GY 111: Physical Geology
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1 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA GY 111: Physical Geology Lecture 3: The Rock Cycle Instructor: Dr. Douglas W. Haywick
2 Last Time 1. Alfred Wegener and Drifting Continents 2. The Plate Tectonic Revolution 3. Plate Tectonics Mechanisms
3 Wegener s hypothesis: 300 million years ago, the continents were all grouped together into a supercontinent he called Pangaea
4 His supporting evidence? Matching rock types and fossils* * types and ages
5 And although Continental Drift was rejected... Wegener got it right about Pangaea
6 The Plate Tectonics Revolution Radar, sonar, and depth sounding revealed that the ocean bottoms were not flat planes
7 The Plate Tectonics Revolution Paleomagnetism shows that the ocean floor youngest near the ridges and oldest near the continents
8 Paleomagnetism
9 The Plate Tectonics Revolution The outer part of the Earth is broken up into several large tectonic plates
10 The Plate Tectonics Revolution And where they rub against one another, you get Earthquakes
11 The Plate Tectonics Revolution Volcanoes (active, dormant and extinct)
12 The Plate Tectonics Revolution and mountain belts
13 Internal guts of the Earth Four Major Geophysical Layers 1) The Crust (rigid rock) 2) The Mantle (rigid, upper; ductile, lower) 3) The Outer Core (liquid metal; Fe/Ni) 4) The Inner Core (solid metal; Fe/Ni)
14 The Plate Tectonics Mechanism Heat exchange gives rise to Convection Currents
15 The Plate Tectonics Mechanism Collectively, the rigid outer most part of the Earth (about 100 km thick) is called the Lithosphere Tectonic layers Lithosphere: Geophysical layers Cooler Athenosphere: Mantle Hotter
16 The Plate Tectonics Mechanism It is postulated that the convection currents can eventually break up the lithosphere into separate plates Tension Cooler Mantle Hotter
17 The Plate Tectonics Mechanism Hence the term plate tectonics Tension Asthenosphere New stuff follows from here.
18 Today s Agenda 1. Plate Tectonic boundaries 2. Introduction to rocks 3. The Rock Cycle Web notes 3:
19 Plate Tectonic Boundaries Tectonic plates can interact in one of 3 ways
20 Plate Tectonic Boundaries Tectonic plates can interact in one of 3 ways 1) Move away from one another: Divergent Plate Boundary
21 Plate Tectonic Boundaries Tectonic plates can interact in one of 3 ways 1) Move away from one another: Divergent Plate Boundary 2) Move towards one another: Convergent Plate Boundary
22 Plate Tectonic Boundaries Tectonic plates can interact in one of 3 ways 1) Move away from one another: Divergent Plate Boundary 2) Move towards one another: Convergent Plate Boundary 3) Slide past one another: Transform Fault Plate Boundary
23 Plate Tectonic Boundaries Tectonic plates can interact in one of 3 ways 1) Move away from one another: Divergent Plate Boundary 2) Move towards one another: Convergent Plate Boundary 3) Slide past one another: Transform Fault Plate Boundary
24 Divergent Plate Boundaries
25 Convergent Plate Boundaries
26 San Andreas Fault Transform Fault Boundaries
27 Rocks Rocks are naturally occurring solids containing one or more minerals.
28 Rocks Rocks are naturally occurring solids containing one or more minerals. They come in many, many, many different flavors
29 Rocks Rocks are naturally occurring solids containing one or more minerals. e.g., Granite
30 Rocks Rocks are naturally occurring solids containing one or more minerals. e.g., sandstone
31 Rocks Rocks are naturally occurring solids containing one or more minerals. e.g., gneiss
32 Rocks We recognize 3 major rock groups:
33 Rocks We recognize 3 major rock groups: 1) Igneous ( born of fire ); originally molten
34 Rocks We recognize 3 major rock groups: 1) Igneous ( born of fire ); originally molten 2) Sedimentary; originally particulate material or produced from precipitation out of water
35 Rocks We recognize 3 major rock groups: 1) Igneous ( born of fire ); originally molten 2) Sedimentary; originally particulate material or produced from precipitation out of water 3) Metamorphic; pre-existing rocks modified by pressure or temperature
36 Igneous Rocks Can be either extrusive (volcanic) or intrusive (plutonic):
37 Igneous Rocks Can be either extrusive (volcanic) or intrusive (plutonic): Extrusive (volcanic) rocks can be erupted as lava
38 Igneous Rocks Can be either extrusive (volcanic) or intrusive (plutonic): Extrusive (volcanic) rocks can be erupted as lava, or as pyroclastic material (e.g., ash)
39 Sedimentary Rocks We recognize 4 major classes of sedimentary rocks:
40 Sedimentary Rocks We recognize 4 major classes of sedimentary rocks: 1) Siliciclastic: composed of broken bits of silicate minerals; Alluvial fan
41 Sedimentary Rocks We recognize 4 major classes of sedimentary rocks: 1) Siliciclastic: composed of broken bits of silicate minerals 2) Biochemical: mostly composed of the remains of calcium carbonate-secreting beasties reef
42 Sedimentary Rocks We recognize 4 major classes of sedimentary rocks: 1) Siliciclastic: composed of broken bits of silicate minerals 2) Biochemical: mostly composed of the remains of calcium carbonate-secreting beasties 3) Chemical; formed through chemical precipitation alteration Salt flat
43 Sedimentary Rocks We recognize 4 major classes of sedimentary rocks: 1) Siliciclastic: composed of broken bits of silicate minerals 2) Biochemical: mostly composed of the remains of calcium carbonate-secreting beasties 3) Chemical; formed through chemical precipitation alteration 4) Organic; formed from plant material Peat bog
44 Metamorphic Rocks We recognize 3 divisions of metamorphic rocks:
45 Metamorphic Rocks We recognize 3 divisions of metamorphic rocks: 1) Foliated; display a prominent layering schist
46 Metamorphic Rocks We recognize 3 divisions of metamorphic rocks: 1) Foliated; display a prominent layering 2) Non-foliated; do not display layering marble
47 Metamorphic Rocks We recognize 3 divisions of metamorphic rocks: 1) Foliated; display a prominent layering 2) Non-foliated; do not display layering 3) Cataclastic; composed of broken up bits of rock mylonite
48 The Rock Cycle
49 The Rock Cycle
50 The Rock Cycle
51 The Rock Cycle Metamorphic Loop Igneous Loop Sedimentary Loop
52 Today s Homework 1. Download and read web notes 3 2. Organize your notes Next Time 1) Quiz 2 (fill in the blank questions) 2) Basic Chemistry
53 GY 111: Physical Geology Lecture 3: The Rock Cycle Instructor: Dr. Doug Haywick This is a free open access lecture, but not for commercial purposes. For personal use only.
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