5. If you plot the location of volcanoes and earthquakes on a world map what do you see?

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1 Packet #8 Volcanoes & Minerals Name per Reading Guide: Chapter 13.1 (Read & study pages ) 3a Students will know the properties of the 3 types of volcanoes 1. Define Magma: 2. What is volcanism? 3. Define lava: 4. Define volcano: 5. If you plot the location of volcanoes and earthquakes on a world map what do you see? 6. What is the Pacific Ring of fire and how has it formed? 7. What is a subduction zone? 8. Where does the largest amount of magma come to the surface? 9. Describe a mid-ocean ridge? 10a. Describe how a hot spot forms: 10b. Give an example of a hot spot: 11 List 2 ways that magma effects the surrounding rocks: 12. When magma does not reach Earth s surface, the magma may. This process results in: Reading Guide: Chapter 13.2 (Read & study pages ) 3a Students will know there are 3 types of volcanoes with different properties. 1. Define Mafic: 2. Define Felsic 3. What type of volcanoes do quiet eruptions come from? 4. Mafic lava forms pahoehoe and aa lava, describe how they form and what they look like: Pahoehoe: aa: 5. Explosive eruptions come from felsic lavas of, such as Mt. St. Helens. 6. Felsic lavas also contain large amounts of 7a. Define pyroclastic material: 7b. Describe the types of pyroclastic material below: Volcanic ash: Lapilli 8. List the 3 types of volcanoes:,, 10. What is one of the most important warning signals of a volcanic eruption? 9. Define caldera: 11. What does the magma in the volcano do before an eruption? 1

2 Bill Nye: VOLCANOES PRE QUESTION POST T F 1. Volcanoes can carve landforms, such as lakes and valley, in a matter of hours. T F T F 2. The Hawaiian Islands were formed by volcanoes located at a plate boundary. T F T F 3. Molten lava solidifies and forms the core of the Earth. T F T F 4. When lava cools, it forms a hard rock. T F T F 5. After a volcanic eruption, it is nearly impossible for plant life to grow due to the poor T F soil. T F 6. Like magma or lava, molten lead is a liquid that can flow. T F T F 7. Heat and pressure combine to form a volcanic eruption. T F 8. How hot is lava? A) Under 100 C B) About 500 C C) Over 1000 C 9. Plate movements cause volcanoes to: A) Become dormant B) Explode C) Ooze D) None of the above 10. A stone wind can cause: A) The growth of trees C) Destruction of trees B) The destruction of volcanoes D) An increase in plate movement What is a Mineral? Reading Guide: Chapter 5.1 (Read and study text pages ) 1E1d. Students will formulate explanations using logic and evidence. 1. Define mineral: 2. How many minerals are there? How many minerals are considered common minerals? What are they called? 3. Define silicate minerals: 4. Define non-silicate minerals: 5. Define crystal: 6. What does a mineralogist study?: 7. Each mineral has a distinct set of properties used to identify it. Describe each mineral property listed below: Color: Hardness: Streak: Crystal shape Luster: Density Cleavage: Fluorescence & phosphorescence Fracture: Double Refraction 2

3 Weathering Processes Reading Guide: Chapter 14.1 (Read and study text pages ) 1E1d. Students will formulate explanations using logic and evidence. 1. Define weathering: 2. Define mechanical weathering 3. List the common agents of mechanical weathering: 4. Describe Ice wedging 5. What is Abrasion? 6. Explain how organic activity produces weathering: 7. Define chemical weathering: 8a. What is oxidation? 9. What is hydrolysisi? 8b.What color does iron turn when it is oxidized? 10. List one example of carbonation: 11. What is acid precipitation? Erosion Reading Guide: Chapter 14.4 (Read and study text pages ) 7c. students know the movement of matter among reservoirs is driven by Earth s internal and external sources of energy. 1. Define erosion: 2. As rock weathers what does it eventually become? 3. What does clearing plants and allowing animals grazing do to soil? 4. Describe sheet erosion: 5. What does constant erosion do to the soil? 6. Explain how organic activity produces weathering: 7. List 2 ways human activities cause erosion: 8. Describe 1 farming technique that can reduce soil erosion: 9. Define mass movement: 10. Describe a landslide: 11. Describe a mudflow: 12. Explain how a plateau is formed: 3

