Minerals and Rocks. Minerals

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Minerals and Rocks. Minerals"

Transcription

1 Minerals and Rocks Minerals What do you think? Read the two statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree with the statement or a D if you disagree. After you ve read this lesson, reread the statements to see if you have changed your mind. Before Statement After 1. Minerals generally are identified by observing their color. 2. Minerals are made of crystals. Key Concepts How do minerals form? What properties can be used to identify minerals? What are some uses of minerals in everyday life? What is a mineral? Do you ever drink mineral water? Maybe you take vitamins and minerals to stay healthy. The word mineral has many common meanings. For geologists, scientists who study Earth and the materials of which it is made, the word mineral has a very specific definition. A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition. In order for a substance to be classified as a mineral, it must have all five of the characteristics listed in this definition. Both coal and pyrite are shiny, hard substances that form deep inside Earth. But only one is a mineral. Coal formed from ancient plant material. Pyrite crystals are made of the elements iron and sulfur. One substance is a mineral, and one is not. Characteristics of Minerals How can you determine which substance is the mineral? Consider each of the five characteristics of minerals. Naturally Occurring To be classified as a mineral, a substance must form naturally. Materials made by people are not minerals. Diamonds that form deep beneath Earth s surface are minerals. Diamonds that are made in a laboratory are not minerals. However, manufactured diamonds may look similar to naturally occurring diamonds. Identify the Main Ideas Write notes next to each paragraph to summarize the main ideas. On a separate piece of paper, organize these notes into two columns. Place each main idea in the left column. List the details to support it in the right column. Use your table to review the lesson. Reading Check 1. Name the five characteristics that define a mineral. Reading Essentials Minerals and Rocks 227

2 Make a five-tab book to record your notes on mineral characteristics. Naturally Occurring Inorganic Solid Crystal Structure Chemical Composition Math Skills A ratio compares numbers. For example, in the chemical formula for water, H 2 O, the number 2 is called a subscript. The subscript tells you how many atoms of that element are in the formula. A symbol with no subscript means that element has one atom. So, the ratio of hydrogen (H) atoms to oxygen (O) atoms in H 2 O is 2:1. This is read two to one. 2. Use Ratios Quartz has the formula SiO 2. What is the ratio of silicon (Si) atoms to oxygen (O) atoms in quartz? Key Concept Check 3. Describe How do minerals form? Inorganic A material that contains carbon and was once alive is organic. A mineral cannot be organic. This means that a mineral cannot have once been alive. Also, a mineral cannot contain anything that was once alive, such as plants. Solid A mineral must be solid. Liquids and gases are not considered minerals. Solid ice is a mineral, but water is not. Crystal Structure A mineral must have a crystal structure. The atoms in a crystal are arranged in an orderly, repeating pattern called a crystal structure. This organized structure produces smooth faces and sharp edges on a crystal. Definite Chemical Composition A mineral is made of specific amounts of elements. A chemical formula shows the amount of each element in a mineral. For example, pyrite is made of the elements iron (Fe) and sulfur (S). There always must be one iron atom for every two sulfur atoms. Therefore, the chemical formula for pyrite is FeS 2. Think again about coal and pyrite. The plants that turned into coal were once alive. Coal cannot be a mineral. Pyrite has all five characteristics of a mineral, so it is a mineral. Mineral Formation How do atoms form minerals? Atoms within a liquid join together and form a solid. Crystallization is the process by which atoms form a solid with an orderly, repeating pattern. Crystallization can happen in two main ways. Crystallization from Magma Melted rock material is called magma. As magma cools, some of the atoms join together and form solid crystals. As the liquid magma continues to cool, more atoms are added to the surface of the crystals. The longer it takes the magma to cool, the larger the crystals become because atoms continue to be added to the crystals. Crystals grow large when the magma cools slowly. When magma cools quickly, the crystals that form remain small. Crystallization from Water Many substances, such as salt, dissolve in water especially if the water is warm. When water cools or evaporates, the particles of the dissolved substances come together again and crystallize. Gold crystals form this way. The orderly arrangement of atoms in the mineral gold is visible using a very powerful microscope. Mineral Identification Every mineral has a unique set of physical properties, or characteristics. These properties are used to identify minerals. By testing several properties, scientists can distinguish between similar minerals. 228 Minerals and Rocks Reading Essentials

