GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology
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1 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology Lecture 5: Bedform Development (Flume Studies) Instructor: Dr. Douglas W. Haywick
2 Today s Lecture 1. What s a flume? 2. Traction induced bed forms (sedimentary structures) 3. Flow regime
3 Flume Studies A flume is an elongated plastic or glass tank through which a water current flows. Sediment is placed at the bottom of the flume and moves down current as bed load.
4 Flume Studies A flume is an elongated plastic or glass tank through which a water current flows. Sediment is placed at the bottom of the flume and moves down current as bed load. Recall what this is
5 Sediment loads Sediment moving along the base of a channel* that mostly stays in contact with the substrate is called Current * A channel here is defined as a moving column of water that is confined to a narrow pathway
6 Sediment loads Sediment moving along the base of a channel that mostly stays in contact with the substrate is called Current Bed load
7 Sediment loads Sediment moving along the base of a channel that mostly stays in contact with the substrate is called Current Bed load saltation rolling sliding Types of bed load transport (traction)
8 Flume Studies Flumes come in different sizes; from a few cm long to a few hundred metres long.
9 small Flume Studies
10 small Flume Studies
11 Big Flume Studies
12 Big Flume Studies
13 Flume Studies
14 Flume Studies Sand (bed load) Sediment movement results in bed forms (sedimentary structures)
15 Flume Studies Increasing current velocity under controlled situations (fixed water depth, constrained grain size) yields the following structures:
16 Flume Studies Increasing current velocity under controlled situations (fixed water depth, constrained grain size) yields the following structures: Plan lamination (lower)
17 Flume Studies Increasing current velocity under controlled situations (fixed water depth, constrained grain size) yields the following structures: Plan lamination (lower) Small current ripples
18 Flume Studies Increasing current velocity under controlled situations (fixed water depth, constrained grain size) yields the following structures: Plan lamination (lower) Small current ripples Large current ripples (dunes)
19 Flume Studies Increasing current velocity under controlled situations (fixed water depth, constrained grain size) yields the following structures: Plan lamination (lower) Small current ripples Large current ripples (dunes) Plan lamination (upper)
20 Flume Studies Increasing current velocity under controlled situations (fixed water depth, constrained grain size) yields the following structures: Plan lamination (lower) Small current ripples Large current ripples (dunes) Plan lamination (upper) Antidunes
21 Flume Studies Increasing current velocity under controlled situations (fixed water depth, constrained grain size) yields the following structures: Plan lamination (lower) Small current ripples Large current ripples (dunes) Plan lamination (upper) Antidunes Increasing water velocity
22 Flume Studies A do it yourself recipe to make your own flume
23 Flume Studies Take one large tank. The best flumes are capable of passing a consistent current from one end to the next. Water is recycled through a recirculation pump Sediment/water movement is monitored through the glass sides of the flume
24 Add water. Flume Studies
25 Add sediment. Flume Studies
26 Flume Studies current Add a current.
27 Flume Studies current Add a current.. Observe!
28 Flume Studies: 1) lower plan lamination very slow currents (or none at all) U = very low
29 Flume Studies: 1) lower plan lamination very slow currents (or none at all) U = very low Flat bed, containing finely laminated* parallel sedimentary structures
30 Flume Studies: 1) lower plan lamination laminations versus bedding; it s all a matter of scale:
31 Flume Studies: 1) lower plan lamination laminations versus bedding; it s all a matter of scale: laminations: parallel layers less than 1 cm apart: thick (1cm-5mm spacing); medium (5mm-1mm spacing); thin (<1mm spacing)
32 Flume Studies: 1) lower plan lamination laminations versus bedding; it s all a matter of scale: bedding: parallel layers more than 1 cm apart: thick (> 50 cm spacing); medium (10 to 50 cm spacing); thin (1cm-10 cm spacing)
33 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples slow currents: U = low Something wonderful happens.
34 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples Laminations start to fade
35 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples Flat bed, passes gradually into a rippled bed form
36 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples Asymmetrical
37 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples Asymmetrical
38 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples Asymmetrical
39 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples Lee side slopes range from o
40 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples ripple height: 3 to 5 cm
41 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples ripple wavelength: 4 to 40 cm
42 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples ripple wavelength: 4 to 40 cm Ripple index (height to wavelength ratio): 10 to 40
43 Flume Studies: 2) summary ripple morphology From Collinson, J.D. and Thompson, D.B Sedimentary Structures. George Allen & Unwin, 194p.