4 VOLCANO NOTES 3 Types of Volcanoes:,, Cinder Cone- Cinder Cone Facts Size:, of meters Shape: Made of: particles & blobs of lava called or Rock type: rock ( ) Example: Paricutin, & Crater, Location: Zones ( ) Composite Volcano ( ) strato means Composite Volcano Facts Size: Shape: & Made of: layers of & Rock type: / rock (ash, tephra) Ex:, Lava flow, Location: zones ( ) Volcano 4

5 Shield Volcano Facts Size:, 10,000 s Km Shape: volcanoes Made of: Lava flows ( moving) Aa ( ) & Pahoehoe ( ) Rock type: Ex:,, Galapagos Location: & Mid-Ocean Ridges ( ) Volcano Types Drawing 1. Get a white sheet of paper and fold it in half. 2. Label each section with one of the following: Cinder Cone, Composite Volcano, Shield Volcano. 3. Draw the correct size & shape of the volcano. Use colors and do a good job. 4. Label the picture with the information about each volcano: a) What does it erupt? (ash/lava/both) DRAW THIS ON YOUR PICTURE. b) What rock types does it erupt? (rhyolite/andesite/basalt) c) Where does it form? (plate boundary type) d) Name a Volcano of this type 5

6 Mineral Notes What is a mineral? Inorganic Has a Has Mineral have Properties,,,,,, Color- reliable Some minerals can be Example: Color- but it is! Some minerals are always the same color, (yellow), & (gold). Luster Describes the. Two types 1) - minerals that are shiny like metals 2) - not shiny Mineral with metallic luster:,,,, Streak- (only for minerals) How is Streak used? When some metallic minerals are scratched along a ceramic streak plate, they create a. This can be helpful in telling minerals apart. Streak Example #1 Ex: Gold = color streak; Pyrite (fool s gold) = streak Streak Example #2 Hematite s color is, but its streak is. Hema means blood. The mineral was named hematite because it looked like it was bleeding when it was taken across a streak plate. Nonmetallic Lusters:,,,, Hardness Some minerals are very, others are very. 6

7 Moh s Hardness Scale: Higher # = Lower # = Each mineral can scratch its self & the minerals that are below it on the scale. Moh s Hardness Scale Hardness of common objects Finger nail=, Copper penny =, Steel Nail= How does it work? If you scratch a mineral with your fingernail, it must be softer than 2.5. If you scratch the mineral, it must be harder than 2.5 Crystal Shape Minerals form distinct. Figuring out the shape can help you identify the mineral. (Note: the shapes may not always be easy to see without a special microscope) Fracture & Cleavage These terms describe the way a mineral breaks. If a mineral fractures,. If it cleaves, then it breaks, in the atomic structure of the crystal. This makes smooth breaks. has cleavage in one direction. It breaks along one line. (very smooth) has conchoidal fracture (notice the sharp edges) Specific Gravity/ Density Density= If the mineral is heavy for its size, then it has a specific gravity. Special Properties 1. Feel: Soapy, greasy, rough smooth Talc = 2. Chemical Reaction: will bubble with acid. (effervesce) 3. Odor: Sulfur = 4. Double Refraction: 5. Magnetism: magnetite 6. Taste: 7

8 Mineral Lab 1. Get a container of minerals & an identification sheet. 2. CAREFULLY dump out the minerals and PUT THEM IN ORDER (1 21). Call me over for help. 3. Then use the chart and the identification sheet to figure out the name of your mineral. Mineral # Luster (metallic or nonmetallic) If metallic Color of streak on tile plate If nonmetallic find HARDNESS: scratch glass > 5 will not scratch < 5 Do you see a crystal shape? If so describe.. cube, rhomb? Special properties? (odor, feel, double refraction, magnetic) Mineral Name