3 Density If you pick up two mineral samples that are about the same size, one might feel heavier than the other. The heavier mineral has a higher density. It has more mass in the same volume. The densities of many minerals are similar, but a very high or a very low density can help identify a mineral. Hardness Scientists measure the hardness of a mineral by observing how easily it is scratched or how easily it scratches something else. The Mohs hardness scale, shown in the table below, ranks hardness from 1 to 10. On this scale, diamond is the hardest mineral, with a hardness value of 10. The softest mineral is talc, with a hardness of 1. Mohs Hardness Scale for Minerals 4. Apply A sample of mineral A and a sample of mineral B are about the same size. The mineral B sample is heavier than the mineral A sample. Which mineral has the higher density? How do you know? Mineral Hardness Hardness of Common Objects talc 1 (softest) gypsum 2 fingernail (2.5) calcite 3 copper wire or penny (3.5) fluorite 4 wire nail (4.5) apatite 5 glass, steel knife blade (5.5) feldspar 6 streak plate (unglazed porcelain) (6.5) quartz 7 topaz 8 corundum 9 diamond 10 (hardest) Color and Streak Some minerals can be identified by their unique color. The mineral malachite always has a certain green color. But the colors of most minerals vary. Quartz is a common mineral that has many different colors. The colors of most minerals vary from sample to sample, but the color of a mineral s powder does not vary. The color of a mineral s powder is called its streak. You can observe streak by scratching the mineral across a tile of unglazed porcelain. Sometimes, the color of a mineral and the color of its streak are different. For example, the mineral hematite can have a red, brown, or black color, but its streak is always a dark, rusty red. Visual Check 5. Interpreting Tables Circle the minerals that are harder than glass. 6. Analyze Can you identify a mineral by its color alone? Explain your answer. Reading Essentials Minerals and Rocks 229

4 Visual Check 7. Contrast Highlight the surfaces formed by the breaks in the minerals. How does cleavage differ from fracture? Luster Minerals reflect light in different ways. Luster describes the way that a mineral s surface reflects light. Some terms used to describe mineral luster are metallic, glassy, earthy, or pearly. Hematite can have either a metallic luster or a dull luster. Muscovite mica has a pearly luster. Quartz has a glassy luster. Cleavage and Fracture Sometimes the way a mineral breaks helps identify it. Minerals break in two ways. If a mineral breaks along smooth, flat surfaces, it displays cleavage. The mineral on the left in the figure below illustrates the property cleavage. It forms a flat surface where it breaks. A mineral can break along a single cleavage direction or along several directions. Muscovite mica has one cleavage direction and peels off in sheets. Halite has three cleavage directions and breaks into cubes. A mineral that breaks along rough or irregular surfaces displays fracture. The mineral on the right in the figure below illustrates the property fracture. Cleavage and Fracture ACADEMIC VOCABULARY exhibit (verb) to display, to present for the public to see Key Concept Check 8. Identify What are the common properties used to identify minerals? Cleavage Fracture Crystal Shape Minerals exhibit many different crystal shapes. A mineral s atomic structure determines its crystal shape. Crystal shapes can vary greatly. Crystals of hematite have no definite shape, or are shapeless. They are described as massive. Muscovite mica has diamond-shaped or six-sided crystals, but muscovite commonly occurs in flat, sheetlike layers. Amethyst, a type of quartz, has crystals shaped like pyramids. Sometimes crystals grow so close to each other that the crystal shape is too small to see. If there is room for large crystals to grow, the crystal shape can be used to help identify the mineral. 230 Minerals and Rocks Reading Essentials

5 Unusual Properties Some minerals have unusual properties that make them easy to identify. For example, halite tastes salty. Magnetite is magnetic and attracts steel objects. Calcite fizzes when acid touches it. A type of calcite called Iceland spar has a property called double refraction. Images viewed through a crystal of Iceland spar appear doubled. Quartz crystals can produce an electric current when compressed. This property makes quartz crystals useful in radios, microphones, and watches. Several minerals display the property of fluorescence. Calcite and quartz glow under ultraviolet light. Minerals in Everyday Life From the moment you wake in the morning until you fall asleep at night, you use materials made from minerals. For example, table salt contains the mineral halite. Toothpaste contains calcite or silica. Some cosmetics contain mica. Some minerals are valuable because we use them every day. We appreciate others simply for their beauty. Did you know that beverage cans and car batteries are made from minerals? These items are made of metals. Most metals combine with other elements in the formation of a mineral. For example, aluminum can be removed from the mineral bauxite. The minerals must be processed to remove the metals from them. Deposits of metallic or non-metallic minerals that can be produced at a profit are called ores. Some minerals, such as gemstones, are valuable because of their appearance. Gemstones have physical properties that make them valuable. They are usually harder than quartz. Gemstones often have intense colors and brilliant luster. The natural crystals are cut and polished. Emeralds are green gemstones often used in jewelry. Reading Check 9. Name one unusual property of a mineral. Key Concept Check 10. Describe How are minerals used in everyday life? Reading Essentials Minerals and Rocks 231

6 Mini Glossary cleavage: a break in a mineral along a smooth, flat surface crystal structure: an orderly, repeating pattern of atoms in a crystal crystallization: the process by which atoms form a solid with an orderly, repeating pattern fracture: a break in a mineral along a rough or irregular surface luster: the way that a mineral s surface reflects light mineral: a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition ore: a deposit of metallic or non-metallic minerals that can be produced at a profit streak: the color of a mineral s powder 1. Review the terms and their definitions in the Mini Glossary. Write a sentence that describes two characteristics of a specific mineral discussed in the lesson. 2. Write the five characteristics of a mineral in the diagram below. Characteristics of a Mineral 3. Write a sentence to explain why crystals formed from cooling magma vary in size. What do you think Reread the statements at the beginning of the lesson. Fill in the After column with an A if you agree with the statement or a D if you disagree. Did you change your mind? ConnectED Log on to ConnectED.mcgraw-hill.com and access your textbook to find this lesson s resources. END OF LESSON 232 Minerals and Rocks Reading Essentials

Chapter Introduction. Cycle Chapter Wrap-Up

Chapter Introduction. Cycle Chapter Wrap-Up Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Minerals Rocks The Rock Cycle Chapter Wrap-Up How are minerals and rocks formed, identified, classified, and used? What do you think? Before you begin, decide

More information

What do these products have in common?

