GY 302: Crystallography & Mineralogy
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1 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA GY 302: Crystallography & Mineralogy Lecture 13: Halides Instructor: Dr. Douglas Haywick
2 Last Time (on line) More Oxides 1. Chromite (and Chromium) 2. Uraninite (and Uranium) 3. Chromite formation (ultramafic intrusions) 4. Uraninite formation (sedimentary, placer) 5. Supergene enrichment (recap of hydrothermal emplacement)
3 Oxide Minerals Chromite (FeCr 2 O 4 ) Crystal: Isometric Pt. Group: 4/m 3 2/m Habit: octahedral, sucrosic SG: 5.10 H: 5.5 L: metallic Col: black (brownish) Str: black (brown) Clev: none; twinning on {111}; concoidal fracture Name derivation: From its elemental composition containing chromium
4 Oxide Minerals
5 Oxide Minerals Uraninite (UO 2 ) Crystal: Isometric Pt. Group: 4/m 3 2/m Habit: massive, botryoidal SG: H: 5.5 L: submetallic to dull Col: black Str: brown to black Clev: none; concoidal fracture Name derivation: From its elemental composition containing uranium
6 Oxide Minerals
7 Supergene enrichment Hydrothermal: a process involving hot water (usually groundwater under confining pressure). Epithermal: <200 C (50 C and above) Mesothermal: C Hypothermal: >300 C Supergene enrichment involves meteoric water ( cold )
8 Today s Agenda Halides 1. Select minerals 2. Occurrences and Associations Featured minerals: Evaporites
9 Halides This class also includes bromides (ABr x ) and iodides (AI x ); i.e., the halogens.
10 Halides Iodides and bromides are rather rare, but you do get them in the Cerargyrite group of Agcompounds AgCl: chlorargyrite AgBr: Bromyrite AgI: Iodryite
11 Halide Minerals Halite (NaCl) Crystal: Isometric Pt. Group: 4/m 3 2/m Habit: cubic, hopper crystals SG: 2.17; H: 2.5 L: vitreous; Str: white Col: white (various shades) Clev: perfect [100], [010], [001] Optics: Isotropic (n=1.544) Name derivation: From the Greek halos (salt)
12 Halite Minerals Halite (NaCl) Occurrence: the most common soluble evaporite mineral Associated Mins: calcite (limestone), dolomite (dolostone), gypsum, anhydrite, sulfur (salt diapirs) May be confused with: sylvite Uses: Kentucky Fried Chicken, McDonald s french fries
13 Halide Minerals Salt (data in kilo tonnes) Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2016
14 Halide Minerals Salt (US data) Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2016
15 Halide Minerals Sylvite (KCl) Crystal: Isometric Pt. Group: 4/m 3 2/m Habit: cubic, hopper crystals SG: 1.99; H: 2.5 L: vitreous; Str: white Col: white (various shades) Clev: perfect [100], [010], [001] Optics: Isotropic (n=1.4903) Name derivation: named after Dutch chemist Sylvia de la Boe ( )
16 Halite Minerals Sylvite (KCl) Occurrence: potash deposits (evaporite basins); much less common than halite of which it is always mixed with. Associated Mins: halite, gypsum May be confused with: halite (distinguished because of its sectility) Uses: fertilizer (potash)
17 Halide Minerals Carnalite (KMgCl 3 6H 2 O) Crystal: Orthorhombic Pt. Group: 2/m 2/m 2/m Habit: massive, fibrous, hexagonal SG: 1.6; H: 2.5 L: greasy (deliquescent); Str: white Col: variable (white, grey, reddish) Clev: none/indistinct Optics: biaxial+ n α = 1.467; n β = 1.475; n γ = Name derivation: after a German mining engineer
18 Halite Minerals Carnalite (KMgCl 3 6H 2 O) Occurrence: evaporite deposits Associated Mins: halite, sylvite May be confused with: sylvite, halite Uses: fertilizer/potash ore
19 Halide Minerals Potash (data in kilo tonnes) Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2015
20 Halide Minerals Potash (US data) Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2016
21 Halide Minerals Rocanville Potash Mine, Saskatchewan, Canada Location: Saskatchewan, Canada Ownership: Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan (100%) Geology type: Devonian evaporite sequences Mineral type: Sylvite, carnallite, halite and clay Reserve base: 372Mt mineable; 1,132Mt inferred resource Annual production: 7.5Mt of ore and 2.57Mt of potash products (2005) Mining method: Underground long room-and-pillar, using two- and fourrotor continuous miners Processing method: Crushing, desliming, cyclones, flotation Employment: 340 Key Equipment: Underground: Marietta two- and four-rotor continuous miners Concentrator: Allen Bradley central control system
22 Halide Minerals Subsurface potash deposits in Sask.
23 Halide Minerals Fluorite (CaF 2 ) Crystal: Isometric Pt. Group: 4/m 3 2/m Habit: cubic, octahedral crystals SG: ; H: 4 L: vitreous; Str: white Col: variable Clev: [111] perfect Optics: Isotropic (n=1.434) Name derivation: From its elemental composition containing fluorine
24 Halite Minerals Fluorite (CaF 2 ) Occurrence: epithermal veins (Mississippi Valley ore deposits). Associated Mins: widespread; dolomite, calcite, sphalerite, galena May be confused with: calcite Uses: metal fluxes (Al and Fe); chemical industry
25 Halide Minerals Cryolite (Na 3 AlF 6 ) Crystal: Monoclinic Pt. Group: 2/m Habit: massive to prismatic SG: 2.97 H: L: vitreous to greasy Optics: Anisotropic (biaxial) Col: variable (white, grey, reddish) Str: white Clev: none Name derivation: From the Greek kryos meaning frost
26 Halite Minerals Cryolite (Na 3 AlF 6 ) Occurrence: rare, pegmatite intrusion (Greenland); one other deposit in Russia Associated Mins: Greenland: microcline, quartz, siderite, fluorite May be confused with: just about everything Uses: Al refining (electrolysis). Now artifically made from Fluorite
27 Evaporite Formation Coastal sabkha near Abu Dhabi
28 Evaporite Formation Coastal sabkha near Abu Dhabi
29 Evaporite Formation Coastal sabkha near Abu Dhabi
30 Evaporite Formation First Last Aragonite (ooids) Dolomite Gypsum Anhydrite Halite Sylvite*
31 Today s Stuff To Do 1) Choose a mineral for your poster! 2) Oxides/hydroxides mineral quiz (12:15 PM) (followed by Carbonate/halide minerals in lab) 3) Mineral notebook examination! Next Time 1. Nothing Fall break holiday.but 2. Lecture test 2 (in class) Thursday Oct 13th
32 GY 302: Crystallography and Mineralogy Lecture 13: Halides Instructor: Dr. Doug Haywick This is a free open access lecture, but not for commercial purposes. For personal use only.
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