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10 How Fast Do Plates Move? 1. Using the scale shown on the diagram, determine the distance between the five major islands and enter your answers in the appropriate spaces on the following data table. Measure the distance between the dots placed at the center of the major islands. 2. Convert each distance from kilometers to centimeters by multiplying the value in kilometers by 100,000. Enter the new data in the appropriate spaces on the data table. 3. Calculate the approximate age differences between the islands and enter the data in the table. Islands Distance between the two islands Difference in approx. ages (km) (cm) of the 2 islands (yrs) Hawaii & Maui Maui & Molokai Molokai & Oahu Oahu & Kauai 4. Using the following formula, calculate the approximate speed at which the crustal plate was moving between the times that each of the islands formed. Enter your data in the data table. Speed of crustal movement (cm/yr) = Distance between the two islands (in centimeters) Difference in approximate ages of the two islands (yrs) Islands Hawaii & Maui Maui & Molokai Molokai & Oahu Oahu & Kauai Speed of Crustal Movement (cm/yr) 5. Now calculate the average speed of crustal movement. Average speed of crustal movement = centimeters per year. 6. a. In which direction was the crustal plate apparently moving when the Hawaiian islands were formed? b. Explain your answer 7. a. According to your data, did the crustal plate always move at the same speed? b. Explain your answer. 10

11 Video Questions: The Volcano that Stopped the World 1. What material makes up the dark clouds coming out of the volcano? What material makes up the white clouds? 2. What were the first signs of the eruption? What was the second sign? 3. What drives explosive eruptions of magma? 4. What do the holes in the basalt tell us about the type of eruption? 5. Look for the compression waves in the clouds! Cool! And the lightning? No WAY! 6. Why did the ash particles travel so far? 7. Give several reasons why volcanic ash causes problems for jet airplanes. 8. Can you pronounce the volcano s name? Try it. 9. Where is all the flood water coming from? 10. Basalt is black rock: watch for it! 11. Why did the 1783 eruption cause problems for Europe? 12. Why could increasing global temperatures increase volcanic activity? Video Questions: BILL NYE: Erosion 1. Water can cause erosion by dissolving minerals. T F 2. When water freezes, it contracts. T F 3. Landscapes stay the same over long periods of time because of erosion. T F 4. Rust is formed by chemical erosion. T F 5. Homes built on the sides of hills face the greatest risk of being destroyed by wind erosion. T F 6. Rock that is composed of different layers can erode from the inside, thus creating an arch. T F 7. Living things, such as trees, can both slow down and speed up erosion. T F 8. Which of the following DOES NOT directly cause erosion? A) Ice B) Lichen C) Sun light D) Chemicals 9. All of the following are caused by water erosion, except: A) Seastacks B) Sand C) Canyons D) Mushroom rocks 10. Canyon walls are worn away by erosion at a rate of approximately: A) 0.5 cm/yr B) 1 cm/yr C) 10 cm/yr D) 100 cm/yr 11

12 MINERALS LAB properties Tray 1: Pick up the 3 minerals in the container: Talc, Calcite, Gypsum. Figure the order of hardness. Use your fingernail and the minerals themselves to see which will scratch which. Write the name on the lines: Softest Intermediate Hardest Tray 2: Pick up the 3 minerals in the container: Calcite, Feldspar, Fluorite. Which mineral(s) scratch the penny? Which mineral(s) scratch the glass? Try and figure the order of hardness: (FYI: glass is harder than the penny) Softest Intermediate Hardest Tray 3 Pick up the 2 minerals in the container: Feldspar & Quartz. Use your fingernail and the minerals themselves to see which will scratch with. Does feldspar scratch quartz or does quartz scratch feldspar? (circle the correct answer) Which mineral is harder? Tray 4 Pick up the 2 minerals in the container: Hematite, Galena. Use the tile streak plate and scratch the minerals on the tile. Record the color or each minerals streak below: Hematite: Galena: Did you get the color you expected for each mineral (explain)? Tray 5 Pick up the 2 minerals in the container: Sphalerite, Pyrite. Use the tile streak plate and scratch the minerals on the tile. Record the color or each minerals streak below: Sphalerite: Pyrite: Tray 6 Pick all of the examples of the mineral quarts (SiO 2) in the container: Rose quartz (pink), Milky quartz (white), Smoky quartz (grey), Clear quartz (clear): Explain why color isn t really a good property to use to identify quartz. Tray 7 Look at the 2 examples of the mineral Halite (Table salt) in the container. What is the shape of the large piece of halite? (look at the sheet to help you) Now look at the vial of table salt using the hand lens. How is the shape similar to the large cube? Tray 8 READ THE SHEET ABOUT CLEAVAGE Now look at the 5 minerals : Feldspar, Hornblende, Mica, Calcite, Halite. Count how many smooth sides each mineral has and record below: Feldspar: Hornblende: Mica: Calcite: Halite 12