What do these products have in common? What is a mineral? 4000 minerals on Earth!!!! A naturally occurring, inorganic solid crystalline substance with a definite chemical composition. A mineral must have these 5 major aspects: Naturally occurring

More information

CH 4- MINERALS OBJECTIVES: Identify characteristics and formations of minerals. Differentiate Minerals by their groups and uses STANDARDS:

CH 4- MINERALS OBJECTIVES: Identify characteristics and formations of minerals. Differentiate Minerals by their groups and uses STANDARDS: OBJECTIVES: CH 4- MINERALS Identify characteristics and formations of minerals Differentiate Minerals by their groups and uses STANDARDS: MINERAL: WHAT IS A MINERAL? A naturally occurring Inorganic Solid

More information

CHAPTER 2 MINERALS. Group Presentation Notes

CHAPTER 2 MINERALS. Group Presentation Notes CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition. CHARACTERISTICS

More information

The Use of Minerals. Chapter 3

The Use of Minerals. Chapter 3 Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals The Use of Minerals Metallic Minerals are good conductors of heat and electricity. They can be processed for various uses, including building aircraft,

More information

Periods on the Periodic Table

Periods on the Periodic Table Minerals Chapter 2 Matter Matter includes anything that has mass and takes up space (volume). It exists in 3 main states on Earth solid, liquid, and gas. Matter can be classified based on its physical

More information

ESS Minerals. Lee. 1. The table below shows some properties of four different minerals.

ESS Minerals. Lee. 1. The table below shows some properties of four different minerals. Name: ESS Minerals Pd. 1. The table below shows some properties of four different minerals. The minerals listed in the table are varieties of which mineral? (A) garnet (B) magnetite (C) olivine (D) quartz

More information

Before Statement After

Before Statement After CHAPTER 3 Minerals LESSON 1 What is a mineral? What do you think? Read the two statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree with the

More information

Chapter 4 Minerals Sec. 4.1 What is a Mineral?

Chapter 4 Minerals Sec. 4.1 What is a Mineral? Chapter 4 Minerals Sec. 4.1 What is a Mineral? Minerals Earth s crust is composed of about 3000 minerals. Besides forming rocks and shaping Earth s surface, some minerals have helped to develop civilization.

More information

A mineral is a- In order for a substance to be called a mineral, it must have of the characteristics described in this definition.

A mineral is a- In order for a substance to be called a mineral, it must have of the characteristics described in this definition. Section 1 Minerals Minerals A mineral is a- In order for a substance to be called a mineral, it must have of the characteristics described in this definition. Inorganic A mineral must be inorganic, or

More information

Monday, April 21, 2014 Minerals Intro

Monday, April 21, 2014 Minerals Intro Monday, April 21, 2014 Minerals Intro Warm Up: 1) Update Planners! 2) Reminders: STAAR Math tomorrow STAAR Reading Wednesday Do you know your testing room? Apr 21 7:21 AM Minerals Naturally occurring and

More information

Learning Target.. I Can.. Identify the differences between a mineral and a rock.

Learning Target.. I Can.. Identify the differences between a mineral and a rock. Rocks and Minerals Learning Target.. n I Can.. Identify the differences between a mineral and a rock. What is a mineral? A mineral o Is a Inorganic solid formed in nature (Inorganic -- not living or ever

More information

The Earth System. The Geosphere

The Earth System. The Geosphere The Earth System The Geosphere Key Concepts How do materials in the geosphere differ? Why does the geosphere have a layered structure? What do you think? Read the three statements below and decide whether

More information

Composition of the Earth: Minerals and Rocks

Composition of the Earth: Minerals and Rocks Composition of the Earth: Minerals and Rocks Objectives: Students will demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between minerals and rocks. Students will identify common minerals and rocks found

More information

6/20/2018. Lesson 1 (Properties of Minerals) 6 th Grade. Earth s Structure Chapter 2: Minerals and Rocks. density =

6/20/2018. Lesson 1 (Properties of Minerals) 6 th Grade. Earth s Structure Chapter 2: Minerals and Rocks. density = 6 th Grade Earth s Structure Chapter 2: Minerals and Rocks Mineral Lesson 1 (Properties of Minerals) a mineral must meet all four of the following requirements: 1. must be naturally-occurring (formed by

More information

Physical Geology 101 Laboratory MINERALS I Properties, Classification and Identification

Physical Geology 101 Laboratory MINERALS I Properties, Classification and Identification Student Name: College: Grade: Physical Geology 101 Laboratory MINERALS I Properties, Classification and Identification INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this lab is to learn the characteristics of minerals,

More information

Mineral Identification

Mineral Identification Mineral Identification! Mineral identification is a skill. " Requires learning diagnostic properties #Some properties are easily seen. $Color $Crystal shape #Some properties require handling or testing.

