharge event along a river! Due to heavy rain or snow-melt During a flood, a river:! Erodes channel o Deeper & wider! Overflows channel o Deposits sediment on floodplain

3 Mississippi River Channel Floodplain Bluffs Normal Year Flood Year

4 Changes During Floods Higher discharge -->! Faster flow! Increase in total load! Increase in size of sediment carried

5 Floods As Natural Events Typical river:! Some flooding annually! Can be good: o Fertilizes floodplain o Builds up the land

6 Example: New Orleans Levees block water from FP! Land < sea level...! Subsides o Weight of city o Removal of GW! Not rebuilt by flood deposits

7 Example: Nile River, Egypt Flooded every year! FP fertile! Egyptian civilization prospered Aswan Dam (1950s)! Flood control! Crop yield fell! Delta eroded

8 If floods can be good, what s the problem? Most common geologic hazard:! Affect more people than others combined! > Earthquakes & volcanoes In US...! ~10% of people live on floodplains! ~20,000 communities! ~6 million homes

9 Cost of Floods in US ~ $ 4 billion annually 1993: Mississippi & Missouri Rivers! Floods in MO, IA, IL! > $12 billion in damages 2008: somewhat less extensive! > $11 billion Costliest flood

10 1993 Gauging station Mississippi River Missouri River

11 Flash Floods Def: brief, quick, severe! Sudden rise, rapid fall! Small area o Smashes structures! Typical for mountain streams Cause! Local, intense rainfall o Too fast to soak in > runs off into rivers

12 Floodplain Floods Def: persistant, widespread! Steady rise, gradual fall! Large area o Soil gets waterlogged & muddy! Typical for lowland streams Cause! Widespread rain/snow across basin o Too wet to soak in > runs off into rivers

13 Big Thomson R (1976) Examples Great Falls MT (1975)

14 Prediction of Floods Save lives, minimize damage Short-term (days to months)! Uses accurate weather forecasting! NWS issues flood projections & warnings

15 Long-term Prediction Community planning (years to decades) Uses flood-frequency analysis! Based on: o Historical records o For a given area

16 Flood-Frequency Analysis Data needed:! Size of flood o Maximum discharge o Water depth!recurrence interval: average number of years between occurrences of a certain size flood

17 Flood-Frequency Analysis (cont.) To find RI:! Let N = # of years of records! Rank (M): flood order o Largest: M = 1 o Smallest: M = N! Then RI = (N + 1) / M

18 Flood-Frequency Analysis In general (cont.)!large floods have a long recurrence interval!small floods have a short recurrence interval!example: a 5-year flood occurs more frequently than a 50-year flood.

19 Flood-Frequency Analysis (cont.) Probability: likelihood that a certain size flood will occur in any given year = reciprocal of recurrence interval P = 1 / R.I.

20 Probability of Floods Recurrence Size Frequency Probability 100 yrs very large rare 0.01 = 1% 25 yrs large 2 yrs small more common very common 0.04 = 4% 0.5 = 50%

21 People and Floods Urbanization! Intensifies flooding: o Pavement, buildings stop water from soaking in o More rapid runoff

22 Effect of Urbanization After Before Size Time

23 Flood Control Measures Developed floodplains need protection But flood control => more development => more vulnerability to floods

24 Channelization Def: straighten channel (eliminate meanders)! Example: Boneyard Creek! More water can move through, faster Problems! River returns to meandering! Increased erosion & flooding downstream! Loss of habitat & beauty

25 Dams Block flow, make reservoir for:! Flood control! Irrigation! Recreation Problems! Reservoir fills with sediment! Increased erosion downstream

26 Flood Control A channelized creek Ultimate channelization Dam & reservoir

27 Artificial Levees Dirt, sand, or concrete: raise height of river bank! More water, without flooding Problems! False sense of security! Catastrophic failure

28 How Levees Fail Overtopping - not high enough Slumping - sliding away Seepage - water reduces levee strength

29 Preservation of Wetlands Water soaks in, instead of running off to river Many wetlands are lost to development

30 More Flood Control Earthen levee Concrete levee Wetlands

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