44 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples Ripples migrate down current
45 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples Ripples migrate down current
46 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples Ripples migrate down current
47 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples current Net result is that an inclined lamination (marking the former lee side of the ripple) develops
48 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples current Net result is that an inclined lamination (marking the former lee side of the ripple) develops = cross stratification
49 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples
50 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples?
51 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples
52 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples Dune fraction Bypass fraction
53 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples Big quartz Small quartz Heavy minerals Which grains become part of the dune fraction; which ones are part of the bypass fraction?
54 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples Big quartz Small quartz Heavy minerals Heavy and larger grains usually become part of the dune fraction; smaller and lighter grains become part of the bypass fraction
55 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples Migration direction
56 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples Migration direction ripple cosets
57 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples Migration direction steep angle shallow angle
58 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples Migration direction depositional up steep angle shallow angle
59 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples 38 cm Video of ripple migration in a flume (Bird eye view) 59 cm Click image to start The movie was compiled from 1161 video images collected at the rate of 1 per minute for a duration of approximately 19 hours. Source: USGS Coastal & Marine Geology Web page (
60 Flume Studies: 2) small current ripples Computer animation of ripple migration Click image to start Source: USGS Coastal & Marine Geology Web page (
61 Flume Studies: current ripple crest morphology increasing velocity (or decreasing water depth) straight sinuous linguiodal From Collinson, J.D. and Thompson, D.B Sedimentary Structures. George Allen & Unwin, 194p.
62 Flume Studies: 3) large current ripples Moderate currents U = moderate
63 Flume Studies: 3) large current ripples Moderate currents U = moderate Small current ripples gradually pass into larger ones
64 Flume Studies: 3) large current ripples Lee side angle: 10 to 34 o Ripple height: >5cm (commonly exceeds 10 s of m) Wavelength: 60 cm to 100 s of m Note: also known as megaripples and dunes
65 Flume Studies: 4) upper plan lamination High currents; U = fast
66 Flume Studies: 4) upper plan lamination High currents; U = fast Something wonderful happens again! Large current ripples start to fade and.
67 Flume Studies: 4) upper plan lamination. plan lamination forms again
68 Flume Studies: 4) upper plan lamination This form of plan lamination forms only during very fast currents; sediment is literally streaming along the substrate.
69 Flume Studies: 5) antidunes Very high currents; U = very fast
70 Flume Studies: 5) antidunes Very high currents; U = very fast Upper plan lamination fades and is replaced by.
71 Flume Studies: 5) antidunes Very high currents; U = very fast Upper plan lamination fades and is replaced by.. antidunes
72 Flume Studies summary of structures From Collinson, J.D. and Thompson, D.B Sedimentary Structures. George Allen & Unwin, 194p.
73 Flume Studies Plan lamination (lower) Small current ripples Large current ripples (dunes) Plan lamination (upper) Antidunes Chutes & pools (erosion) Increasing velocity From Collinson, J.D. and Thompson, D.B Sedimentary Structures. George Allen & Unwin, 194p.
74 Flume Studies and Flow Regime From Collinson, J.D. and Thompson, D.B Sedimentary Structures. George Allen & Unwin, 194p.
75 Flume Studies and Flow Regime Lower From Collinson, J.D. and Thompson, D.B Sedimentary Structures. George Allen & Unwin, 194p.
76 Flume Studies and Flow Regime Upper From Collinson, J.D. and Thompson, D.B Sedimentary Structures. George Allen & Unwin, 194p.
77 Modified Hjustrom s diagram Current velocity (cm/s) From Collinson, J.D. and Thompson, D.B Sedimentary Structures. George Allen & Unwin, 194p. Grain size (mm)
78 Water depth as a variable Water depth (cm) From Collinson, J.D. and Thompson, D.B Sedimentary Structures. George Allen & Unwin, 194p.
79 Upcoming Stuff Homework 1) Activity 2 (Rock descriptions Due Thursday) 2) Writing Assignment 2-redo (Hypothesis and methods: Due Thursday) Today s Lab Grain size analysis Online: Lecture 6: More Sedimentary Structures Thursday: Lecture 7: Sedimentary Sections
80 GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology Lecture 5: Bedforms Instructor: Dr. Doug Haywick This is a free open access lecture, but not for commercial purposed. For personal use only.
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