More information

The most common elements that make up minerals are oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, potassium, and magnesium

The most common elements that make up minerals are oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, potassium, and magnesium Mineralogy: The Study of Minerals and their Properties A Mineral! Occurs! Is a! Is a substance (element or compound)! Has atoms arrange in an orderly pattern ( )! Is (not formed by any process involving

More information

10/8/15. Earth Materials Minerals and Rocks. I) Minerals. Minerals. (A) Definition: Topics: -- naturally occurring What are minerals?

10/8/15. Earth Materials Minerals and Rocks. I) Minerals. Minerals. (A) Definition: Topics: -- naturally occurring What are minerals? minerals Earth Materials Minerals and Rocks I) Minerals Minerals Topics: What are minerals? Basic Chemistry Amethysts in geode: minerals Characteristics of Minerals Types of Minerals -- orderly arrangement

More information

Chapter 4. Rocks and Minerals: Documents that Record Earth's History

Chapter 4. Rocks and Minerals: Documents that Record Earth's History Chapter 4 Rocks and Minerals: Documents that Record Earth's History What can Minerals Tell Us? 1. Minerals may contain radioactive elements that can be used for radiometric age dating. 2. Minerals that

More information

You now know that there are many materials that can be mistaken

You now know that there are many materials that can be mistaken 15 Mineral Properties R EA D I N G You now know that there are many materials that can be mistaken for diamonds. Yet diamonds are usually the most expensive. What makes diamonds special? Find out more

More information

Name: Minerals and more minerals

Name: Minerals and more minerals 1. The diagram below shows how a sample of the mineral mica breaks when hit with a rock hammer. 6. The diagrams below show the crystal shapes of two minerals. This mineral breaks in smooth, flat surfaces

More information

Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 2. Based on: Earth Science, 10e

Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 2. Based on: Earth Science, 10e Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 2 Based on: Earth Science, 10e Minerals: the building blocks of rocks Definition of a mineral Solid Inorganic Natural Crystalline Structure - Possess an orderly

More information

ENVI.2030L - Minerals

ENVI.2030L - Minerals ENVI.2030L - Minerals Name I. Minerals Minerals are crystalline solids - the particles (atoms) that make-up the solid have a regular arrangement. In glasses, on the other hand, the atoms are not arranged

More information

Who Am I? S6E5 Science Rocks

Who Am I? S6E5 Science Rocks Who Am I? S6E5 Science Rocks Chapter 2 Minerals and Rocks 1. I am naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition. Who am I? 2. There are five characteristics

More information

Minerals. What are minerals and how do we classify them?

Minerals. What are minerals and how do we classify them? Minerals What are minerals and how do we classify them? 1 Minerals! Minerals are the ingredients needed to form the different types of rocks! Rock - is any naturally formed solid that is part of Earth

More information

Naturally occurring means minerals are found and made in nature, not laboratories.

Naturally occurring means minerals are found and made in nature, not laboratories. What are Minerals How important are minerals to you? Minerals are very important, actually. Almost everything you own and use was manufacture using as least some minerals. You own or encounter many things

More information

Geology Topics Minerals

Geology Topics Minerals Geology Topics Minerals RED SLIDE: These are notes that are very important and should be recorded in your science journal. BLACK SLIDE: Pay attention, follow directions, complete projects as described

More information

it must be it must be it must have been formed by it must have it must have

it must be it must be it must have been formed by it must have it must have 6. Minerals II (p. 78-87) What is a mineral? The five characteristics required in order for a compound to be a mineral are: it must be it must be it must have been formed by it must have it must have Characteristics

More information

Earth s Resources. Earth s Surface

Earth s Resources. Earth s Surface Earth s Resources Earth s Surface Earth s surface is made up of a layer of rock called the crust. The crust covers all of Earth. It is several miles thick. Most of the crust is under water. The upper part

More information

MINERALS TAKE HOME QUIZ

MINERALS TAKE HOME QUIZ NAME 1. Which is an accurate statement about rocks? A) Rocks are located only in continental areas of the Earth. B) Rocks seldom undergo change. C) Most rocks contain fossils. D) Most rocks have several

More information

4. The diagram of Bowen's Reaction Series below indicates the relative temperatures at which specific minerals crystallize as magma cools.

4. The diagram of Bowen's Reaction Series below indicates the relative temperatures at which specific minerals crystallize as magma cools. Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the diagram below, which shows the results of three different physical tests, A, B, and C, that were performed on a mineral. 1. The luster of this mineral could

More information

PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY

PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. Engineering Geology Part one 1 2nd semester 2018/2019 Eng. Amany Assouli 1 INTRODUCTION: What is the engineering

More information

Minerals Please do not write on this test packet.

Minerals Please do not write on this test packet. Please do not write on this test packet. 1. The diagram below shows the index minerals of Mohs hardness scale compared with the hardness of some common objects. 2. Base your answer to the following question

More information

1. 2. Differentiate states of matter. Arrangement of Particles

1. 2. Differentiate states of matter. Arrangement of Particles Lesson 2 Predict three facts that will be discussed in Lesson 2 after reading the headings. Record your predictions in your Science Journal. Definition: Define physical property, and give two examples.

