GY 111: Physical Geology
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1 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA GY 111: Physical Geology Lecture 21: Rock Deformation Instructor: Dr. Douglas W. Haywick
2 Last Time A) How long is long? B) Geological time divisions Web notes 20
3 Geological Time The problem is that we have to deal with a lot of time. 4.6 GA = 4,600,000,000 years Demo time
4 Geological Time
5 Geological Time Time Eon Time 0 MA (today) Phanerozoic 550 MA to 0 MA Proterozoic 2.5 GA to 550 Ma 4.6 GA Archean Hadean 4.2 Ga to 2.5 Ga 4.6 Ga to 4.2 Ga Eons: the largest division of geological time
6 Geological Time Time Eon Era Time 0 MA (today) Phanerozoic Cenozoic 65 MA to 0 MA Mesozoic 245 MA to 65 MA Paleozoic 550 MA to 245 MA Proterozoic Neoproterozoic 900 MA to 550 Ma 4.6 GA Archean Hadean Mesoproterozoic Paleoproterozoic 1.6 GA to 900 MA 2.5 GA to 1.6 GA 4.2 Ga to 2.5 Ga 4.6 Ga to 4.2 Ga Eras: the 3-fold division of the eons
7 Geological Time Era Cenozoic (0 to 65 Ma) Period Quaternary (0 to 2 Ma) Tertiary (2 MA to 65 Ma) Periods: the most useful subdivisions of (mostly) the Phanerozoic eon Mesozoic (65 to 251 Ma) Paleozoic (251 to 542 Ma) Proterozoic (2500 Ma to 542 Ma) Cretaceous (65 to 144 Ma) Jurassic (144 to 208 Ma) Triassic (208 to 251 Ma) Permian (251 to 286 Ma) Pennsylvanian (286 to 320 Ma) Mississippian (320 to 362 Ma) Devonian (362 to 418 Ma) Silurian(418 to 441 Ma) Ordovician (441 to 505 Ma) Cambrian (505 to 542 Ma)
8 Geological Time Era Period Epoch Cenozoic (0 to 65 Ma) Quaternary (0 to 2 Ma) Holocene (0 to 10 Ka) Pleistocene (10 Ka to 2 Ma) Tertiary (2 MA to 65 Ma) Pliocene (2 Ma to 5 Ma) Miocene (5 Ma to 24 Ma) Oligocene (24 to 37 Ma) Eocene (37 Ma to 58 Ma) Periods: the most useful subdivisions of (mostly) the Phanerozoic eon Mesozoic (65 to 251 Ma) Paleozoic (251 to 542 Ma) Cretaceous (65 to 144 Ma) Jurassic (144 to 208 Ma) Triassic (208 to 251 Ma) Permian (251 to 286 Ma) Pennsylvanian (286 to 320 Ma) Mississippian (320 to 362 Ma) Paleocene (58 to 65 Ma) Lots of Epochs in All Periods Devonian (362 to 418 Ma) Silurian(418 to 441 Ma) Ordovician (441 to 505 Ma) Cambrian (505 to 542 Ma) Proterozoic (2500 Ma to 542 Ma) Ediacarin* (600 to 542 Ma) Cryogenian* (850 to 600 Ma)
9 Geological Time (It s still be revised)
10 Today s Agenda Rock Deformation A) Confining pressure and rock deformation B) Elastic versus permanent deformation C) Types of deformation D) Test review? Web notes 21 Lab Manual Chapter 5
11 Rock Deformation Rock deformation: any change in the volume, shape or orientation of a rock body.
12 Rock Deformation Orientation (or attitude): sedimentary bedding starts off horizontal, but can be deformed into any configuration. Law of Superposition Law of Original Horizontality Two of the 5 Stratigraphy Principles
13 Stratigraphy Stratigraphy: the study, classification and correlation of rock layers and layering
14 Stratigraphic Principles 1) The principle of superposition that states in any sedimentary succession that has not been overturned, the oldest strata occur on the bottom.
15 Stratigraphic Principles 1) The principle of superposition that states in any sedimentary succession that has not been overturned, the oldest strata* occur on the bottom. 2) The principle of original horizontality that states sedimentary layers are originally deposited as horizontal sheets *the generic name we use when we are discussing sedimentary rock layers
16 Beds in 3D Space All sedimentary beds are initially deposited in horizontal sheets (strata). But you may not initially appreciate this with my 2D cartoons.
17 Beds in 3D Space All sedimentary beds are initially deposited in horizontal sheets (strata). But you may not initially appreciate this with my 2D cartoons.
18 Rock Deformation The strength of materials (including rocks) can be tested in labs using hydraulic presses. All materials behave elastically up to a point. Once past the elastic limit, deformation becomes permanent. Demonstration
19 Stress & Strain Stress: a force applied to an area (Example: tire pressure in psi) Strain: the amount of deformation produced by stress Elastic strain: analogous to a steel spring or rubber band Plastic strain: analogous to deforming mud or putty Brittle strain: analogous to breaking glass
20 Stress vs. Strain Diagrams Illustrate the mechanical behavior of rock materials Ductile deformation requires a significant component of plastic mechanical behavior Ductile Deformation Stress Elastic Limit Distortion below the elastic limit is 100% recoverable Strain %
21 Stress vs. Strain Diagrams Illustrate the mechanical behavior of rock materials Ductile deformation requires a significant component of plastic mechanical behavior Ductile Deformation Stress Elastic Limit Distortion below the elastic limit is 100% recoverable Strain %
22 Stress vs. Strain Diagrams Illustrate the mechanical behavior of rock materials Ductile deformation requires a significant component of plastic mechanical behavior Ductile Deformation plastic Stress Elastic Limit Distortion below the elastic limit is 100% recoverable Strain %
23 Stress vs. Strain Diagrams Illustrate the mechanical behavior of rock materials Brittle: rocks near the surface of the Earth behave as brittle materials Brittle Deformation Stress Elastic Limit Distortion below the elastic limit is 100% recoverable Strain %
24 Stress vs. Strain Diagrams Illustrate the mechanical behavior of rock materials Brittle: rocks near the surface of the Earth behave as brittle materials Brittle Deformation Stress Rupture Distortion below the elastic limit is 100% recoverable Strain %
25 Mechanical Behavior of Rocks Near-surface rocks that are under low T-P conditions behave as brittle material: Fault fracture (slippage) Joint fracture (no slippage) Deep rocks under elevated T-P conditions behave as ductile material: Folding
26 Today s Homework 1. Mac n Cheese Bonus (last days) Next Time 1. Quiz (multiple choice) Thursday 2. Thursday: begin Metamorphic rocks
27 GY 111: Physical Geology Lecture 21: Rock Deformation Instructor: Dr. Doug Haywick This is a free open access lecture, but not for commercial purposes. For personal use only.
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