13 Tray 9 Look at the 5 minerals & THE SHEET : Garnet, Quartz, Tourmaline, Amethyst, Pyrite: Match the minerals to their crystal shape shown on the chart: Garnet: Quartz: Tourmaline: Amethyst: Pyrite Tray 10 Look at the mineral Magnetite with staples all over it. Describe what you see. Why do you think that the staples are sticking to the mineral? Tray 11 This is tricky!! Look THROUGH each mineral at the word taped to the bottom of it. The name of each mineral is taped to the bottom: Ulexite; Calcite; Plastic. Describe what happens to the letters in each name as you look through the mineral: Plastic: Ulexite: Calcite: Tray 12 Look at the minerals in the container: Galena; Gypsum; Quartz, Feldspar, Limonite. You are going to need to describe each minerals LUSTER the way light reflects or the way the mineral. The terms you will use are either METALLIC or (NON METALLIC look on the sheet for nonmetallic words) Galena Gypsum Quartz Feldspar Limonite Tray 13 Pick up the 2 minerals in the container: Galena and Quartz. Which of these two samples is heavier? What does this tell you about the density (specific gravity) of the minerals? Tray 14 Look at all of the examples of the Feldspar in the container: Amazonite Feldspar, Anorthoclase Feldspar, Albite Feldspar, Microline Feldspar. What can you say about the color of the mineral Feldspar? Tray 15 Place each of these minerals under the UV light:chalcedony (quartz); Quartz; Calcite. Do not look directly at the UV light! Describe the color of each mineral when it is placed under the light: Chalcedony (quartz) Quartz Calcite Deep thought Questions: 1. List the six minerals from Trays 1, 2, and 3 in order of increasing hardness. (try to figure this out!) (soft) (hard) 2. Describe the 3 characteristics you think would be helpful to use to help to identify an unknown mineral? Explain why. 13

14 Volcanoes & Plate Tectonics 1. Find out about recent volcanic activity. Use the link to complete the first 4 columns of the table below for 5 eruptions. Date Volcano Name Country/ Latitude & Longitude Summarize the details of the eruption Name the plates Involved 2. Most volcanoes occur along the edges of Earth's tectonic plates. Fill in the last column using the latitude and longitude of each volcano you found above. Locate the 5 volcanoes on this plate tectonic map. Click on the map to enlarge it. 3. To learn more about what can happen when tectonic plates meet each other, go to The Action is at the Edges. Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph. Three things can happen when tectonic plates meet. Plates push against each other along a plate boundary. Plates move apart along a plate boundary. Plates slip past each other sideways at plate boundaries. 4. Next, you'll see what happens along divergent plate boundaries. You can also view an animation. What happens as two plates move away from each other? 5. Now you'll explore convergent boundaries. What is a subduction zone? 6. Here's more information about convergent boundaries. Describe what happens when a dense oceanic tectonic plate meets a less dense continental plate. 7. Describe how magma forms in a subduction zone. 8. What is a magma chamber? 9. What happens when the molten rock breaks through the surface? 10. Some volcanoes don t occur at plate boundaries they are hot spot volcanoes. Describe how hot spot volcanoes form and give an example. 14