More information

Chapter 2 Minerals Section 1 Matter Elements and the Periodic Table

Chapter 2 Minerals Section 1 Matter Elements and the Periodic Table Chapter 2 Minerals Section 1 Matter Key Concepts What is an element? What particles make up atoms? What are isotopes? What are compounds and why do they form? How do chemical bonds differ? Vocabulary element

More information

300 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS

300 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 300 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer. Use GEOLOGIC VOCABULARY where APPLICABLE!

More information

305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS

305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer. Use GEOLOGIC VOCABULARY where APPLICABLE!

More information

Review - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals

Review - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals Review - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the diagram below, which shows the results of three different physical tests, A, B, and C, that were performed on a mineral.

More information

Physical Geology 101 Laboratory MINERALS I Properties, Classification and Identification

Physical Geology 101 Laboratory MINERALS I Properties, Classification and Identification Student Name: College: Physical Geology 101 Laboratory MINERALS I Properties, Classification and Identification Grade: INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this lab is to learn the characteristics of minerals,

More information

305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS

305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer. Use GEOLOGIC VOCABULARY where APPLICABLE!

More information

4th Grade Earth Materials Assessment

4th Grade Earth Materials Assessment Name: Date: 1. Max collects rocks, gems, and crystals. Which is made up of two or more different minerals? A. minerals B. gems C. rock D. crystals 2. The picture below shows a rock. The arrow is pointing

More information

305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS

305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer. Use GEOLOGIC VOCABULARY where APPLICABLE!

More information

1 st shell holds 2 electrons. 2 nd shell holds 8 electrons

1 st shell holds 2 electrons. 2 nd shell holds 8 electrons ATOM INDIVISIBLE ELEMENTS - Nucleus = protons (+ charge) & neutrons (no charge ) - Electrons (- charge) orbit the nucleus in shells of 2, 8, 8 electrons (inner orbit outward) - Atomic number = number of

More information

ROCKS AND MINERALS E J C H O N O U R S D A Y

ROCKS AND MINERALS E J C H O N O U R S D A Y ROCKS AND MINERALS E J C H O N O U R S D A Y 2 0 1 3 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ROCKS AND MINERALS MINERALS Solid formations that occur naturally in the earth Have a unique chemical composition Defined by its

More information

EESC 4701: Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology IGNEOUS MINERALS LAB 1 HANDOUT

EESC 4701: Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology IGNEOUS MINERALS LAB 1 HANDOUT EESC 4701: Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology IGNEOUS MINERALS LAB 1 HANDOUT Sources: Cornell EAS302 lab, UMass Lowell 89.301 Mineralogy, LHRIC.org The Petrographic Microscope As you know, light is an electromagnetic

More information

Minerals By Patti Hutchison

Minerals By Patti Hutchison Minerals By Patti Hutchison 1 Minerals. They are all around us. We eat them, wear them, and build with them. What is a mineral? How are they identified? What can we do with them? 2 Earth's crust is made

More information

Geology 103 Planet Earth (QR II), Laboratory Exercises 1. Minerals

Geology 103 Planet Earth (QR II), Laboratory Exercises 1. Minerals Geology 103 Planet Earth (QR II), Laboratory Exercises 1 Student Name: Section: Minerals Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solids with a characteristic chemical composition. Most

More information

Unit 2 Exam: Rocks & Minerals

Unit 2 Exam: Rocks & Minerals Name: Date: 1. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the 2001 edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables, the map and cross section below, and your knowledge of Earth science. The shaded

More information

305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS

305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer. Use GEOLOGIC VOCABULARY where APPLICABLE!

More information

Rocks: Mineral Mixtures

Rocks: Mineral Mixtures CHAPTER 15 DIRECTED READING WORKSHEET Rocks: Mineral Mixtures As you read Chapter 15, which begins on page 392 of your textbook, answer the following questions It s What s Inside That Counts (p 392) 1

More information

Study Guide for Test : Minerals, Rock Cycle & Mining

Study Guide for Test : Minerals, Rock Cycle & Mining Name: Date: Period: Study Guide for Test : Minerals, Rock Cycle & Mining Copy of Class Notes at http://feldmannscience.weebly.com Access website by computer or mobile device! Tutoring offered after school

More information

The Study of Minerals (Chapter 1) Introduction to Mineral Identification THE SILICATE MINERALS

The Study of Minerals (Chapter 1) Introduction to Mineral Identification THE SILICATE MINERALS GEOLOGY 306 Laboratory Instructor: TERRY J. BOROUGHS NAME: The Study of Minerals (Chapter 1) Introduction to Mineral Identification THE SILICATE MINERALS For this assignment you will require: a streak

More information

Rocks & Minerals. Lesson 1 Properties of Minerals. What is a mineral? What is a mineral?

Rocks & Minerals. Lesson 1 Properties of Minerals. What is a mineral? What is a mineral? Rocks & Minerals What is a mineral? A mineral must have 5 specific characteristics to be considered a mineral a. b. c. d. e. Naturally occurring - formed by natural processes. Solid - must have a definite

More information

Minerals II: Physical Properties and Crystal Forms. From:

Minerals II: Physical Properties and Crystal Forms. From: Minerals II: Physical Properties and Crystal Forms From: http://webmineral.com/data/rhodochrosite.shtml The Physical Properties of Minerals Color Streak Luster Hardness External Crystal Form Cleavage The

More information

How minerals form. September 20, Mineral families and formation.notebook

How minerals form. September 20, Mineral families and formation.notebook How minerals form Minerals form (primarily) in 3 different ways: 1. From the cooling and hardening of magma and lava Oct 20 7:06 AM Whether the rock melt cools quickly or slowly, ions and elements within

More information

Minerals. Natural Solid Inorganic Definite chemical composition Crystal structure due to internal arrangement of atoms

Minerals. Natural Solid Inorganic Definite chemical composition Crystal structure due to internal arrangement of atoms Minerals Natural Solid Inorganic Definite chemical composition Crystal structure due to internal arrangement of atoms http://www.minerals.net/gemstone/index.htm http://www.mii.org/www.mii.org General Facts

More information

Foundations of Chemistry

Foundations of Chemistry Foundations of Chemistry Physical Changes Key Concepts How can a change in energy affect the state of matter? What happens when something dissolves? What is meant by conservation of mass? What do you think?

More information

Matter and Minerals Earth: Chapter Pearson Education, Inc.

Matter and Minerals Earth: Chapter Pearson Education, Inc. Matter and Minerals Earth: Chapter 3 Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks By definition a mineral is: Naturally occurring An inorganic solid Ordered internal molecular structure Definite chemical composition

More information

MINERAL AND ROCKS STUDY GUIDE

MINERAL AND ROCKS STUDY GUIDE Name: CIass: Date: _ ID: A MINERAL AND ROCKS STUDY GUIDE Modified TruelFalse Indicate whether the statement is true or falseo lffalse, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. l.

More information

Rocks and Minerals TEKS ADDRESSED: NATIONAL SCIENCE STANDARDS: SUBJECT: Science. GRADES: 6 th (TEKS met); age appropriate 4 th -8 th grades

Rocks and Minerals TEKS ADDRESSED: NATIONAL SCIENCE STANDARDS: SUBJECT: Science. GRADES: 6 th (TEKS met); age appropriate 4 th -8 th grades Rocks and Minerals SUBJECT: Science GRADES: 6 th (TEKS met); age appropriate 4 th -8 th grades ACTIVITY SUMMARY: Students will observe rock and mineral samples to learn about the basic properties of minerals

More information

ROCKS & MINERALS UNIT. 8 th Grade Earth & Space Science

ROCKS & MINERALS UNIT. 8 th Grade Earth & Space Science ROCKS & MINERALS UNIT 8 th Grade Earth & Space Science Characteristics of Minerals 8 th Grade Earth & Space Science Class Notes Mineral Characteristics Naturally occurring formed by natural processes Inorganic

More information

Matter and Minerals. Earth 9 th edition Chapter 3 Minerals: summary in haiku form "Mineral" defined: natural, inorganic, solid (and two more).

Matter and Minerals. Earth 9 th edition Chapter 3 Minerals: summary in haiku form Mineral defined: natural, inorganic, solid (and two more). 1 2 Matter and Minerals Earth 9 th edition Chapter 3 Minerals: summary in haiku form "Mineral" defined: natural, inorganic, solid (and two more). continued... 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Also crystalline,

More information

Quartz. ! Naturally occurring - formed by nature. ! Solid - not liquid or gas. Liquid water is not a mineral

Quartz. ! Naturally occurring - formed by nature. ! Solid - not liquid or gas. Liquid water is not a mineral GEOL 110 - Minerals, Igneous Rocks Minerals Diamond Azurite Quartz Why Study Minerals?! Rocks = aggregates of minerals! Importance to Society?! Importance to Geology? 5 part definition, must satisfy all

More information

Lab #4: Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks

Lab #4: Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Lab #4: Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks By definition a mineral is/has Naturally occurring Inorganic solid Ordered internal molecular structure Definite chemical composition

More information

Time to see your. Registration November

Time to see your. Registration November Time to see your advisor Registration November 16-20 http://www.myspace.com/over60agelesslady 5 points Extra Credit Seminar this week in NS 103 Wednesday November 11, noon to 1 Attend, write a ½ to 1 page

More information

Minerals and Rocks. Rocks

Minerals and Rocks. Rocks Minerals and Rocks Rocks What do you think? Read the two statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree with the statement or a D if you

More information

8 th Earth Science Chapter 3 Minerals Name

8 th Earth Science Chapter 3 Minerals Name Section 1 Minerals: 8 th Earth Science Chapter 3 Minerals Name Mineral About different minerals are found on Earth, but they all share four characteristics. 1.All minerals are formed by processes. These

More information

1 What Is a Mineral? Critical Thinking 2. Apply Concepts Glass is made up of silicon and oxygen atoms in a 1:2 ratio. The SiO 2

1 What Is a Mineral? Critical Thinking 2. Apply Concepts Glass is made up of silicon and oxygen atoms in a 1:2 ratio. The SiO 2 CHAPTER 5 1 What Is a Mineral? SECTION Minerals of Earth s Crust KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What is a mineral? What are the two main groups of minerals? What are

More information

Examining Minerals and Rocks

Examining Minerals and Rocks Examining Minerals and Rocks What is a mineral? A mineral is homogenous, naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered

More information

Elements and Chemical Bonds

Elements and Chemical Bonds CHAPTER 11 LESSON 3 Elements and Chemical Bonds Ionic and Metallic Bonds Key Concepts What is an ionic compound? How do metallic bonds differ from covalent and ionic bonds? What do you think? Read the

More information

abrasion the rubbing, grinding, and bumping of rocks that cause physical weathering (SRB, IG)

abrasion the rubbing, grinding, and bumping of rocks that cause physical weathering (SRB, IG) FOSS Soils, Rocks, and Landforms Module Glossary 3 rd Edition 2012 abrasion the rubbing, grinding, and bumping of rocks that cause physical weathering (SRB, IG) acid a substance that geologists use to

More information

1. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite B) fluorite C) galena D) talc

1. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite B) fluorite C) galena D) talc 1. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite B) fluorite C) galena D) talc 2. Which material is made mostly of the mineral quartz? A) sulfuric acid B) pencil lead C) plaster of paris D)

More information

Minerals. Elements and Minerals

Minerals. Elements and Minerals Minerals Gypsum Crystals (actual size) Elements and Minerals 87 naturally occurring elements 12 are found in the earth s crust in amounts >1% These twelve make up 99% of the mass of the crust. 70% of the

More information

1. A solid material made up of one or more minerals or grains or other substances, including the remains of once-living things is a.

1. A solid material made up of one or more minerals or grains or other substances, including the remains of once-living things is a. 1. A solid material made up of one or more minerals or grains or other substances, including the remains of once-living things is a. 2. A solid, inorganic material that forms naturally on or beneath Earth

More information

Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals. Why Atoms Bond. Why Atoms Bond. Halite (NaCl) An Example of Ionic Bonding. Composition of Minerals.

Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals. Why Atoms Bond. Why Atoms Bond. Halite (NaCl) An Example of Ionic Bonding. Composition of Minerals. Matter and Minerals Earth Chapter 3 Minerals: summary in haiku form "Mineral" defined: natural, inorganic, solid (and two more). continued... Also crystalline, chemically specific. There! I fit it in!

More information

Chapter 4 Minerals. If you look around the natural environment, you will probably WHAT ARE MINERALS?

Chapter 4 Minerals. If you look around the natural environment, you will probably WHAT ARE MINERALS? Chapter 4 Minerals WHAT ARE MINERALS? If you look around the natural environment, you will probably see two kinds of things: living and nonliving. Plants and animals are parts of the living environment.

More information

Matter: Properties and Changes

Matter: Properties and Changes Matter: Properties and Changes Matter and Its Changes What do you think? Read the three statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree

More information

Matter: Properties and Changes

Matter: Properties and Changes CHAPTER 12 Matter: Properties and Changes Matter and Its Properties What do you think? Read the three statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column

More information

Rock Star Event Leader Instructions

Rock Star Event Leader Instructions 2011 Event Leader Instructions There are 10 stations. If you have more than 10 teams print an additional set of stations or add your own. Set up the room to accommodate a rotation, be sure to point out

More information

Name Class Date. 1. Use each of the following terms in a separate sentence: element, compound, and mineral.

Name Class Date. 1. Use each of the following terms in a separate sentence: element, compound, and mineral. Skills Worksheet Chapter Review USING KEY TERMS 1. Use each of the following terms in a separate sentence: element, compound, and mineral. For each pair of terms, explain how the meanings of the terms

More information

Unit 2: Minerals and Rocks Practice Questions

Unit 2: Minerals and Rocks Practice Questions Name: Date: 1. Which mineral is white or colorless, has a hardness of 2.5, and splits with cubic cleavage? 6. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the photograph of a sample of gneiss below.

More information

9/11/2017 ROCKS AND MINERALS UNIT 1. Observing Natural Resources. Lab 3

9/11/2017 ROCKS AND MINERALS UNIT 1. Observing Natural Resources. Lab 3 ROCKS AND MINERALS UNIT 1 Observing Natural Resources Lab 3 1 Vocabulary: Natural Resource: Any naturally occurring substance that is useful Renewable: Able to be replenished Non-renewable: Not easily

More information

2. Which mineral is white or colorless, has a hardness of 2.5, and splits with cubic cleavage? 1. calcite 3. pyrite 2. halite 4.

2. Which mineral is white or colorless, has a hardness of 2.5, and splits with cubic cleavage? 1. calcite 3. pyrite 2. halite 4. RM2 JRQ Mr. Chase Name Date: 1. Base your answer on the information, table, and photographs (see image) and on your knowledge of Earth science. "Herkimer Diamonds" Gem-quality "Herkimer Diamonds" are hexagonal-shaped

More information

Rocks and Minerals. Unit 2 Minerals

Rocks and Minerals. Unit 2 Minerals Rocks and Minerals Unit 2 Minerals Why are minerals important? Give us insight to Earth s history and development Essential to Industry- Copper, iron, aluminum Seen in our daily lives- Mica in toothpaste,

More information

Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE

Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 2 Minerals 2.1 Matter Elements and the Periodic Table Elements are the basic building blocks of minerals. Over 100 elements are known. 2.1 Matter Atoms

More information

Unit 6 Lesson 1 Minerals. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Unit 6 Lesson 1 Minerals. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Animal, Vegetable, or Mineral? What do minerals have in common? Not all minerals are sparkling gems, but they all have certain characteristics in common. A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid

More information

1. Which mineral shows no cleavage, has a hardness of 7, and a composition of SiO2? A) Graphite B) Garnet C) Halite D) Quartz 2. Which mineral leaves

1. Which mineral shows no cleavage, has a hardness of 7, and a composition of SiO2? A) Graphite B) Garnet C) Halite D) Quartz 2. Which mineral leaves 1. Which mineral shows no cleavage, has a hardness of 7, and a composition of SiO2? A) Graphite B) Garnet C) Halite D) Quartz 2. Which mineral leaves a green-black powder when rubbed against an unglazed

More information

States of Matter. Changes in State

States of Matter. Changes in State CHAPTER 8 States of Matter LESSON 2 Changes in State What do you think? Read the two statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree with

More information

Earth Materials: Minerals and Rocks Chapter 4

Earth Materials: Minerals and Rocks Chapter 4 Earth Materials: Minerals and Rocks Chapter 4 The French are bred to die for love They delight in fighting duels But I prefer a man who lives And gives expensive jewls A kill on the hand may be quite continental

More information

Earth Science Minerals. Moh s Scale of Hardness In which New York State landscape region was most of the garnet mined?

Earth Science Minerals. Moh s Scale of Hardness In which New York State landscape region was most of the garnet mined? Name: ate: 1. Which mineral is white or colorless, has a hardness of 2.5, and splits with cubic cleavage? A. calcite. halite C. pyrite. mica 2. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the map

More information

Layers of Earth - 3 distinct layers

Layers of Earth - 3 distinct layers Clicker Question What is the source of the energy that drives most earthquakes and volcanoes? A. Sunlight B. Radioactive decay inside the earth C. Meteorite impacts D. Ocean tides E. None of the above

More information

Chapter 1 Lecture Outline. Matter and Minerals

Chapter 1 Lecture Outline. Matter and Minerals Chapter 1 Lecture Outline Matter and Minerals Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Minerals are the building blocks of rocks Minerals important in human history Flint and chert for weapons and tools Gold,

More information

Minerals, Rocks, and Soils Science Study Guide 3 rd Grade

Minerals, Rocks, and Soils Science Study Guide 3 rd Grade Name Test Date: VOCABULARY Understand and study the following vocabulary words. Use the attached flashcards (draw a picture to go with each) - rock, streak, sedimentary rock, igneous rock, metamorphic

More information

4 th Grade Science Unit C: Earth Sciences Chapter 6: Minerals and Rocks Lesson 1: What are minerals?

4 th Grade Science Unit C: Earth Sciences Chapter 6: Minerals and Rocks Lesson 1: What are minerals? 4 th Grade Science Unit C: Earth Sciences Chapter 6: Minerals and Rocks Lesson 1: What are minerals? mineral A mineral is a natural, nonliving, solid crystal that makes up rocks. All over the world, each

More information

About Earth Materials

About Earth Materials Grotzinger Jordan Understanding Earth Sixth Edition Chapter 3: EARTH MATERIALS Minerals and Rocks 2011 by W. H. Freeman and Company About Earth Materials All Earth materials are composed of atoms bound

More information

Earth and Space Science. Semester 2 Review, Part 2

Earth and Space Science. Semester 2 Review, Part 2 Earth and Space Science Semester 2 Review, Part 2 2015 Chemical Weathering -The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes. Examples that cause chemical weathering include the action of water

More information

Lab 4: Mineral Identification April 14, 2009

Lab 4: Mineral Identification April 14, 2009 Name: Lab 4: Mineral Identification April 14, 2009 While about 3000 minerals have been recognized as valid species, very few of these are commonly seen. Comprehensive mineralogy texts typically deal with

More information

This is how we classify minerals! Silicates and Non-Silicates

This is how we classify minerals! Silicates and Non-Silicates Why are some minerals harder than others? Their atomic structure and chemical formula. This is how we classify minerals! Silicates and Non-Silicates Part #1 - Silicates: Silicon and Oxygen make up 70%

More information

Be a mineral expert - 2 Identifying minerals using action tests - streak, density, hardness, acid test

Be a mineral expert - 2 Identifying minerals using action tests - streak, density, hardness, acid test Be a mineral expert - 2 Identifying minerals using action tests - streak, density, hardness, acid test This activity is an extension of Be a mineral expert -1: Beginning to identify minerals - introducing

More information